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1.
Soil organic carbon (SOC) plays a vital role in determining the susceptibility to land degradation. The recommended procedure for the recovery of the characteristic poor soils of the Southern region of Portugal is the installation of grazed permanent pastures and increase of soil fertility. The objectives of this study were: (i) to identify the spatial and temporal patterns of soil nutrients at four points in time over a 10-year period in a perennial pastureland; (ii) to test new tools for survey of the spatial variability of soil nutrients; (iii) to evaluate the potential for differential organic management. A 6 ha permanent bio-diverse pasture field, grazed by sheep and improved by annual application of super phosphate fertilizer, was installed on a shallow soil in Mediterranean conditions. Spatial variability and temporal stability of topsoil macronutrients (phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium), SOC and pH were measured. The results indicate that SOC and pH have great potential for implementing differential management. In the case of SOC, the management classes map shows that over 80 % of the area has temporal stability, while more than 50 % of the area has low levels of SOC (<10 g kg?1), justifying the potential for differential application of C-rich organic soil amendments. The geospatial measurements of apparent soil electrical conductivity (ECa) and NDVI index showed significant correlation between these parameters and soil properties, revealing the potential of these tools for producing detailed soil maps, decisive for understanding the changes in soil properties under sustainable management systems. 相似文献
2.
The general objectives of this study were to evaluate (i) the specificity of the spatial and temporal dynamics of apparent soil electrical conductivity (ECa) measured by a electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensor, over 7 years, in variable conditions (of soil moisture content (SMC), soil vegetation cover and grazing management) and, consequently, (ii) the potential for implementing site-specific management (SSM). The DUALEM 1S sensor was used to measure the ECa in a 6 ha pasture experimental field four times between June 2007 and February of 2013. Soil spatial variability was characterized by 76 samples, geo-referenced with the global positioning system (GPS). The soil was characterized in terms of texture, moisture content, pH, organic matter content, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. This study shows a significant temporal stability of the ECa patterns under several conditions, behavior that is an excellent indicator of reliability of this tool to survey spatial soil variability and to delineate potential site-specific management zones (SSMZ). Significant correlations were obtained in this work between the ECa and relative field elevation, pH, silt and soil moisture content. These results open perspectives for using the EMI sensor as an indicator of SMC in irrigation management and of needs of limestone correction in Mediterranean pastures. However, it is interesting to extend the findings to other types of soil to verify the origin of the lack of correlation between the ECa data measured by DUALEM sensor and properties such as the clay, organic matter or phosphorus soil content, fundamental parameters for establishment of pasture SSM projects. 相似文献
3.
棉田土壤养分精准管理初探 总被引：28，自引：1，他引：28
应用地理信息系统 (GIS)结合土壤养分状况系统研究法探讨了一定农业生产条件下棉田土壤养分空间变异及其在推荐施肥中的应用。结果表明 ,棉田土壤养分的空间变异与前茬作物的种植利用方式有很大关系。网格取样技术和变量施肥技术是提高肥料有效性的有希望的手段 ,这些技术能使肥料以合适的用量施到需要的地方。平衡施肥示范结果显示根据土壤养分状况提出的推荐施肥 ,比当地常规施肥每公顷降低肥料成本 657.4元 ,籽棉产量从每公顷 4350kg增加到 52 1 2 .5kg,增产 1 9.8% ,增产所增加的收入每公顷 4657.5元 ,净增收益 531 4.9元。 相似文献
4.
The study on the characteristics of spatial variability of soil nutrients and fertilizer recommendations in cotton field under certain conditions of agricultural management was conducted with GIS and systematic approach for soil nutrient constrains. The results showed that of the spatial variability of soil nutrient was greatly related to the management condition of previous crops. Grid sampling and variable rate application technology (VRAT) were the tools that would hopefully increase fertilizer efficiency. The fertilizers were applied where they were needed and at proper rate. Balance fertilization demonstration showed that fertilizer recommendations according to the available nutrient level in soil could decrease fertilizer cost with 657.4 yuan / ha and increase seed cotton yield by 19.8%. A net profit of the balanced fertilization was 5314.9 yuan / ha higher than that of local fertilization practice. 相似文献
5.
