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1.
BACKGROUND: Insect damage induces chemical changes in plants, and frequently these changes are part of a defensive response to the insect injury. Induced resistance was activated in winter wheat using a foliar application of synthetic jasmonic acid. Field trials were conducted to observe effects of jasmonic acid application on some wheat insects. Two wheat cultivars (Cubus and Tommi) were sprayed twice at growth stages (GS) 41 and 59 with two concentrations of jasmonic acid, along with control plots that were sprayed with water. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in the number of thrips and wheat blossom midges (WBM) among treatments in both cultivars. Plants in control plots had higher numbers of thrips and midges than in treated plots. There were higher numbers of thrips in the Tommi cultivar than in the Cubus cultivar, while the latter had higher numbers of WBM larvae than the Tommi cultivar. There was a positive correlation between WBM numbers and infested kernels in both cultivars. This study also indicated that jasmonic acid enhances the wheat yield in sprayed plots compared with control plots. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that jasmonic acid induced pest resistance in wheat plants and may act as a resistance mechanism of wheat against insect herbivores. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
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Dr. Nabil E. El-Wakeil Abdellah S. H. Abdel-Moniem Nawal Gaafar Christa Volkmar 《Gesunde Pflanzen》2013,65(1):7-13
Orange wheat blossom midge damage can impart serious loss of quantity and quality of winter wheat. Wheat midges were evaluated in large scale field in winter wheat in Bad Lausick (Leipzig, Saxsony) central Germany. The present study aimed at studying the activity of wheat blossom midges WBM, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin) and Contarinia tritici (Kirby) using pheromone, sticky traps and two types of water traps. Management of midges with different treatments was studied; Karate (pyrethroid), Biscaya (neonicotinoid) and NeemAzal T/S (botanical insecticide) were sprayed on wheat at heading stage (GS 55). Monitoring was conducted before the treatment and continued for 4 weeks after the treatment. Pheromone traps were used for forecasting midge adult population and determine the control date. Water traps were used to assess midge larvae, while midge adults were surveyed using sticky traps. A strong correlation between midge catches and weather conditions was obtained; as well a coincidence between pheromone catches and wheat midge infestation in the susceptible growth stages (GS 47–65) was recorded. Insecticide applications to fields of midge-infested winter wheat significantly reduced the wheat midge damage. There were significant differences in wheat midge numbers between treated and untreated; wheat midge numbers were lower in the treated than in control. The results proved that both Karate and Biscaya caused more mortality to wheat midges than NeemAzal T/S. 相似文献
3.
The intensity of thrips and wheat blossom midges (WBM) infestations in twelve wheat cultivars was evaluated at the Plant Breeding Station, Silstedt, central Germany in 2008 & 2009 growing crop seasons. The research aimed at selecting the least infested cultivar to be profitably used in the forthcoming cultivation. Infestation levels were studied in flowering and milky stages (GS 65 and 73) of each cultivar in every single-spikelet in sample of 10 ears in both years. There were significant differences in thrips and (WBM) densities among different cultivars in both years. Thrips numbers were the highest in T??rkis, Global and Esket cultivars, while the lowest values were recorded in Robigus, Brompton and Carenius. The results showed that the highest WBM infestation was observed in T??rkis, Tommi and Potenzial; on the other hand the lowest WBM infestation was found in some insect resistant cultivars (Brompton, Skalmeje, Robigus, Welford and Glasgow). The infested ears were positively correlated with the numbers of WBM among cultivars. The obtained results would give a good guide for choosing the proper cultivars which proved highly resistant to their specific pests. 相似文献
4.
