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1.
PurposeCharacterizations of soil aggregates and soil organic carbon (SOC) losses affected by different water erosion patterns at the hillslope scale are poorly understood. Therefore, the objective of this study was to quantify how sheet and rill erosion affect soil aggregates and soil organic carbon losses for a Mollisol hillslope in Northeast China under indoor simulated rainfall. Materials and methodsThe soil used in this study was a Mollisol (USDA Taxonomy), collected from a maize field (0–20 cm depth) in Northeast China. A soil pan with dimensions 8 m long, 1.5 m wide and 0.6 m deep was subjected to rainfall intensities of 50 and 100 mm h?1. The experimental treatments included sheet erosion dominated (SED) and rill erosion dominated (RED) treatments. Runoff with sediment samples was collected during each experimental run, and then the samples were separated into six aggregate fractions (0–0.25, 0.25–0.5, 0.5–1, 1–2, 2–5, >?5 mm) to determine the soil aggregate and SOC losses. Results and discussionAt rainfall intensities of 50 and 100 mm h?1, soil losses from the RED treatment were 1.4 and 3.5 times higher than those from the SED treatment, and SOC losses were 1.7 and 3.8 times greater than those from the SED treatment, respectively. However, the SOC enrichment ratio in sediment from the SED treatment was 1.15 on average and higher than that from the RED treatment. Furthermore, the loss of <?0.25 mm aggregates occupied 41.1 to 73.1% of the total sediment aggregates for the SED treatment, whereas the loss of >?0.25 mm aggregates occupied 53.2 to 67.3% of the total sediment aggregates for the RED treatment. For the organic carbon loss among the six aggregate fractions, the loss of 0–0.25 mm aggregate organic carbon dominated for both treatments. When rainfall intensity increased from 50 to 100 mm h?1, aggregate organic carbon loss increased from 1.04 to 5.87 times for six aggregate fractions under the SED treatment, whereas the loss increased from 3.82 to 27.84 times for six aggregate fractions under the RED treatment. ConclusionsThis study highlights the effects of sheet and rill erosion on soil and carbon losses at the hillslope scale, and further study should quantify the effects of erosion patterns on SOC loss at a larger scale to accurately estimate agricultural ecosystem carbon flux. 相似文献
2.
Abstract Soil aggregate-size distribution and soil aggregate stability are used to characterize soil structure. Quantifying the changes of structural stability of soil is an important element in assessing soil and crop management practices. A 5-year tillage experiment consisting of no till (NT), moldboard plow (MP) and ridge tillage (RT), was used to study soil water-stable aggregate size distribution, aggregate stability and aggregate-associated soil organic carbon (SOC) at four soil depths (0–5, 5–10, 10–20 and 20–30 cm) of a clay loam soil in northeast China. Nonlinear fractal dimension (D m) was used to characterize soil aggregate stability. No tillage led to a significantly greater aggregation for >1 mm aggregate and significant SOC changes in this fraction at 0–5 cm depth. There were significant positive relationships between SOC and >1 mm aggregate, SOC in each aggregate fraction, but there was no relationship between soil aggregate parameters (the proportion of soil aggregates, aggregate-associated SOC and soil stability) and soil bulk density. After 5 years, there was no difference in D m of soil aggregate size distribution among tillage treatments, which suggested that D m could not be used as an indicator to assess short-term effects of tillage practices on soil aggregation. In the short term, > 1 mm soil aggregate was a better indicator to characterize the impacts of tillage practices on quality of a Chinese Mollisol, particularly in the near-surface layer of the soil. 相似文献
3.
AbstractThe effect of organic manure and inorganic fertilizer on soil aggregate size distribution and stability, and associated carbon (C) within aggregates varies greatly in previous studies because of the differences in soil conditions, cropping systems, and management practices. This study was conducted as two field fertilization experiments, with different cropping systems, under a subtropical climate in China. The two field experiment sites were located in Jinhua (established in April 2011) in the Jinqu basin in Zhejiang province and Jintan (established in October 2010) in the low-middle Yangtze River plain in Jiangsu province. Both experiments consisted of four treatments, including unfertilized (CK), mineral fertilizer nitrogen (N)–phosphorus (P)–potassium (K) (NPK), NPK plus straw (NPK?+?SR), and NPK plus cattle manure (NPK?+?FYM) or half NPK plus cattle manure (1/2NPK?+?FYM). Water stable aggregate size classes (>5, 2–5, 1–2, 0.5–1, 0.25–0.5, and <0.25?mm) and associated soil organic C (SOC) at 0–15?cm depth were measured. The mean weight diameter (MWD), geometric mean diameter (GMD), and water stable aggregates (WSA)?>?0.25?mm were also determined. The results showed that aggregate-size distribution varied with soil types. Combined application of NPK and organic matter (straw residue or cattle manure), unlike the CK and NPK treatments, significantly increased the WSA >0.25?mm, MWD, and GMD, while obviously reducing the proportion of <0.25?mm aggregates. However, no differences in WSA >0.25?mm, MWD, GMD, and associated C were observed between CK and NPK at both sites. The addition of FYM to the NPK treatment yielded the highest SOC contents in bulk soil, and showed significantly higher associations of C within all size aggregates at both sites. In contrast, NPK?+?SR significantly increased SOC within aggregate classes (2–5?mm, 0.5–1?mm, 0.25–0.5?mm, and <0.25?mm) at Jinhua and (>5?mm and 1–2?mm) at Jintan compared to the CK and NPK treatments. Overall, the combined application of FYM and mineral NPK was the best sustainable management practice for the improvement of aggregate stability and SOC sequestration. 相似文献
4.