An increasing number of farmers are considering the use of site-specific nitrogen (N) applications to maize (Zea mays L.) as a way of maximizing yield potential while minimizing fertilizer cost. The objectives of this 3-years experiment were to evaluate the spatial structure of yield response to N fertilizer and investigate the potential for site-specific N management under maize production in New York. Four experimental N rates (50, 110, 160, or 220 kg ha1), two tillage systems (chisel till and zone-till) and two crop rotations (maizemaize and maizesoybean (Glycine max L.)) were superimposed over a 12 ha field in central New York State with a complex of Honeoye-Lima, Kendaia, and Lima soils ranging from moderately well to poorly drained soils. Pre-sidedress soil nitrate tests (PSNT) showed significant spatial structure but did not conform to that for crop N response, indicating that N fertilizer recommendations based on PSNT results cannot be simply applied in a site-specific management approach. Optimal N rate varied from 110 kg ha 1 for the dry years 1999 and 2000 to 220 kg ha1 for 1998, with a warm wet spring. Tillage treatments were generally comparable in N response. Spatial yield response analysis showed limited field-scale regionalization of both yield and profit response to N, suggesting that site-specific application of nitrogen is impractical. The greatest source of variability in N requirements was observed with the annual effects of weather, and presents a greater potential for precise N application than site-specific application. Annual variations in optimum N rate were not related to annual yield differences and yield potential itself does not appear to be a good predictor of N needs. 相似文献
6.
7.
Simulation of Cotton Production for Precision Farming 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Most crop simulation models do not directly consider the spatial variability of inputs nor do they produce outputs that show the expected spatial variability of yield across a field. If such models were available for precision farming, then researchers could much better evaluate the effects of soil sampling densities to determine the number of samples necessary to adequately model a particular field. The objectives of this study were: (1) to design and implement a spatial simulation methodology for examining details of precision farming and (2) use this to evaluate the effects of different soil sampling resolutions on predicted yield and residual nitrates through spatially variable nitrogen applications. The GOSSYM/COMAX cotton growth model/expert system and the GRASS geographic information system were used to develop a spatial simulation that produces spatially variable outputs. Inputs to the model were collected from a 3.9-ha cotton field. Soil nitrate, a primary driver in fertilizer recommendations, was sampled on a 15.2-m regular grid for depths to 15 cm and on a 30.5-m regular grid at six 15-cm depth intervals (down to 90 cm). COMAX was used to determine spatially variable fertilizer recommendations. GOSSYM was used to simulate perfect application of these recommendations and predicted spatially variable yield and residual nitrates. Reductions in sampling density or resolution were simulated by systematically reducing the amount of data available to COMAX for calculating spatially variable fertilizer recommendations. GOSSYM subsequently used these recommendations (based upon less and less knowledge of soil nitrates) to simulate the effects of differing sampling resolutions on predicted yield and residual nitrates. For recommendations based upon a 15.2-m grid of inputs, 41.4 kg/ha of nitrate fertilizer produced 801.7 kg/ha of cotton and left an average of 9.4 ppm of nitrate in the soil profile. For a 30.5-m grid, 42.8 kg/ha of nitrate fertilizer resulted in a yield of 811.2 kg/ha and residual soil nitrate of 8.3 ppm. For 45.7-m and 61.0-m grids, the results were 43.3 kg/ha and 41.2 kg/ha of nitrate fertilizer, 755.3 kg/ha and 794.3 kg/ha of cotton, and 11.5 ppm and 8.1 ppm of residual soil nitrate, respectively. This study concluded that crop simulations and geographic information systems are a valuable combination for modeling the effects of precision farming and planning variable rate treatments. Simulation results indicate that excessive fertilization, while potentially damaging to the environment, may also have a negative impact on yield. 相似文献
8.
刈割与放牧结合对苜蓿型混播草地系统的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
对以苜蓿为主的混播草地，在前期刈割的基础上采用低、中和高３种放牧率进行轮牧。结果表明：６０ｄ放牧后，在各放牧处理间的土壤水分和容重均无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）；其牧草干物质含量和总产量均无显著影响（Ｐ＞０．０５），它们的主要影响因素是牧草生长阶段，利用时期和牧草种类。供试羔羊的个体增重和产肉量随放牧强度增加而减少，其单位草地面积的增重和产肉量，在一定范围内随放牧强度增加而提高。苜蓿草地的放牧利用以中等放牧强度为宜。 相似文献
9.
