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1.
S Petermann 《DTW. Deutsche tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》1999,106(4):160-163
Examples for practical solutions of animal welfare questions in poultry and pig holdings are described: A new inspection trolley for laying hens in battery cages with 8 floors, rearing conditions for laying hens in alternative housing systems including outdoor areas, improvement of hen-runs with plantation and mobile shelters, incidence of day-light in broiler houses, use of an automatic broiler catching machine, straw-racks and structured pens for fattening turkeys, outdoor husbandry of "Kelleyturkeys", kennelled system with "bungalows" for weaners (Nürtinger System), "Straw-Flow" systems with a sloping floor and straw provided from a freely accessible dispenser, outdoor areas with solid surface for fattening pigs, straw-racks, animal friendly construction of farrowing pens as well as an outdoor system for breeding sows. 相似文献
2.
Over the last 30 years concern about farm animal welfare has increased and has become a public issue in the Netherlands. Public discussion has stimulated research in this field, financed by both government and industry. Dutch society in general and consumers of animal products in particular, want to see high standards of welfare for production animals. Good animal welfare has gradually gained more impact in the total quality concept of the product. This will encourage scientists to continue to analyse the welfare status of animals and to come up with innovative solutions for the remaining problems. At ID-Lelystad much effort is put into farm animal welfare research. This research includes for example, the development of behavioural tests for quantifying and interpreting fear in cattle, investigations into the effects of dietary iron supply and a lack of roughage on behaviour, immunology, stress physiology, and pathology in veal calves, studies of the ontogeny of tail biting in finishing pigs and feather pecking in laying hens as well as evaluation of the welfare effects of automatic milking in dairy cows. The results of these projects contribute to concrete improvements in animal husbandry and expertise and support policy making and legislation. The animal industry as well as retailers should aim at the further implementation of this knowledge and to specify welfare standards to guarantee consumer acceptance of animal production. 相似文献
3.
Stevenson MA Wilesmith JW Ryan JB Morris RS Lawson AB Pfeiffer DU Lin D 《The Veterinary record》2000,147(14):379-384
This was a spatial analysis of the epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in Great Britain, based on agricultural census data collected between 1986 and 1996 and BSE case data collected up to June 1997. Kernel smoothing techniques were used to plot the distribution of BSE-positive cattle holdings per 100 holdings per square kilometre and the distribution of confirmed BSE cases per 100 head of cattle per square kilometre. In the early stages of the epidemic reported BSE cases were scattered widely throughout Great Britain, with no clearly identifiable focus. By June 1997, a statistically significant cluster of BSE-positive holdings was identifiable in the eastern part of the South west region of England. During the epidemic the highest densities of confirmed BSE cases per 100 cattle per square kilometre occurred in the greater part of the South west region of England and within Dyfed in the south west of Wales. In Wales, a small number of holdings experienced large numbers of confirmed BSE cases. In the South west region of England a large number of holdings experienced small numbers of confirmed cases. By June 1997, the distribution of BSE-positive holdings across Great Britain was largely determined by factors that influenced the amount of recycled infectious material they were exposed to. 相似文献
4.
Merle R Hajek P Käsbohrer A Hegger-Gravenhorst C Mollenhauer Y Robanus M Ungemach FR Kreienbrock L 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2012,104(1-2):34-43
Every application of antibacterial drugs in veterinary medicine may encourage selection for resistant bacteria. In Germany no valid data are available which would be suitable for a species specific estimation of drug consumption especially regarding food producing animals. Therefore, a representative monitoring of consumption of antibacterial drugs in food producing animals should be implemented. As a first step, a feasibility project was conducted to identify the technical preconditions and develop a concept for a regular monitoring system within Germany as a country with a non-central federal state system. The data were collected via the forms obligatory by German law concerning the treatment of animals and the delivery of animal drugs to the animal owners by the veterinarian. 24 veterinary practices and 65 farmers were visited, and all applications of antibiotics to farm animals during the course of one year (September 1, 2006 to August 31, 2007) were entered into a central database. A total of 95,584 records were collected and analysed statistically. Consumption of antibiotics was calculated in kg, but also the number of applications was analysed. The consumption of tetracyclines in kg reached 54.3% of all antimicrobial substances applied to pigs, but only 25.7% of all doses applied to pigs were tetracyclines. For the farms' data, the number of daily doses per animal year (DD(ay)) was estimated based on the number of daily doses recorded and on the number of animals kept in the farm. Correct and detailed data regarding the structures of the farms as well as of veterinary practices are necessary to estimate the consumption of antibiotics reliably. The proposed system is able to function as a monitoring system for antibiotic use in Germany, when the monitoring data are linked to the agricultural data (farm sizes) accounting for differences between German regional agricultural and animal husbandry structures. Furthermore, the results of the antibiotic use analyses may serve as basis to assess the results of the sales data of the pharmaceutical industry. Results are comparable to the outcome of respective systems in other European countries, e.g. the Netherlands and Denmark, and therefore it will contribute to a better understanding and development of strategies for the control of antimicrobial resistances on the European level. 相似文献
5.
Berke O Grosse Beilage E 《Journal of veterinary medicine. B, Infectious diseases and veterinary public health》2003,50(7):322-325
This paper describes a new approach for spatial relative risk mapping as a tool for geographical risk assessment. The spatial epidemiological analysis is based on geographically referenced data about pseudorabies (Aujeszky's disease) virus infections at farm level in a region of high animal density in Germany at the beginning of the national eradication project. On the basis of serological findings 186 farms were classified as positive out of a total of 482 investigated farms listed in veterinary administrative registers. Geographical cluster analysis was used to identify two areas of high risk (RR = 2.4 and 3.3). Non-parametric density estimation was used to estimate the proportion of infected farms per square kilometre. Furthermore, the spatial relative risk function was approximated through the prevalence ratio defined by the ratio of the local prevalence and the overall prevalence of the farms outside the cluster regions. The corresponding approximated relative risk map indicates and quantifies a clear spatial pattern of disease frequency. 相似文献
6.