Abstract Soil cultivation influences organic carbon storage and soil structures. To evaluate the impact of different soil‐management practices on soil organic carbon (SOC) pools and aggregate stability in black soils, SOC in whole soil, various size aggregates, and density‐separated fractions from three long‐term experiments (20 years) was examined. The three soil‐management systems were grassland (GL), bare land (BL), and croplands. The croplands had two treatments: nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer application (NP) and NP together with organic manure (NPM). The SOC in the 0‐ to 10‐cm layer decreased in the order NPM>GL>NP>BL and also declined with the soil depth. The SOC of GL increased by 9.7% as compared to NP after 20 years of natural vegetation restoration. The SOC of NPM increased by 11% over NP after 13 years of organic manure application. The percentages of water‐stable aggregate (>0.25 mm) (WSA >0.25mm) decreased in the order GL>BL>NPM>NP in the top 0‐ to 20‐cm horizon. WSA >2mm, the most important fraction for carbon (C) storage in GL and NPM, accounted for 33 and 45% of the whole soil for GL in the depths of 0–10 and 10–20 cm, respectively, and 25 and 18% for NPM in the same soil layers. A significant positive correlation was found between the C stored in WSA >2mm and total SOC (r=0.81, P<0.05) and between the mean weight diameters (MWD) of aggregates and total SOC (r=0.78, P<0.05). Water‐stable aggregate 0.25–2mm was the largest fraction of WSA >0.25mm, ranging from 54 to 72% for the 0‐ to 10‐cm layer and 46 to 71% for the 10‐ to 20‐cm layer; thus these aggregates would play a major role in soil sustainability as well as the resistance to soil erosion. The organic carbon (OC) of heavy fraction (HF) accounted for 94–99% of the OC in the WSA 0.25–2mm, whereas free particulate organic matter (fPOM) and occluded particulate organic matter (oPOM) contributed a minor fraction of the OC in the WSA 0.25–2mm, suggesting that C sequestration in HF could enhance the stability of aggregates and C pools in black soil. 相似文献
5.
This study investigated long‐term effects of soil management on size distribution of dry‐sieved aggregates in a loess soil together with their organic carbon (OC) and their respiratory activity. Soil management regimes were cropland, which was either abandoned, left bare fallow or cropped for 21 yr. Abandonment increased the abundance of macroaggregates (>2 mm) in the surface soil layer (0–10 cm) and reduced that of microaggregates (<0.25 mm) relative to Cropping, whereas the Fallow treatment reduced the abundance of macroaggregates at depths of 0–10 and 10–20 cm. All treatments yielded similar aggregate size distributions at a depth of 20–30 cm. The SOC content of aggregate size fractions in the surface soil from the Abandoned plots was greater (by 1.2–4.8 g/kg) than that of the corresponding fractions from the Cropped plots, but the opposite trend was observed in the subsurface soils. Conversely, the Fallow treatment reduced the SOC content of every aggregate size fraction. Smaller aggregates generally exhibited greater cumulative levels of C mineralization than larger ones. However, the bulk of the SOC losses from the soils via mineralization was associated with aggregates of >2 mm. Abandonment significantly increased the relative contribution of macroaggregates (>2 mm) to the overall rate of SOC loss, whereas the Fallow treatment significantly reduced the contribution of 0.25–2 mm aggregates to total SOC loss in the surface soil while substantially increasing their contribution in the subsurface soil. 相似文献
6.