Nawal Gaafar Nabil El-Wakeil Abdellah S.H. Abdel-Moniem Christa Volkmar 《Gesunde Pflanzen》2014,66(3):121-128
Wheat insect pests and the beneficial arthropod populations were assessed using sweep net across a large scale winter wheat field in Bad Lausick (Free State of Saxony, Germany) before and after insecticide applications. The insecticides used were Karate (pyrethroid), Biscaya (neonicotinoid) and NeemAzal T/S (botanical insecticide). The tested compounds were sprayed twice during the early season growth stage (Elongation- GS 32) and at the heading stage (GS 55), and their effects were evaluated on wheat insect pests. The side effects of these insecticides on associated natural enemies were also studied. Monitoring was conducted for 4 weeks after each treatment. Cereal aphids, thrips, leafhoppers, cereal leaf beetles, cereal bugs and also many natural enemies such as predators (lady beetles, lacewings, syrphids, dance flies and spiders) and parasitoids (parasitic wasps) were surveyed. The dose of these insecticides resulted in reductions of wheat insect and natural enemy populations and this reduction was corrected based on Abbott equation. The results showed that Karate is correlated with the highest percentage reduction (79.5 %) to wheat insect pests. Karate use also resulted in a percentage reduction to natural enemies (30–60 %). Biscaya and NeemAzal T/S is correlated with an equivalent mortality percents (50–65 %) to wheat insect pests and resulted in a smaller percentage reduction of natural enemies (10–40 %) compared to Karate. Thrips and cereal bugs were more affected than leafhoppers. Lacewings and dance flies were more susceptible; while spider, syrphids and parasitoid wasps were more tolerant. Compatibility between natural insecticides and natural enemies is highly required to keep the environment clean. 相似文献
5.
R. A. Daamen W. Stol 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1993,99(3):51
Between 1980 and 1986, commercial winter wheat fields at the milky-ripe stage were surveyed for insect pests. Leaf injuring insects were common. On average 42% and 95% of the surveyed fields were injured by leaf miners and the cereal leaf beetle, respectively. On average 14% of the leaves was skeletonised by the cereal leaf beetle and leaf injury tended to be high in seasons after winters with low temperatures. Blossom midges were the most important midges. In the period 1980–1984, the orange and lemon blossom midge infested 71 and 21% of the surveyed fields, respectively, Insecticides were mainly used to control aphids. Despite control, on average 80% of the fields and 22% of the tillers were infested by aphids. 相似文献
6.
Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - Susceptibility of spring wheat to infestation with wheat blossom midges (WBM) and thrips was studied in Central Germany in the two seasons, 2008 and 2009.... 相似文献
7.
R. A. Daamen W. Stol 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1993,99(Z3):51-56
Between 1980 and 1986, commercial winter wheat fields at the milky-ripe stage were surveyed for insect pests. Leaf injuring
insects were common. On average 42% and 95% of the surveyed fields were injured by leaf miners and the cereal leaf beetle,
respectively. On average 14% of the leaves was skeletonised by the cereal leaf beetle and leaf injury tended to be high in
seasons after winters with low temperatures. Blossom midges were the most important midges. In the period 1980–1984, the orange
and lemon blossom midge infested 71 and 21% of the surveyed fields, respectively, Insecticides were mainly used to control
aphids. Despite control, on average 80% of the fields and 22% of the tillers were infested by aphids. 相似文献
8.