S. Stamatiadis J. S. Schepers E. Evangelou C. Tsadilas A. Glampedakis M. Glampedakis N. Dercas N. Spyropoulos N. R. Dalezios K. Eskridge 《Precision Agriculture》2018,19(3):570-587
Variable-rate application (VRA) addresses in-field variation in soil nitrogen (N) availability and crop response, and as such is a tool for more effective site-specific management. This study assessed the performance of a VRA system for on-the-go delivery of granular fertilizer in 7-m wide and 200-m long strips of a 2.4-ha wheat field. A randomized complete block design consisted of three treatment strips (a preplant uniform application of 100 kg N/ha, a preplant + in-season uniform farmer rate of 212 kg N/ha and a preplant + in-season VRA) within four blocks. The VRA prototype consisted of Crop Circle ACS-430 active canopy sensors, a GeoScout X data logger that processed the geospatial data to convey a real-time N rate signal (1 Hz) to a Gandy Orbit Air 66FSC spreader through a Raven SCS 660 controller. Crop monitoring included analysis of in-season soil and plant samples, water balance and grain yield. VRA delivered an economic optimum N rate using 72% less in-season N or 38% less total N (131 kg N/ha) than that applied by the farmer (212 kg N/ha). The reduction of total N inputs came about without any yield losses and translated to 58% N-use efficiency in comparison to 44% of the farmer practice and 52% of the preplant control. VRA also provided a much higher revenue over fertilizer costs, €68/ha and €118/ha higher than the preplant control and the farmer practice, respectively. The return of VRA per unit of N was equal to that of the large preplant application due to low leaching losses. Overall, the high-resolution VRA was superior in terms of environmental benefits and profitability with the least uncertainty to the farmer. 相似文献
10.
Knowledge and management of soil pH, particularly soil acidity across spatially variable soils is important, although this is greatly ignored by farmers. The objective of the study was to evaluate in-field spatial variability of soil pH, and compare the efficiency of managing soil pH through site-specific method vs. uniform lime application. The study was conducted on three sites with study sites I and II （23°50＇ S; 29°40＇ E）, and study sites IIl （23°59＇ S; 28°52＇ E） adjacent to each other in the semi-arid regions of the Limpopo Province, South Africa. Soil samples were taken in four replicates from geo-referenced locations on a regular grid of 30 m. Soils were analyzed for pH, and SMP buffer pH. Soil maps were produced with Geographic Information System （GIS） software, and soil pH datasets were interpolated using a geostatistical tool of inverse distance weighing （IDW）. Soil pH in the fields varied from 3.93 to 7.00. An excess amount of lime as high as 30 t/ha under uniform lime application were recorded. These recommendations were in excess on field areas that needed little or no lime applications. Again, there was an under applications of lime as much as 35 t/ha for uniform liming applications. This under- and over-recommendations of lime based on average soil pH values suggests that uniform soil acidity correction and soil pH management strategy is not an appropriate strategy to be adopted in these fields with spatially variable soils. The field can be divided into lime application zones of （1） high rates of lime, （2） low rates of lime and （3） areas that requires no lime at all so that lime rates are applied per zone. A key to site-specific soil acidity correction with lime is to reach ideal soil pH for the crop in all parts of the field. 相似文献
11.
Soils occupied by dryland pastures usually have low fertility but can exhibit a high spatial variability. Consequently, logical application of fertilisers should be based on an appropriate knowledge of spatial variability of the main soil properties that can affect pasture yield and quality. Delineation of zones with similar soil fertility is necessary to implement site-specific management, reinforcing the interest of methods to identify these homogeneous zones. Thus, the formulation of the objective Rasch model constitutes a new approach in pasture fields. A case study was performed in a pasture field located in a montado (agrosilvopastoral) ecosystem. Measurements of some soil properties (texture, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, cation exchange capacity and soil apparent electrical conductivity) at 24 sampling locations were integrated in the Rasch model. A classification of all sampling locations according to pasture soil fertility was established. Moreover, the influence of each soil property on the soil fertility was highlighted, with the clay content the most influential property in this sandy soil. Then, a clustering process was undertaken to delimit the homogeneous zones, considering soil pasture fertility, elevation and slope as the input layers. Three zones were delineated and vegetation indices (normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI, and normalized difference water index, NDWI) and pasture yield data at sampling locations were employed to check their differences. Results showed that vegetation indices were not suitable to detect the spatial variability between zones. However, differences in pasture yield and quality were evident, besides some key soil properties, such as clay content and organic matter.
相似文献12.
In Indiana, variable rate application (VRA) of lime is often considered a good place to start site-specific management (SSM). This is because soil pH is one of the most variable of manageable soil characteristics in the state, the availability of essential nutrients is closely related to soil pH, and because spreaders can be retrofitted relatively inexpensively to do VRA. The objective of this study is to evaluate the profitability of VRA for lime as a stand-alone activity. The methodology involves a spreadsheet model using corn and soybean pH response functions estimated with small plot data. The overall results indicate increased annual returns to corn and soybean production with site-specific pH management strategies. On average, SSM with agronomic recommendations provides an increased annual return of $7.24 per hectare (ha) (+1.78%). SSM with the economic decision rule provides an average increase in annual return of $19.55 ha–1 (+4.82%). Information strategy, which uses site-specific information to determine the economically optimal uniform rate of lime, provides an average increase in annual return of $14.38 ha–1 (+3.54%). 相似文献
13.