Paddy soils in subtropical China are usually deficient in phosphorus (P) and require regular application of chemical fertilizers. This study evaluated the effects of chemical fertilizers on the distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (N) and available P, and on the activity of the associated enzymes in bulk soil and aggregates. Surface soils (0–20 cm) were collected from a 24‐yr‐old field experiment with five treatments: unfertilized control (CK), N only (N), N and potassium (NK), N and P (NP), and N, P and K (NPK). Undisturbed bulk soils were separated into >2, 1–2, 0.25–1, 0.053–0.25 and <0.053 mm aggregate classes using wet sieving. Results showed that both NP‐ and NPK‐treated soils significantly increased mean weight diameter of aggregates, SOC, available P in bulk soil and aggregates, as compared to CK. Most SOC and total N adhered to macro‐aggregates (>0.25 mm), which accounted for 64–81% of SOC and 54–82% of total N in bulk soil. The activities of invertase and acid phosphatase in the 1–2 mm fraction were the highest under NPK treatment. The highest activity of urease was observed in the <0.053 mm fraction under NP treatment. Soil organic carbon and available P were major contributors to variation of enzyme activities at the aggregate scale. In conclusion, application of NP or NPK fertilizers promoted the formation of soil aggregates, nutrient contents and activities of associated enzymes in P‐limited paddy soils, and thus enhanced soil quality. 相似文献
7.
The effects of tillage on soil organic carbon (SOC) and nutrient content of soil aggregates can vary spatially and temporally, and for different soil types and cropping systems. We assessed SOC and nutrient levels within water‐stable aggregates in ridges with no tillage (RNT) and also under conventional tillage (CT) for a subtropical rice soil in order to determine relationships between tillage, cation concentrations and soil organic matter. Surface soil (0–15 cm) was fractionated into aggregate sizes (>4.76 mm, 4.76–2.00 mm, 2.00–1.00 mm, 1.00–0.25 mm, 0.25–0.053 mm, <0.053 mm) under two tillage regimes. Tillage significantly reduced the proportion of macroaggregate fractions (>2.00 mm) and thus aggregate stability was reduced by 35% compared with RNT, indicating that tillage practices led to soil structural change for this subtropical soil. The patterns in SOC, total N, exchangeable Ca 2+, Mg 2+ and total exchangeable bases (TEB) were similar between tillage regimes, but concentrations were significantly higher under RNT than CT. This suggests that RNT in subtropical rice soils may be a better way to enhance soil productivity and improve soil C sequestration potential than CT. The highest SOC was in the 1.00–0.25 mm fraction (35.7 and 30.4 mg/kg for RNT and CT, respectively), while the lowest SOC was in microaggregate (<0.025 mm) and silt + clay (<0.053 mm) fractions (19.5 and 15.7 mg/kg for RNT and CT, respectively). Tillage did not influence the patterns in SOC across aggregates but did change the aggregate‐size distribution, indicating that tillage affected soil fertility primarily by changing soil structure. 相似文献
8.
【目的】 探究生物炭配施化肥对不同粒级团聚体中微生物量碳、氮 (MBC、MBN) 含量和胞外酶活性的影响,分析影响团聚体胞外酶活性变化的主控因素,为提升土壤质量提供科学依据。 【方法】 田间微区试验在河南现代农业研究基地进行,供试土壤为石灰性潮土。设置4个处理:不施肥 (CK)、单施化肥 (NPK)、单施生物炭 (BC) 和生物炭配施化肥 (BC+NPK),生物炭是以花生壳为原料高温裂解制备而成,仅在试验开始前施用一次,化肥每季均施用。试验开始于2017年小麦季,于2019年9月玉米收获后采集耕层土壤样品,测定土壤养分含量,分析各粒径团聚体MBC、MBN含量和酶活性。 【结果】 与CK相比,NPK处理可显著提高耕层土壤有效磷、速效钾和硝态氮含量,BC处理可显著提高有机碳和全氮含量,BC+NPK处理则显著提高了以上各指标含量。与CK相比,BC处理显著降低了粒径2～0.25 mm团聚体MBN含量,并明显增加了该粒径的MBC/MBN值;BC+NPK处理显著增加了粒径 > 2 mm和0.25～0.053 mm团聚体中MBC含量 (增幅分别为59.57%和34.68%),也增加了耕层土壤、粒径 > 2 mm和2～0.25 mm团聚体中MBN含量 (增幅分别为17.33%、42.24%和19.28%)。与CK相比,NPK、BC和BC+NPK处理均显著增加粒径 > 2 mm团聚体微生物熵,而BC和BC+NPK处理则显著降低了耕层土壤、粒径2～0.25 mm和0.25～0.053 mm团聚体微生物熵。与CK相比,NPK和BC+NPK处理均显著提高了粒径2～0.25 mm和0.25～0.053 mm团聚体中β-葡糖苷酶、β-纤维二糖苷酶、α-葡糖苷酶和β-木糖苷酶活性;在粒径 > 2 mm团聚体中,仅BC+NPK处理明显提高了该四种酶的活性。与CK相比,NPK和BC+NPK处理均明显提高了粒径 > 2 mm团聚体中脲酶活性及粒径0.25～0.053 mm团聚体中乙酰氨基葡糖苷酶活性,仅BC+NPK处理可显著提高粒径 > 2 mm和0.25～0.053 mm团聚体中亮氨酸氨基肽酶活性。团聚体酶活性变化与MBC、MBN含量以及MBC/MBN值显著相关。粒径 > 2 mm团聚体中酶活性变化与微生物熵、全氮和MBC含量均显著相关,粒径2～0.25 mm团聚体中酶活性变化与MBC/MBN值显著相关,而粒径0.25～0.053 mm团聚体中酶活性变化与MBC含量显著相关。 【结论】 生物炭与化肥配施有利于土壤碳的固存,改善土壤微环境,提升土壤质量,且生物炭添加到土壤中有较长的后效。 相似文献
9.