The Effects of Cultural Measures on Cereal Pests and Their Role in Integrated Pest Management 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
David M. Glen 《Integrated Pest Management Reviews》2000,5(1):25-40
The influences of cultural control measures on invertebrate pests and their natural enemies in cereals (wheat, barley and oats) are described and discussed, with emphasis on the major pests in north-west Europe. Possibilities for additive and synergistic combinations of cultural measures are identified, together with opportunities for integrating cultural measures with chemical and biological control where appropriate. Recent studies confirm the central role of cultural control measures in integrated pest management and integrated production of cereal crops. However, cultural measures often have opposing effects on different pests as well as diseases and weeds, so that appropriate measures must be selected on the basis of an assessment of the risks from key pests, diseases and weeds. Crop rotation is not an important means of controlling cereal pests, but its use is recommended for control of cereal diseases and weeds, as well as pests of crops grown in rotation with cereals. Diversification of crops and non-crop habitats in predominantly cereal growing areas is thought to increase numbers of certain parasitoids and polyphagous predators of cereal pests. The presence of weeds or an intercrop in a field together with cereals may reduce the severity of aphid and slug damage to cereals. Trap cropping has not yet been adequately tested in wheat, barley or oats. Cover crops reduce damage by wheat bulb fly in a following wheat crop, but increase the risk of slug damage. Resistance to a wide range of cereal aphid species has been identified in wheat and barley, but in Europe, more emphasis is placed on selecting cultivars with resistance to cereal diseases rather than pest resistance. Resistance in wheat to wheat bulb fly and wheat blossom midge is recorded, and resistance to slug damage has been reported in some laboratory studies. Early sowing of winter cereals results in more damage by certain dipterous pests and increased numbers of the aphid vectors of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), but early sowing results in less damage by wheat bulb fly and slugs in autumn/winter and by late infestations of aphids in summer. Avoidance of ploughing results in reduced incidence of wheat bulb fly, yellow cereal fly and aphids, but increased numbers of slugs, wheat blossom midge and bibionid larvae. Avoidance of ploughing can result in greater numbers of certain polyphagous predators, particularly in the first weeks following crop establishment. The presence of straw residues results in increased slug populations, but reduced incidence of yellow cereal fly and wheat blossom midge. Preparation of fine, firm seedbeds discourages attack by slugs and wheat bulb fly on cereals. Drilling at slightly greater depth in rough cloddy seedbeds helps to protect wheat seeds from slug damage. Nitrogen fertiliser applied in spring can help cereal plants compensate for losses by wheat bulb fly or slugs. However, nitrogen applications tend to result in increased summer infestations of aphids. 相似文献
9.
1987年-2018年我国小麦主要病虫害发生危害及演变分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文总结分析了1987年-2018年我国小麦病虫害发生危害及其演变情况?蚜虫?麦蜘蛛?吸浆虫?地下害虫和赤霉病?条锈病?纹枯病?白粉病是当前我国小麦上的主要病虫害?2011年-2018年这8种病虫害的发生面积为4 416.45万~6 051.42万hm2, 占小麦全部病虫发生面积的74.89%~86.07%?通过防治, 每年挽回小麦产量损失307万~2 136万t, 占全国小麦总产的3.60%~18.44%, 平均年挽回损失1 134.94万t, 占全国小麦总产的10.56%, 其中1987年-1990年?1991年-2000年?2001年-2010年和2011年-2018年经防治后平均挽回损失分别为598.13万?1 056.42万?1 272.8万和1 612.35万t; 防治后每年仍造成小麦产量损失220万~640万t, 占全国小麦总产的1.97%~6.52%; 平均年实际损失346.95万t, 占全国小麦总产的3.23%, 其中1987年-1990年?1991年-2000年?2001年-2010年和2011年-2018年分别实际损失378.11万?337.31万?355.50万和316.90万t?2000年以来, 受气候变化?耕作制度变迁和品种更替等因素影响, 我国小麦主要病虫害发生演变呈现小麦赤霉病重发频率提高?发生区域呈北抬西扩趋势, 蚜虫上升为黄淮海麦区最重要的害虫, 小麦纹枯病?白粉病?麦蜘蛛和地下害虫等小麦常发性病虫害发生相对平稳, 小麦条锈病?吸浆虫等病虫害发生趋降, 新发病虫害在局部麦区扩散危害等特点, 并针对性地提出构建小麦病虫害自动化监测预警体系?研究小麦病虫害长期灾变规律?集成和完善小麦病虫害综合防控技术等建议措施? 相似文献
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基于地理信息系统的全国主要粮食作物病虫害实时监测预警系统的研制 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：10
为提高病虫害防治的准确性和科学性，依据植保知识、专家经验，采用人工智能、自行开发的具地理信息系统基本功能及决策支持系统（DSS）的相关技术，研制了基于Internet网络传输的全国主要粮食作物病虫害实时监测预警系统。本系统能够对小麦、玉米、水稻、马铃薯、高粱和谷子6种主要粮食作物的60余种病虫害进行实时监测、预警、诊断、提供植保知识，能够对年度间同期病情、虫情做出图形比较，可将抽象的预警数据转化成清晰简明的点图式电子地图，直观明了地显示病虫害发生点数及地域分布，可根据品种的抗病虫性、病虫害发生基数和未来天气预报等信息对小麦白粉病、赤霉病、纹枯病、稻瘟病、稻曲病、马铃薯晚疫病、麦蚜、小麦吸浆虫和玉米螟9种重要病虫害做出短期防治决策，系统的运行有助于提高人们对主要粮食作物病虫害管理的科学水平。 相似文献
13.
