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1.
硫酸铝对苏打盐碱土中氟迁移规律的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用土柱淋洗法,研究不同铝氟摩尔比下苏打盐碱土中氟的迁移过程及pH值变化情况。结果表明,苏打盐碱土施铝后,能够明显降低淋洗液的pH值,与空白相比,差异均达极显著水平。并且随着淋洗次数和铝相对含量的增加,pH值呈现逐渐降低的趋势。不同铝氟摩尔比作用下,氟在碱土中的迁移动态及总淋失率存在较大的差别。随着淋洗次数的增加,1∶1处理的每次淋失率变化较缓,(1∶2)～(1∶4)处理呈先增加后降低的趋势,而(1∶5)～(1∶7)处理明显下降。与对照相比,苏打盐碱土上施用硫酸铝可以降低氟在土壤中的总淋失量,进而可以减少土体中的氟向地下水中的迁移,降低人畜通过饮用地下水而带来的摄氟量。但是氟总淋失率的降低程度与铝的相对含量有关,其中1∶4铝氟处理的总淋失率相对较高,而1∶1处理的淋失率相对较低。这可能与添加硫酸铝后苏打盐碱土的pH值变化、铝氧化物和氢氧化物数量变化、土壤胶体带电性变化及土壤自身铝的释放有关。 相似文献
2.
《土壤通报》2015,(3):603-607
在室内培养条件下,以苏打盐碱土为供试土壤,采用平衡振荡法,研究该土对氟的吸附和解吸特征。结果表明,苏打盐碱土对氟的吸附量和解吸量均随着初始氟浓度的增加而增加,最大吸附量为216.97 mg kg-1,最大解吸量为200.17 mg kg-1,而解吸率则呈先降低后升高的趋势,最低解吸率为62.79%。Langmuir方程能够较好的拟合该土对氟的等温吸附过程,但分段拟合结果表明,当初始氟浓度较低时,虽然最大吸附量较大,但吸附强度较弱,吸附的最大缓冲容量较低,致使被吸附的氟极易解吸下来;提高初始氟浓度后,吸附强度增强,解吸率下降,吸附比较牢固。这说明苏打盐碱土对氟的吸附强度受初始氟浓度的影响较大。 相似文献
3.
采用室内培养试验研究添加玉米秸秆和Al2(SO4)3对苏打盐碱土pH值、可溶性盐含量和阳离子交换量的影响,旨在为盐碱土合理改良利用提供理论依据。研究发现,加入玉米秸秆和Al2(SO4)3后,苏打盐碱土pH值有不同程度的降低。当Al2(SO4)3加入量为0%～0.8%时,随着Al2(SO4)3加入量的增加,苏打盐碱土pH值急剧下降,而当Al2(SO4)3加入量继续增加时,则pH值变化较缓慢。Al2(SO4)3加入量相同时,玉米秸秆的添加对降低苏打盐碱土的pH值具有略微促进的作用。在玉米秸秆和Al2(SO4)3的共同作用下,苏打盐碱土Na+、K+、Ca2+和Mg2+的含量均升高,而CO32-和HCO3-的含量则随着玉米秸秆和Al2(SO4)3加入量的增加而逐渐降低。玉米秸秆和Al2(SO4)3的加入使苏打盐碱土的阳离子交换量也有所增加,阳离子与土壤胶体上的Na+进行置换,最终使苏打盐碱土碱化度下降。综合而言,试验条件下,15%玉米秸秆和0.8%Al2(SO4)3对苏打盐碱土的改良效果最佳。 相似文献
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5.
为探讨化学改良剂对苏打盐碱土稻田生态系统中氟迁移的影响,采用盆栽试验,研究硫酸铝、脱硫石膏和有机复合改良剂作用下的土壤各形态氟含量变化,以及土壤氟向水体和地上部植株的迁移情况。结果表明,化学改良剂影响苏打盐碱土—水—作物系统中氟的迁移及生物有效性。种稻后各改良剂处理的土壤水溶态氟变化范围为8.33～20.90 mg/kg,与对照相比,均呈下降趋势,其中硫酸铝处理下降得最多,降低60.15%;可交换态氟和有机束缚态氟呈增加趋势,其中有机复合改良剂处理增加得最多,分别为79.54%和86.37%;种稻前后铁锰氧化物结合态氟变化较复杂,其中硫酸铝处理无显著变化,对照处理和有机复合改良剂处理分别增加19.05%和42.03%,而脱硫石膏处理下降22.79%;残余态氟和总氟含量呈下降趋势,其中有机复合改良剂处理的残余态氟降低得最多,为35.50%,硫酸铝处理的总氟降低得最少,为10.47%,其余处理降幅为12.50%～12.55%。在水稻种植过程中,土壤中氟向水中累积释放总量为对照>有机复合改良剂>脱硫石膏>硫酸铝,与对照相比,其他3个处理分别降低3.25%,5.13%和5.1... 相似文献
6.