【目的】通过田间定位试验,探讨生物炭和氮肥配施对土耕层土壤水稳性团聚体组成、稳定性、有机碳土层分布及冬小麦–夏玉米轮作体系下产量的影响,为生物炭在关中地区农业生产中的应用提供科学依据。【方法】本试验设置4个生物炭水平和2个氮肥水平,生物炭水平分别为0、1000、5000、10000 kg/hm2,依次记为B0、B1、B2、B3;氮肥水平包括两季总氮量480 kg/hm2(NT) 和两季总氮量减半240 kg/hm2(NH),共组成8个处理。采集0—10 cm、10—20 cm土层土壤样品,利用TTF-100土壤团聚体分析仪湿筛获得5种粒级的团聚体 (> 2 mm、1～2 mm、0.5～1 mm、0.25～0.5 mm、< 0.25 mm),用 > 0.25 mm团聚体含量 (R0.25)、平均重量直径 (MWD)、几何重量直径 (GMD) 表示水稳性团聚体的的稳定性,并测定了不同粒级团聚体中有机碳的含量及小麦–玉米两季作物总产量。【结果】与不施生物炭 (B0NT、B0NH) 相比,施用生物炭的处理显著增加了 > 2 mm、1～2 mm粒级水稳性大团聚体的百分含量 (P < 0.05),两粒级增幅范围分别为3.5%～180.3%、9.4%～98.9%。施用生物炭10000 kg/hm2(B3NT、B3NH) 时,MWD、GMD和R0.25增幅最高,分别增加了12.5%～112.5%、25.0%～65.7%、20.0%～65.0%。施用生物炭显著提高了土壤各粒级水稳性团聚体有机碳含量,与不施生物炭处理相比,> 2 mm、1～2 mm、0.5～1 mm 和0.25～0.5 mm粒级团聚体有机碳含量增幅分别为6.3%～30.5%、0.2%～28.2%、0.2%～41.6%和4.6%～39.1%。与0—10 cm土层相比,10—20 cm土层氮肥减量降低了土壤团聚体的稳定性,而施用生物炭10000 kg/hm2(B3NH) 可改善土壤团聚体的稳定性,改变有机碳分布。在10—20 cm土层,与B0NT处理相比,B0NH处理土壤水稳性团聚体的R0.25、MWD、GMD显著下降,三者分别降低了79.2%、25.7%、30.0%,而B3NH与B3NT处理之间无显著差异。与B0NT相比,B0NH处理 < 0.25 mm粒级微团聚体对土壤有机碳分配比例显著增加了17.4%,而B3NH处理与B3NT相比,< 0.25 mm粒级微团聚体对土壤有机碳分配比例无显著差异。此外,施用生物炭显著提高作物总产量,B2NT、B3NT和B3NH处理下两季作物总产量较高,分别较B0NT提高了27.0%、23.6%、27.9%,且三个处理之间无显著差异。从各指标相关分析可知,水稳定大团聚体的GMD与土壤全土有机碳以及两季作物总产量之间有着显著的正相关关系。【结论】生物炭配施氮肥显著提高了土壤水稳性大团聚体含量和团聚体稳定性,且提高小麦—玉米两季作物总产量。减施氮肥有利于有机碳向大团聚体中分配,供试条件下,生物炭10000 kg/hm2配施氮肥240 kg/hm2对提高土耕层团聚体稳定性、土壤有机碳及两季作物总产量效果最佳。 相似文献
10.