油菜小麦邻作与小麦单作对小麦田节肢动物功能团的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
[目的]揭示在油菜-小麦邻作和小麦单作模式下昆虫群落的变化,为实际小麦生产提供理论上的依据.[方法]将小麦田和油菜田交界处设为0m,在距0m处2、4、6、8、16 m(包括0 m)处设立试验小区,记录节肢动物数量,计算主要特征参数.[结果]临近油菜的小麦上蚜虫丰盛度最低,主要天敌丰盛度最高;距离油菜0m处麦蚜亚群落稳定性较好;距离油菜0m处捕食性天敌亚群落稳定性最高,16m处最低;邻作小麦田昆虫群落稳定性高于单作小麦田;油菜-小麦邻作可以降低6m以内蚜虫种群数量,增加6m内捕食性天敌的数量以及4m内捕食性天敌的多样性.[结论]油菜与小麦邻作对于麦蚜的防治有一定的作用,但控制范围有限. 相似文献
14.
为了解黄秋葵田害虫和天敌的种类及种群动态变化情况,分析主要害虫和天敌间的生态调控机制,为黄秋葵田害虫的生物防控提供科学依据。通过目测法和5点取样法调查记录黄秋葵田害虫、天敌种类和数量,并对害虫和天敌间的生态位进行分析。结果表明,黄秋葵田内共发现6目13科21种昆虫,害虫优势种分别为棉蚜和棉大卷叶螟,两者在田间均呈聚集分布。天敌优势种分别为龟纹瓢虫、异色瓢虫、三突花蛛、草间小黑蛛、卷叶螟绒茧蜂、卷叶螟姬小蜂。其中蚜虫生态位宽度值最小,田间发生时间比较集中,主要在6月。棉大卷叶螟生态位宽度值最大,田间发生时间比较长,主要在7—9月。蚜虫与瓢虫的时间生态位重叠值为0.8593,瓢虫对蚜虫有明显的跟随效应,是蚜虫的优势性天敌。棉大卷叶螟与蜘蛛、卷叶螟绒茧蜂、卷叶螟姬小蜂的时间生态位重叠值分别为0.7220、0.7175、0.6797,这三类天敌对棉大卷叶螟有明显的跟随效应,对其种群具有协同控制效果,是控制棉大卷叶螟的三种优势天敌。以上结果表明,天敌对害虫在时间生态位上有一定的同步性,在田间管理时应加强对这些天敌的保护和利用,以增强天敌的自然控害功能。 相似文献
15.
从三级营养关系出发,研究了不同粮食（小麦和玉米）和寄主（米象和玉米象）对雅脊金小蜂发育和寄生的影响。结果表明：4个三级营养系统中雅脊金小蜂实验种群在4种虫源寄主中均能正常发育,其卵-成虫的发育历期在4种虫源寄主中由短至长依序为：玉米粒-玉米象〈小麦粒-玉米象〈小麦粒-米象〈玉米粒-米象;4种蜂源中雅脊金小蜂对小麦中的米象或玉米象的寄生率、刺死率和总致死率均显著高于对玉米中的米象或玉米象。因此用雅脊金小蜂控制小麦中的米象或玉米象,其效果较之玉米中的米象或玉米象的效果更好。 相似文献
16.