Profitable precision or variable application of inputs depends on many factors; however, the inherent variability in a soil
and or crop property and the relative responsiveness of yield to fertilizer inputs at different soil concentration levels
are the most important factors in influencing economic gain. Generally, the greater is the spatial variation in the property
influencing the input rate, the greater is the potential economic return from precision application compared to uniform application
of an input. Based on a quantitative assessment of the spatial variation in soil properties that influence rates of input,
a variable-rate decision support tool (VRDST) was developed to: (1) assess the potential profitability of variable-rate compared to uniform application and (2)
identify the economic optimal uniform application rate if this is selected. The VRDST was evaluated using spatially distributed
soil data from selected fields in North Carolina. Net return from variable-rate application and the economically optimal uniform
rates are illustrated. Varying fertilizer cost, crop price and sampling costs greatly influenced net return from variable-rate
application. 相似文献
14.
采用池栽方式,以砂土、壤土、黏土三种质地潮土为主处理,以仅施氮磷钾(即对照,NPK),氮磷钾+富啡酸(NPK+FA),氮磷钾+复合微肥(锌和硒)(NPK+Zn+Se),氮磷钾+富啡酸+复合微肥(锌和硒)(NPK+FA+Zn+Se)等4个施肥处理为副处理的裂区试验,研究不同质地条件下施肥对紫花苜蓿鲜草产量及鲜干比的影响。结果表明三种质地条件下紫花苜蓿鲜草产量表现为:壤土黏土砂土,且均随茬次增加逐渐降低,以砂土条件下降幅最大。三种质地条件下,适量富啡酸均显著促进了苜蓿鲜重的增加,且均以富啡酸与硒、锌微肥配施效果最好。各茬均以砂土条件下苜蓿鲜干比最低,但各处理间差异不显著。 相似文献
15.
上海市不同经营体制下的土壤养分变异特征分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过对上海两种经营体制的土壤速效养分含量及变异性分析,结果表明:整个上海地区土壤速效钾均处于较低于的水平,都在临界值附近,而土壤有效锌在分散经营条件下处于中低水平,而在规模经营条件下有富集的趋势。土壤的有效铜含量在两种经营条件下均较高;同不经营体制下的土壤养分变异非管理元素的变异系数差异不大,管理元素在分散经营条件下的土壤养分一般都高于规模经营;规模经营条件下地块内的变异一般都在30%以下,所以,在分散经营条件下实施土壤养分精准管理的迫切性要高于规模经营地区;规模经营体制下和分散经营体制下的土壤速效养分的半方差结构均可用指数模型来描述。大多数土壤速效养分的半方差结构明显,结构性方差占总方差的比例均在50%以上。但分散经营条件下的管理元素相关距均小在规模经营条件下。 相似文献
16.
Emmaline A. Long Quirine M. Ketterings David Russell Francoise Vermeylen Stephen DeGloria 《Precision Agriculture》2016,17(5):546-563
Whole farm evaluations have shown that accurate yield data are difficult to collect for alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and grass mixtures and corn (Zea mays L.) silage fields. Additionally, on-farm research, a recommended tool for adaptive management, is hindered by lack of practical ways to collect yield data. Recently, forage yield monitors have become available on self-propelled forage harvesters (SPFHs), but precision and accuracy of this technology are unknown. The objective of this project was to evaluate accuracy of yield and moisture sensing components of forage yield monitors for use in alfalfa/grass and corn silage. Moisture content, mass flow weights, total area harvested and total dry yield per hectare were measured on 11 farms in 2013; forage samples were collected for truck loads, analyzed for dry matter content, and compared to monitor-registered dry matter. Truck weights were used to compare monitor-derived yield to actual yield on two farms for alfalfa/grass and three farms for corn silage. Moisture sensors estimated crop moisture content within 3.7 % DM for alfalfa/grass and 3.0 % DM for corn silage of the oven dry value. Flow sensors estimated alfalfa/grass yield to ±0.5 and ±1.1 Mg DM/ha for corn silage. When calibrations are done regularly, forage yield monitors can provide an accurate and precise measure of dry yield for adaptive management. It is concluded that this technology can be used when plots are large and large treatment-driven yield differences are expected. 相似文献
17.