The presence of aggregates of various sizes in the soil is an important condition for soil carbon sequestration. In this system, microbial biomass is a key link. This work was devoted to the study of the influence of land use systems on the distribution of SOС, MB-SIR, microbial activity and eco-physiological indices ( qCO 2, QR, MB-SIR/SOС and qCO 2/SOС) in relation to the size of soil aggregates. The distribution of SOС, MB-SIR and mineralization activity among the aggregates was heterogeneous. In the soil of crop rotation, high mineralization activity and MB-SIR were found in the aggregates 0.5–0.1 mm, in the monoculture soil in aggregates <0.1 mm and in the control soil in the aggregates 1–0.25 mm. There was a general trend towards a decrease in microbial activity, MB-SIR and SOС availability with an increase in aggregate size. In agricultural soils, microbial activity was determined by large aggregates (>5 mm), while in the control soil, by the aggregates 5–1 mm. Depending on the type of site and the size of aggregates, the differences in microbial metabolism were revealed. The qCO 2 and QR values decreased, and the MB-SIR/SOС and qCO 2/SOС increased in the series: control soil > crop rotation > monoculture. In the control soil, the values of the eco-physiological indices decreased with decreasing aggregate size. And vice versa, in agricultural soils, these parameters were the highest in the microaggregates (<0.25 mm). The monoculture soil, in contrast to the control soil and crop rotation soil, turned out to be more energy efficient. 相似文献
11.
Drought has significant effects on soil physicochemical properties and thereby crop productivity. Intercropping is a traditional agricultural practice with a good ecological effect and can improve soil structure. However, the effects of intercropping on soil aggregate distribution and associated organic carbon (OC) and nitrogen (N) compared with monoculture under drought remains unclear. Therefore, a two-year controlled rainfall field (i.e., 30–40 days of 100% rainfall reduction during crop growth) was carried out to examine the effects of intercropping and short-term drought on soil aggregate stability and associated OC and N in Northeast China. Results showed that soil OC and N were predominant in macroaggregates (2–0.25 mm), accounting for 39%–51% of SOC, 36%–51% of N at 0–10 cm depth, and 44%–67% of SOC, 43%–66% of N at 10–20 cm depth. After 2 years of a rainfall reduction treatment, large macroaggregates (>2 mm) increased by 84.7% at 0–10 cm and the aggregate stability improved. There was no difference in the mass of aggregates between monoculture and intercropping, but short-term drought increased >0.25 mm aggregates and stability in intercropping soil at 0–10 cm depth. Moreover, drought significantly increased bulk soil OC in 10–20 cm but decreased the OC and N concentrations in large macroaggregates and silt + clay fractions (<0.053 mm) in 0–10 cm. Compared with the monoculture, intercropping enhanced OC and N concentrations in aggregates, and decreased soil C/N ratio. Therefore, these findings provide insights into how intercropping and short-term drought interactively influence soil aggregation, and C and N processes. 相似文献
12.
以松嫩平原碱化草甸土为研究对象,通过长期施用有机肥,对不同种植年限碱化草甸土水稳性团聚体及有机碳的粒径分布特征进行了研究。结果表明,随着种植年限的增加,土壤较大粒级水稳性团聚体(>1mm)含量减少,而0.25~0.5mm粒级水稳性团聚体含量明显增加随种植年限的增加,各粒级碱化草甸土有机碳平均含量呈增加趋势。2~5mm粒级土壤有机碳平均含量最高,随粒级的减小,有机碳含量逐渐减少,0.25~0.5mm粒级水稳性团聚体含量与有机碳含量呈现显著正相关关系种植4a后,碱化草甸土土壤水稳性团聚体及有机碳含量开始呈现稳中有升的趋势。 相似文献
13.
PurposeSoil consists of various sizes of aggregates, and different soil aggregates vary in their abilities to adsorb or transport metals. This study aimed to investigate the distribution behaviors of Cu from different fungicides in soil aggregates after a 15-month incubation. Materials and methodsBordeaux mixture (CuSO4/Ca(OH)2?=?1/1 by weight, BR), copper nitrate (Cu(NO3)2·4H2O, CN), and copper oxychloride (3Cu(OH)2·CuCl2, CO) were applied to a representative Chinese Mollisol to reach the Cu content 200 mg kg?1. Five soil aggregate fractions, i.e., >?2000 μm, 2000–1000 μm, 1000–500 μm, 500–250 μm, and <?250 μm, were obtained by the wet sieving method. The modified Bureau Communautaire de Références (BCR) sequential extraction was applied to assess the Cu distribution among the main soil fractions. Results and discussionThe highest Cu mass loading was found for the >?2000-μm soil aggregate. The input Cu was mainly in stable fractions, and the highest proportion was found for the residual fraction. The bioavailability and mobility of Cu from different fungicides in soils varied from each other, and they presented an order of CO > CN > BR. High bioavailability and transferring coefficients were found in the <?250-μm and >?2000-μm soil aggregates. ConclusionsThis study indicated that the input Cu from fungicides mainly distributed in the >?2000-μm soil aggregates. Moreover, the CO-derived Cu presented a higher availability than the BR- and CN-derived Cu in the soil. 相似文献
14.
