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1.
土壤性质对入渗再分布影响的显色示踪试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
同时使用染色剂和碘离子作为示踪剂,染色剂用于示踪大孔隙通道,根据碘-淀粉显色反应确定实际流动模式。开展了6组试验,研究了土壤大孔隙特征和非均匀流动特性,比较了粉土和粘土2种土壤,入渗水量分别为20、40、60和80 mm以及不同流动边界条件下的土壤水和溶质再分布特性。实验资料显示,入渗水再分布主要受到湿润模式的影响。入渗水量较小的情况下,水流运动主要发生在大孔隙中,随着入渗水量增大,入渗模式与孔隙发育表现出显著的区别,随着入渗水量的增加,水流运动非均匀性表现出先增加,随后减小的趋势。溶质迁移非均匀性取决于水流非均匀流动特性,然而表现出更多的不确定性。 相似文献
2.
土壤非均匀水流运动和溶质迁移显色示踪方法研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
根据碘-淀粉显色原理示踪土壤非均匀流动,探讨非均匀水流运动和溶质迁移描述方法。在1.0m×1.0m尺度上开展试验,60mm碘离子溶液入渗后,在70cm深度内逐层开挖剖面,剖面中水流经过的区域喷洒淀粉溶液后显色,采用图像分析和率定的方法建立了土壤显色和碘离子浓度之间的关系。采用环状直方图,从浓度空间分布和信息量两个方面对流动非均匀性进行了描述。碘-淀粉显色示踪方法较好地显现了非均匀流动模式,环状直方图分析表明,浓度分布的离散程度随浓度值的减小而增加,描述流动的非均匀性需要考虑水平和垂直方向上流动非均匀特征,非均匀流动的相似性随着距离的增加而明显下降。 相似文献
3.
为研究土壤质地对土壤水流运动非均匀特征的影响,在砂土、壤土和粉质粘土中采用亮蓝(砂土)和碘离子(壤土和粉质粘土)作为示踪剂分别开展了2个、5个和4个不同入渗条件(土壤初始含水率和入渗水量)的染色示踪试验,通过计算活动流场模型(Active Region Model,ARM)分形特征参数(γ)来定量描述和比较不同入渗条件下土壤水流运动的非均匀特征。研究结果表明,(1)活动流场模型较好的捕捉到了土壤水流运动整体的非均匀信息;(2)当其它入渗条件(土壤初始含水率和入渗水量)相同时,土壤水在细质地土壤中运动的非均匀程度要高于其在粗质地土壤中运动的非均匀程度。 相似文献
4.
为表征土壤优先流的快速非平衡运动、更准确地预测非饱和带土壤中的水流运动和溶质运移过程,该文在活动流场模型基本理论和土壤优先流表现出的分形特征的基础上,将分形理论引入到连续性模型,根据质量守恒原理建立了描述土壤优先流形式下水流运动和溶质运移过程的控制方程,发展和完善了活动流场模型理论;对比分析了活动流场模型理论与二域模型理论和活动裂隙模型理论之间的联系和区别。研究成果为运用活动流场模型解决优先流条件下土壤水流运动和溶质运移等相关问题提供了参考。 相似文献
5.
土壤优先流运动的活动流场模型模拟和敏感性分析 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
在壤土和砂土条件下分别采用碘-淀粉染色示踪方法和亮蓝染色示踪方法各开展了2个染色示踪试验,分别采用活动流场模型和二域模型模拟计算了各试验入渗后染色区内的土壤含水率和溶质浓度分布,通过相对均方根误差分析评价了两个模型模拟预测优先流发展的有效性;此外,通过敏感性分析研究了不同入渗条件（土壤质地、入渗水量和土壤初始含水率）下活动流场模型模拟预测结果（入渗深度）对活动流场模型分形特征参数变化的敏感度。模型检验分析结果显示活动流场模型对土壤水入渗深度、入渗后染色区内土壤含水率和溶质浓度分布的预测精度要明显高于二域模型的模拟预测精度;活动流场模型较好的捕捉到了优先流运动整体的非均匀特征。敏感性分析结果显示,当降雨入渗水量和土壤初始含水率相同时,入渗深度对活动流场模型分形特征参数（γ）的敏感度随着γ的增大而增大;相同活动流场模型分形特征参数（γ）值条件下（即流动非均匀程度相同）,入渗深度对活动流场模型分形特征参数（γ）的敏感度随着入渗水量的增大和土壤初始含水率的升高而减小。 相似文献
6.