硫酸铝对苏打盐碱土的改良作用研究 总被引：20，自引：2，他引：20
苏打盐碱土添加硫酸铝后，土壤理化性状发生了显著改善。土壤物理性质表现为：土壤结构有显著改善，土壤团聚体（〉0．005mm）数量明显增加，土壤容重降低．膨胀度增加，孔隙度增大，土壤渗透性能及持水能力增强。土壤化学性质表现为：Al^3＋水解产生大量H^＋，降低了水田湛水层和土层的pH值；随硫酸铝用量的增加，土壤阳离子交换量呈显著递增，碱化度显著降低；CO3^2-和HC3^-含量也随硫酸铝用量的增加而降低。以上结果表明苏打盐碱土添加硫酸铝后，土壤结构得到良好改善，土壤盐分组成发生了显著变化，由苏打型→苏打-硫酸盐型→硫酸盐型。同时，苏打盐碱土理化性质的改良也为作物生长创造了良好的土壤环境。 相似文献
7.
川西山地黄壤组分对氟的吸附-解吸特征研究 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
以川西山地黄壤为例,采用选择溶解和模拟试验方法,研究黄壤各组分对F-的吸附与解吸特性。结果表明:黄壤各组分对F-的吸附可分为快速和慢速两个阶段,去除土壤相关组分后,平衡时间缩短,平均吸附速率变大,最大吸附量显著下降。随着初始浓度增大,吸附量呈增加趋势,吸附平衡液pH值上升。与未去除组分相比,经处理的样品对F-的吸附量均有一定程度的降低,其降低量由小到大的顺序为去无定形氧化铁/铝>去有机质>去游离氧化铁/铝。Langmuir、Freundlich、Temkin方程均可较好的拟合样品对F-的吸附,以Langmuir方程最佳。黄壤吸附的F-可为0.02 mol L-1的KCl大部分解吸,去除土壤组分后,黄壤对氟的专性吸附降低,缓冲能力减弱,解吸率增大,解吸率大小顺序为去游离氧化铁/铝>去有机质>去无定形氧化铁/铝>原土,显示了土壤各组分在F-吸附中的重要性差异。 相似文献
8.
秸秆和硫酸铝改良剂对苏打盐碱土吸附腐殖酸性能的影响 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
为了揭示硫酸铝改良剂对苏打盐碱土在秸秆还田条件下固碳性能的影响,研究了添加秸秆和硫酸铝并于恒温条件下培养300天后的盐碱土对腐殖酸的吸附性能。结果表明:在腐殖酸吸附动力学中,秸秆和硫酸铝不同添加量条件下,盐碱土对腐殖酸的吸附均在120min时达到平衡,准二级动力学方程拟合效果最好,R2值最高(0.936)。Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程均可较好地拟合盐碱土对腐殖酸的等温吸附。添加相同比例的玉米秸秆条件下,Langmuir方程拟合获得的最大吸附量分别表现为69.335,42.830,40.498,42.593mg/g。而添加同等比例的硫酸铝改良剂条件下,最大吸附量分别表现为21.358,32.647,69.335,49.232,62.375,42.830mg/g。 相似文献
9.
10.
通过盆栽试验研究水稻对氟的吸收规律及硫酸铝存在对水稻吸氟量的影响。结果表明: 单施氟处理下, 施氟量与水稻植株含氟量间存在极显著正相关关系, 说明水稻对氟存在奢侈吸收。随着水稻的生长, 其对氟的吸收达到平衡, 吸氟量逐渐减少, 植株体内氟含量呈下降趋势。各施氟水平下, 水稻植株的生长无明显差异, 但分蘖数却随施氟量的增加呈极显著降低趋势。铝?氟交互条件下, 水稻植株各部位的含氟量顺序为稻壳>米>根>茎叶, 这可能与植物的吸氟部位和氟的吸收形态有关。植株体内氟含量随生长时间的延长也呈下降趋势, 施硫酸铝处理会在此基础上进一步降低水稻植株各部位的含氟量, 但同一处理在不同时间取样, 降氟效果有较大差别。氟、铝处于何种比例和作用时间才能达到理想的降氟效果还有待于进一步研究。 相似文献
11.
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
15.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
16.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
19.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
20.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献