以黄河三角洲典型盐化潮土为研究对象,分析了3种盐渍化程度(轻度、中度、重度)和3 a连续秸秆还田下土壤水稳性团聚体组成、稳定性以及各级团聚体C、N含量的变化。研究结果表明:重度盐渍土0.25～2 mm和0.053～0.25 mm团聚体所占比例显著低于轻度和中度盐渍土;土壤盐分含量与0.25～2mm团聚体中有机碳和全氮的分配比例、0.053～0.25 mm团聚体中全氮的分配比例成显著负相关。秸秆还田使轻度盐渍土平均重量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)和0.25 mm团聚体所占比例(R0.25)分别增加47.6%、39.7%和54.0%,使中度盐渍土MWD、GMD和R0.25分别增加31.0%、31.9%和31.4%;各粒级中秸秆还田使轻度盐渍土0.053～0.25 mm粒级有机碳和全氮含量增加最多,增加比例分别为29.1%和28.8%,该粒级中C、N分配比例也显著提高;秸秆还田使中度盐渍土0.25～2 mm团聚体有机碳及其分配比例提高最多,比例分别为56.1%和58.7%。秸秆还田对轻度和中度盐渍土团聚体的稳定性均起到了明显的改善作用,但不同盐渍土秸秆还田对土壤团聚体C、N分布的影响明显不同。 相似文献
15.
PurposeSoil chromium (Cr) pollution has received substantial attention owing to related food chain health risks and possible promotion of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The aim of the present study was to develop a promising remediation technology to alleviate Cr bioavailability and decrease GHG emissions in Cr-polluted paddy soil. Materials and methodsWe investigated the potential role of biochar amendment in decreasing soil CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions, as well in reducing Cr uptake by rice grains at application rates of 0 t ha?1 (CK), 20 t ha?1 (BC20), and 40 t ha?1 (BC40) in Cr-polluted paddy soil in southeastern China. In addition, the soil aggregate size distribution, soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration of soil aggregates, soil available Cr concentration, and rice yield were analyzed after harvesting. Results and discussionBiochar amendment significantly reduced CO2, CH4, and N2O emission fluxes. Compared to CK, total C emissions in the BC20 and BC40 treatments decreased by 9.94% and 17.13% for CO2-C, by 30.46% and 37.10% for CH4-C, and by 34.24% and 37.49% for N2O-N, respectively. Biochar amendment increased the proportion of both the 2000–200 μm and 200–20 μm size fractions in the soil aggregate distribution. Accordingly, the organic carbon concentration of these fractions increased, which increased the total SOC. Moreover, biochar amendment significantly decreased soil available Cr concentration and total Cr content of the rice grains by 33.6% and 14.81% in BC20 and 48.1% and 33.33% in BC40, respectively. Rice yield did not differ significantly between biochar amendment treatment and that of CK. ConclusionsBiochar application reduced GHG emissions in paddy soil, which was attributed to its comprehensive effect on the soil properties, soil microbial community, and soil aggregates, as well as on the mobility of Cr. Overall, the present study demonstrates that biochar has a great potential to enhance soil carbon sequestration while reducing Cr accumulation in rice grains from Cr-polluted rice paddies. 相似文献