Andreas Meyer-Aurich Terry W. Griffin Antje Giebel 《Computers and Electronics in Agriculture》2010,74(1):73-79
Knowledge of site-specific response may help farmers to tailor their management decisions with the help of precision farming technologies. However, farmers often have only a vague idea of the economic potential for site-specific management of their fields, which is important for investment decisions on precision farming technologies. This study presents an on-farm experimental approach to identify the economic potential of site-specific fertilization strategies at low costs. A strip trial with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum, L.) was established with precision farming technologies. Twelve different nitrogen fertilizer rates split in two applications were applied to 30 plots over a total strip length of 1.5 km. Geo-referenced yield was recorded with the harvester. Furthermore, electrical conductivity of the soil was measured and grain quality was surveyed with hand selected samples. With the help of advanced spatial statistical methods, within-field site-specific response was modeled with sufficient accuracy at comparably low costs. Electrical conductivity of the soil, elevation above sea level, and derivates of a digital elevation model were used as covariates to identify a possible economic potential for site-specific fertilization. Yield and protein response was best predicted with spatially adjusted regression models with site-characteristics or their interaction with management variables. Protein content was essential for achieving best economic results. The economic potential for site-specific fertilization strategies for the analyzed field was below 2 €/ha. However, the approach to identify the potential may be transferred to other locations with greater potential for site-specific farming. 相似文献
18.
Antoni Magri Harold M. Van Es Michael A. Glos William J. Cox 《Precision Agriculture》2005,6(1):87-110
Several potential sources of information exist to support precision management of crop inputs. This study evaluated soil test data, bare-soil remote sensing imagery and yield monitor information for their potential contributions to precision management of maize (Zea mays L.). Data were collected from five farmer-managed fields in Central New York in 1999, 2000, and 2001. Geostatistical techniques were used to analyze the spatial structure of soil fertility (pH, P, K, NO3 and organic matter content) and yield variables (yield, hybrid response and N fertilization response), while remote sensing imagery was processed using principal component analysis. Geographic information system (GIS) spatial data processing and correlation analyses were used to evaluate relationships in the data. Organic matter content, pH, P, and K were highly consistent over time and showed high to moderate levels of spatial autocorrelation, suggesting that grid soil sampling at 2.5–5.5ha scale may be used as a basis for defining fertility management zones. Soil nitrate levels were strongly influenced by seasonal weather conditions and showed low potential for site-specific N management. Aerial image data were correlated to soil organic matter content and in some cases to yield, mainly through the effect of drainage patterns. Aerial image data were not well correlated with soil fertility indicators, and therefore were not useful for defining fertility management zones. Yield response to hybrid selection and nitrogen fertilization rates were highly variable among years, and showed little justification for site-specific management. In conclusion, we recommend grid-based management of lime, P, and K, but no justification existed within our limited study area for site-specific N or hybrid management. 相似文献
19.
Weisz Randy Heiniger Ron White Jeffrey G. Knox Ben Reed Lonnie 《Precision Agriculture》2003,4(3):311-330
Variable rate (VR) fertilizer application is a paradigm with potential to improve input efficiency and farm profitability. It is widely marketed by commercial applicators in the southeastern US. However, field studies comparing VR with traditional management have not demonstrated consistent, positive results. The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the soil impact, crop response and economic potential of VR phosphorus (P) and lime application in a North Carolina Piedmont no-till field crop system using intensive soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production and (2) to economically evaluate alternatives to standard commercial grid soil sampling for directing VR P and lime. A 23-ha long-term no-till field in the SE Piedmont was divided into 0.4ha plots assigned to either VR or uniform P and lime application. Grid soil sampling and VR P and lime application were done prior to four crops over 3 years: full season soybean, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–double cropped soybean, and full season soybean. Soil test P, pH and crop yield response to VR P were inconsistent. Soil pH in areas with low pH initially did increase in response to VR lime, but it took two to three applications to bring all of these areas to the target pH. Once VR-liming raised initially low soil pH to levels close to target, yield of soybean, but not wheat, were up to 0.74Mgha–1 higher than with uniform lime. Even with significantly higher soybean yields associated with VR lime, 3 years of grid sampling and VR application were not profitable compared to uniform application. The results indicated that VR lime could be profitable if the initial grid sampling data were used either for 2 consecutive years, or if it was used to restrict future grid sampling to specific areas requiring further VR lime. 相似文献
20.
施肥对紫花苜蓿草产量及经济效益研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
采用随机区组试验设计．在河北省沧州南皮县试验站对生长第三年的紫花苜蓿施用配制的6种苜蓿专用复合肥,研究其对牧草干物质产量和经济效益的影响．结果表明。专用肥1、2、5、6号与习惯施肥和不施肥对照相比,既能增产又能增收．其中,6号专用肥增产显。经济效益最高．其增产和效益主要来源于前两茬;专用肥3、4号增产不增收． 相似文献