冀南棉麦混作区棉花害虫综合防治技术的研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
1983—1985年在河北南部棉麦混作棉区设点,进行了以棉蚜、棉铃虫为主要对象的综合防治技术研究。从棉田生态系的整体出发,根据棉花、害虫与天敌各主要组成成份的特点及相互关系,尽可能利用自然因素,设计了以棉麦邻作布局、种子处理、棉田内分阶段衔接种植诱集植物油菜——春玉米——夏玉米来保护增殖自然天敌、制订合理防治指标、减少用药和加强棉田栽培管理、种植抗病品种等配套技术的农业防治、生物防治和化学防治相结合的综合防治措施,经3年来多点大田试验、示范、应用,结果表明在控制虫害、减少用药、保护增殖天敌、降低防治成本等方面效益明显。 相似文献
17.
Jeroen van Schelt 《Pest management science》1993,37(4):405-409
A short overview is given of native and introduced pests in Dutch glasshouses. Several examples are presented to illustrate how external and internal factors influenced the choice and introduction of natural enemies on the market. The development time and acceptance of new beneficials has shortened considerably. The factors that influenced the biological control program of aphids and thrips are discussed in more detail. 相似文献
18.
三种杀虫剂对麦田蚜虫和捕食性天敌群落的影响 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
以2种选择性杀虫剂吡虫啉、抗蚜威和一种广谱性杀虫剂氧化乐果为试验材料，研究了选择性杀虫剂对麦田蚜虫和捕食性天敌群落结构特征的影响。结果表明，施用选择性杀虫剂的小区在农药持效期内麦蚜群落的多样性指数和均匀度低于空白对照区，高于氧化乐果处理区，而优势度和优势集中度高于空白对照区，低于氧化乐果处理区；捕食性天敌群落的多样性指数低于空白对照区，高于氧化乐果处理区，优势度和优势集中度高于空白对照区，低于氧化乐果处理区。选择性杀虫剂处理区瓢蚜比小于空白对照区和氧化乐果处理区，且有效期长达15－16d。根据害虫和天敌发生的特点及选择性杀虫剂的特性，提出了麦蚜的有效防治措施，即在麦蚜为害关键时期，每667m^2用吡虫啉1g(ai)或抗蚜威2.5g(ai)喷施1次，再利用自然天敌调控作用，即可有效控制麦蚜。 相似文献
19.
缨翅目Thysanoptera昆虫,俗称蓟马,其种类繁多、数量庞大,主要通过取食和传播植物病毒病进行为害.蓟马害虫已经发展成为我国热带地区最重要的农业害虫类群之一,对农作物和园艺植物造成了巨大的经济损失.天敌作为其重要的生物防治资源,在蓟马害虫防治中尤为关键.据此,本文结合国内外研究对西花蓟马和我国热带地区主要蓟马害虫... 相似文献
20.
宁夏麦蚜天敌多样性及种间关系 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
麦蚜是宁夏小麦的主要害虫,为了实现自然天敌对麦蚜的有效控制,采用网捕法和陷阱法等采集手段,通过3年田间调查,共鉴定麦蚜天敌97种,包括寄生性天敌16种和捕食性天敌81种。将麦蚜天敌划分为单食性天敌、寡食性天敌、多食性天敌及杂食性天敌共4类功能团进行分析,结果表明,不同天敌功能团对麦蚜种群的影响存在显著的交互作用;寄生性天敌中蚜茧蜂属的燕麦蚜茧蜂与烟蚜茧蜂是优势种;捕食性天敌种类较为复杂,不同地区麦蚜天敌组成存在显著性差异,复杂的农业景观能够维持更高的天敌多样性。表明在农业生态系统中建立和恢复非作物生境能够明显提高天敌种群数量,进而提高其生物防治作用。 相似文献