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【目的】 研究植茶年限对土壤团聚体稳定性以及供钾和释钾能力的影响，以期为指导茶园土壤施肥、促进茶园生态系统可持续发展提供科学依据。 【方法】 采集四川省雅安市草坝镇茶园农业生态区植茶年限分别为5 a、10 a、15 a和30 a的原状土 (0—15和15—30 cm)，利用湿筛法分离出粒径> 2 mm、0.25～2 mm、0.053～0.25 mm和 < 0.053 mm的土壤样品，分析其稳定性、各粒级土壤速效钾和缓效钾含量，并采用四苯硼钠 (NaTPB) 浸提法探讨了其有效钾释放特征。 【结果】 各植茶年限土壤均以大团聚体 (粒径> 0.25 mm) 为主，质量占比为75.87%～95.75%，但随植茶年限增加，土壤大团聚体比例显著减少 (P < 0.05)，且各土层土壤团聚体平均重量直径 (MWD) 均明显减小。15 a和30 a的茶园土壤中同一粒级团聚体的土壤速效钾和缓效钾含量均高于5 a和10 a茶园。5 a和10 a茶园土壤中各粒级团聚体中速效钾含量分布较为均匀，15 a和30 a的茶园土壤速效钾含量随大粒级团聚体的增加而增高。土壤缓效钾在各年限茶园均表现为微团聚体 (粒径< 0.25 mm) 高于其他团聚体组分。各茶龄土壤不同粒级团聚体有效钾累积释放量在102.3～236.5 mg/kg，且呈现前期快、后期较稳定的趋势，释放过程均以扩散模型拟合程度最好。进一步比较表明，植茶15 a和30 a的土壤团聚体有效钾累积释放量明显高于植茶5 a和10 a时的土壤。 【结论】 茶园土壤中以大团聚体 (粒径> 0.25 mm) 的比例最高，但随植茶年限的增加，微团聚体 (粒径< 0.25 mm) 比例增加，土壤结构稳定性降低，特别是15—30 cm土层土壤。大团聚体的减少促进了土壤速效钾、缓效钾的释放，因而，植茶15 a和30 a的土壤速效钾含量较5 a和10 a的茶园高，但是会耗竭土壤钾库，不利于茶园的可持续利用。 相似文献
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通过野外采样和室内分析相结合,以广东省赤红壤区花岗岩(G)、第四纪红土(Q)和砂页岩(S)母质发育的林地(FL)、水田(PF)和旱地(UL)土壤为研究对象,分析了土壤团聚体有机碳及其组分和不同形态铁氧化物含量,探究了其对土壤团聚体稳定性的影响及贡献。结果显示:(1)3种母质发育的3种利用方式土壤团聚体均以>0.25 mm为主,2~5 mm团聚体以花岗岩母质发育林地土壤最高(58.51%),0.25~2 mm团聚体以花岗岩(62.93%)和第四纪红土(59.21%)母质发育水田和旱地土壤最高;土壤团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)以砂页岩母质发育林地土壤最高;(2)3种母质发育林地土壤团聚体有机碳及其组分主要分布在2~5 mm粒径中,水田和旱地土壤团聚体有机碳及其组分主要分布在<0.053 mm粒径中;3种母质发育林地土壤团聚体铁氧化物含量主要分布在<0.053,0.25~2 mm粒径中,水田和旱地土壤团聚体铁氧化物含量主要分布在<0.053 mm粒径中。(3)相关分析和主成分分析表明,MWD、GMD与团聚体HAC、HAC/FAC、Fe fr和Fe co呈显著相关(P<0.05);不同母质和利用方式以砂页岩母质发育的林地土壤团聚体胶结能力最好。研究表明,不同母质和利用方式土壤团聚体HAC、HAC/FAC、Fe fr和Fe co含量分布差异显著,进而影响了土壤团聚体分布和稳定性,同时砂页岩母质发育的林地土壤团聚体结构较稳定。 相似文献
18.
【目的】研究小麦/玉米轮作体系不同施肥方式下土壤有机碳(SOC)和全氮(TN)在(?)土不同水稳性团聚体中的分布特征,以期深入理解不同施肥方式对土壤碳、氮固持的机制。【方法】采集(?)土21年长期肥料定位试验不同施肥处理0-10 cm和10-20 cm土层土样,分析其水稳性团聚体(2 mm、2~1 mm、1~0.5 mm、0.5~0.25 mm以及0.25 mm)有机碳和全氮的分布特征。试验设不施肥(CK),化肥氮磷钾配施(N、NP、NK、PK、NPK)和秸秆还田配施氮磷钾(SNPK)以及两个水平有机肥与氮磷钾配施(M1NPK、M2NPK)9个处理。【结果】长期施肥0-10 cm土层土壤团聚体SOC和TN含量明显高于10-20 cm,平均增幅20%以上。2~1 mm或1~0.5mm团聚体中SOC和TN的含量最高,0.25 mm团聚体最低。长期不施磷肥处理的土壤团聚体SOC和TN含量均与CK相似。NP、NPK以及SNPK处理,0-10 cm土层SOC较CK分别增加16%~43%、9%~40%和22%~47%;TN增幅分别为28%~48%、39%~61%和39%~91%。10 20 cm土层,NP、NPK以及SNPK处理2mm、2~1 mm、1~0.5 mm土壤团聚体SOC较CK增幅分别为35%~49%、17%~40%和45%~46%,TN增幅分别为44%~47%、39%~54%和54%~64%。长期有机肥与氮磷钾配施处理(M1NPK、M2NPK),0-10 cm土层的团聚体SOC平均较CK分别增加68%~122%和61%~163%,TN平均分别增加84%~133%和97%~175%;10-20 cm土层,SOC较CK平均增幅分别为20%~61%和39%~118%,TN增幅平均分别为43%~86%和107%~136%。SOC和TN主要储存于0.25 mm团聚体中(40%)2~1 mm团聚体储存最少(10%)。长期不施氮或不施磷对SOC和TN在团聚体中的储存比例基本没有影响。长期NP、NPK以及M1NPK、M2NPK均降低了各土层SOC和TN在2 mm或2~1 mm的储存比例增加了在1~0.25 mm团聚体储存比例。2 mm或2~1 mm团聚体的C/N比值高于微团聚体(0.25 mm),而与CK相比,长期施肥降低了土壤团聚体的C/N比值。【结论】关中地区(?)土长期偏施化肥对有机碳和全氮在团聚体的含量及分布没有显著影响而长期氮磷或氮磷钾化肥配合、氮磷钾与有机物配合均明显增加土壤团聚体的有机碳及全氮含量,特别是长期氮磷钾配合有机肥能显著增加土壤1~0.25 mm团聚体对土壤有机碳和全氮的固存比例,提高土壤有机碳和全氮储量减少温室气体的排放。 相似文献
19.