灌水效率碘—淀粉显色示踪试验 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
该文旨在研究不同土质、灌水量和灌水方法情况下入渗模式、灌水效率,并探讨不同灌水条件下溶质分布和水流运动模式之间的关系。根据碘－淀粉显色原理示踪水流运动和溶质迁移,分别在壤土和黏土条件下、开展了重力灌溉和微灌方式下的12组入渗试验,采用适用效率、深层渗漏损失率、有效储水率和均匀度对灌水效率进行综合评价。结果表明,入渗水再分布主要受到湿润模式的影响,有效储水率和均匀度随着灌水量的增加而提高,然而深层渗漏损失率也明显增大。溶质分布的均匀程度和深层渗漏损失率均小于水量分布的均匀程度和损失率,根据入渗后水分和溶质的再分布情况对灌水效率进行评价更为直接和全面。 相似文献
7.
边界层方法是描述土壤溶质迁移的简单方法,通过边界层距离与时间的关系可以估计溶质迁移参数。基于边界层方法,研究了土壤溶质迁移的数学模拟及相应参数估计问题。假定土壤溶质浓度剖面为指数函数,得到了描述溶质浓度分布的指数函数模型。各参数对边界层距离的影响分析表明,应选取较小的孔隙水流速度、短历时推求土壤溶质迁移参数;对不同模型预测土壤溶质分布进行比较,结果表明,在短距离处指数型解与精确解的误差比其它都要小。误差分析表明了指数函数模型的有效性和实用性。 相似文献
8.
土壤水非均匀流动的碘-淀粉染色示踪研究 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8
在壤土和粉质黏土条件下采用碘-淀粉染色示踪方法分别开展了6个和4个不同土壤初始含水率和入渗水量的示踪试验,通过分析入渗深度和染色面积分布模式来研究入渗条件(土壤初始含水率、入渗水量和土壤质地)对土壤水非均匀流动特征的影响。研究表明:①土壤初始含水率升高时,土壤水入渗深度增大,但土壤初始含水率对染色面积分布模式无明显影响;②土壤水入渗深度随入渗水量的增大而增大,但入渗水量的增大对土壤水入渗深度增大的影响有限;③当入渗水量较小时,土壤水流运动以优先流为主;随着入渗水量的增大,土壤水流运动逐渐转变成以基质流为主的流动形态;④土壤水在细质地土壤(粉质黏土)中运动具有更高的非均匀程度,非均匀流通道总宽度较窄。 相似文献
9.
黄土坡面土壤侵蚀中溶质随径流迁移的水动力特性研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过对比分析坡面水流的水动力参数与径流溶质迁移量间的关系,研究了不同地表状况下黄土坡面土壤溶质随径流迁移的水动力学特性,以求深入了解和认识坡面土壤侵蚀中溶质随径流迁移的本质机理。研究结果表明:不同坡面地表状况下,糙率系数和平均水深之比(n/h)与侵蚀过程中随径流迁移的溶质存在一定的关系,径流溶质Br-平均浓度、径流溶质Br-的平均流失率以及径流溶质Br-的相对流失量均随n/h的增加而减小。径流溶质Br-的平均流失率以及径流溶质Br-的相对流失量与水流水动力学参数n/h具有指数关系。 相似文献
10.
二维虚拟土壤中溶质迁移行为的数值模拟研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用Voronoi图逐级碎裂方法,在二维正方网格上构造出不同等级的虚拟土壤来仿真具有丰富孔隙结构的真实土壤,并借助于随机行走模型,数值模拟了溶质粒子在该虚拟土壤中的迁移行为。结果表明,溶质粒子表现出反常扩散行为。对有偏倚的随机行走模型,其均方位移与时间呈正比关系∝tK,即扩散系数D=K-1,长时间的K值更大,溶质粒子扩散更快;首次穿越时间满足正态对数分布,说明溶质粒子迁移是一阶随机过程;由连续时间随机行走理论,发现溶质粒子扩散非费克现象明显。同时发现不同的土壤孔隙结构及随机行走类型所对应的拟合参数不同,即它们也影响溶质粒子的迁移行为。该研究有利于人们从理论上定性理解和预测水及溶质在有大孔隙土壤中的迁移,保护地下水环境。 相似文献
11.
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
15.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
16.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
19.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
20.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献