土壤团聚体的数量和质量直接影响着土壤性质和有机碳固存。研究长期不同施肥措施及复垦年限对采煤塌陷区土壤团聚体的重量分布比例及其稳定性的影响,为该区域的农业生产和土壤质量提升提供科学依据。采集复垦6年和11年定位试验不同施肥处理耕层土样,选取不施肥(CK)、平衡施氮磷钾肥(NPK)、单施有机肥(M)、有机无机肥配施(MNPK)4个处理,利用干筛法和湿筛法获得4种粒径的团聚体/粉黏粒组分(> 2 mm、0.25-2 mm、0.053-0.25 mm和< 0.053 mm),用> 0.25 mm团聚体含量(R 0.25)、平均重量直径(MWD)、团聚体破坏率(PAD)和土壤不稳定团粒指数(E LT)表示团聚体的稳定性,并测定了土壤有机碳含量。结果表明：复垦年限对土壤团聚体的含量及稳定性影响产生了显著影响。干筛条件下,复垦6年和11年均显著降低了各处理0.053-0.25 mm团聚体和< 0.053 mm组分的含量,降幅分别为68.39%-87.37%、69.63%-78.32%(6年)和90.01%-93.68%、78.29%-83.93%(11年)；湿筛条件下,复垦11年显著提高了各处理> 2 mm团聚体的含量,增幅达473.35%-645.16%,但是显著降低了0.053-0.25 mm团聚体的含量,降幅为43.67%-57.54%。土壤团聚体的稳定性也随着复垦年限的增加而逐渐增强,表现为DR 0.25、WR 0.25和MWD值呈增加趋势,而PAD和E LT值呈降低趋势。土壤有机碳含量与DR 0.25、WR 0.25、MWD 水稳性呈极显著正相关关系,而它与PAD和E LT呈极显著负相关关系。本研究表明,该区域连续复垦11年提高了土壤大团聚体的含量而伴随着微团聚体含量的显著减少,导致土壤结构越来越稳定。它对提高采煤塌陷区复垦土壤肥力、改善土壤结构效果最佳。 相似文献
20.
土壤团聚体的数量和质量直接影响着土壤性质和有机碳固存。研究不同施肥措施及施肥年限对采煤塌陷区复垦土壤团聚体的重量分布比例及其稳定性的影响,可为该区农业生产和土壤质量提升提供科学依据。采集复垦6,11年定位试验不同施肥处理耕层(0—20 cm)土样,选取不施肥(CK)、平衡施氮磷钾化肥(NPK)、单施有机肥(M)、有机无机肥配施(MNPK)4个处理,利用干筛法和湿筛法获得4种粒径的团聚体/粉黏粒组分(>2,0.25~2,0.053~0.25,<0.053 mm),用>0.25 mm团聚体的含量(R0.25)、平均重量直径(MWD)、团聚体破坏率(PAD)和土壤不稳定团粒指数(ELT)表示团聚体的稳定性,同时测定土壤有机碳含量。结果表明:施肥年限较施肥措施对土壤团聚体的含量及稳定性产生了更显著的影响。干筛条件下,施肥6,11年均显著降低了各处理0.053~0.25 mm团聚体和<0.053 mm组分的含量,降幅分别为68.39%~87.37%,69.63%~78.32%(6年)和90.01%~93.68%,78.29%~83.93%(11年);湿筛条件下,施肥11年显著提高了各处理>2 mm团聚体的含量,增幅达473.35%~645.16%,但是显著降低了0.053~0.25 mm团聚体的含量,降幅为43.67%~57.54%。土壤团聚体的稳定性也随着施肥年限的增加而逐渐增强,表现为DR0.25、WR0.25和MWD值呈增加趋势,而PAD和ELT值呈降低趋势。土壤有机碳含量与DR0.25、WR0.25、MWD水稳性呈极显著正相关关系,而与PAD和ELT呈极显著负相关关系。本研究表明,该区域连续培肥11年提高了土壤大团聚体的含量而伴随着微团聚体含量的显著减少,导致土壤结构越来越稳定。这对于提高采煤塌陷区复垦土壤肥力、改善土壤结构产生了良好的效果。 相似文献
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