This paper describes a new approach for spatial relative risk mapping as a tool for geographical risk assessment. The spatial epidemiological analysis is based on geographically referenced data about pseudorabies (Aujeszky's disease) virus infections at farm level in a region of high animal density in Germany at the beginning of the national eradication project. On the basis of serological findings 186 farms were classified as positive out of a total of 482 investigated farms listed in veterinary administrative registers. Geographical cluster analysis was used to identify two areas of high risk (RR = 2.4 and 3.3). Non‐parametric density estimation was used to estimate the proportion of infected farms per square kilometre. Furthermore, the spatial relative risk function was approximated through the prevalence ratio defined by the ratio of the local prevalence and the overall prevalence of the farms outside the cluster regions. The corresponding approximated relative risk map indicates and quantifies a clear spatial pattern of disease frequency. 相似文献
7.
临夏市近几年来大力发展草食畜牧业,2019年底全市大牲畜存栏牛1.09万头、羊2.99万只、猪0.97万口。全市玉米种植面积2.17万亩,而玉米秸秆利用率却在70%左右,为了充分利用丰富的粗饲料资源,减少优质玉米秸秆饲料的浪费,笔者通过实际制作并多方调查研究得出玉米秸秆袋装青贮技术为我市提供了大量优质粗饲料,既保护生态环境又减少养殖场饲养成本,增加了养殖效益,为我市草食畜牧业的发展做出了重大的贡献。 相似文献
8.
Endemic animal diseases such as tsetse-transmitted trypanosomosis are a constant drain on the financial resources of African livestock keepers and on the productivity of their livestock. Knowing where the potential benefits of removing animal trypanosomosis are distributed geographically would provide crucial evidence for prioritising and targeting cost-effective interventions as well as a powerful tool for advocacy. To this end, a study was conducted on six tsetse-infested countries in Eastern Africa: Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan and Uganda. First, a map of cattle production systems was generated, with particular attention to the presence of draught and dairy animals. Second, herd models for each production system were developed for two scenarios: with or without trypanosomosis. The herd models were based on publications and reports on cattle productivity (fertility, mortality, yields, sales), from which the income from, and growth of cattle populations were estimated over a twenty-year period. Third, a step-wise spatial expansion model was used to estimate how cattle populations might migrate to new areas when maximum stocking rates are exceeded. Last, differences in income between the two scenarios were mapped, thus providing a measure of the maximum benefits that could be obtained from intervening against tsetse and trypanosomosis. For this information to be readily mappable, benefits were calculated per bovine and converted to US$ per square kilometre. Results indicate that the potential benefits from dealing with trypanosomosis in Eastern Africa are both very high and geographically highly variable. The estimated total maximum benefit to livestock keepers for the whole of the study area amounts to nearly US$ 2.5 billion, discounted at 10% over twenty years – an average of approximately US$ 3300 per square kilometre of tsetse-infested area – but with great regional variation from less than US$ 500 per square kilometre to well over US$ 10,000. The greatest potential benefits accrue to Ethiopia, because of its very high livestock densities and the importance of animal traction, but also to parts of Kenya and Uganda. In general, the highest benefit levels occur on the fringes of the tsetse infestations. The implications of the models’ assumptions and generalisations are discussed. 相似文献
9.
Rabsch W Prager R Braun P Methner U 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2007,120(7-8):328-333
After importing of breeder lines for laying flocks from Canada into the former GDR in 1966 the egg industry in this country was completely isolated from that in Western Germany or other Western European countries until opening the border in Germany in 1989. Because of this isolation from other countries, an analysis of the clonal diversity of Salmonella (S.) Enteritidis isolates originated from humans, chickens and food in the former GDR during the 1980s would provide a unique opportunity to obtain new insight into factors that may have triggered the S. Enteritidis epidemic. While isolates had previously been typed by the phage typing scheme of Lalko and Laszlo we applied for the first time the extended phage typing scheme by Ward for the retrospective analysis of the S. Enteritidis strains. Furthermore, isolates of phage type (PT) 4/6 (Ward / Lalko and Laszlo) from different livestocks were investigated by ribotyping. Although in total the PT4/6 dominated between 1986 and 1989 in poultry, other phage types have prevailed in the early 1980s and represented a considerable fraction of isolates until 1989. For instance, PT8/7 was isolated from one large layer farm (district Halle) from 1988 until 1989. During that time in another farm (district Cottbus) only PT8/7 was detected too. PT4/6 was isolated from neither of these two laying hen farms. The strains of PT4/6 could be distinguished by ribotyping in 19 different subtypes. The strains from the northern farms were distinct from those isolated in the southern regions. As farms which were harbouring either PT4/6 or PT8/7 had obtained laying hens from the same sources (breeder lines in Deersheim and Spreenhagen) it is highly probable that S. Enteritidis infection was acquired from the environment at each individual farm. This conclusion is also supported by the presence of different PT4/6 ribotypes in different farms. The presence of different phage types or PT4/6 ribotypes at different farms of laying hens suggests that in each case the S. Enteritidis strains present in the environment were able to enter chicken flocks. 相似文献
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11.
Wilson RT 《Tropical animal health and production》2011,43(7):1419-1425
The six countries comprising the Horn of Africa are Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Sudan and Somalia. Together, they
cover an area of just under 5 million square kilometres and support a human population of 17.7 million at an average density
of 38.15 people per square kilometre (although in the purely pastoral areas population density is probably of the order of
15–16 people per square kilometre). The Horn is a major repository of domestic animal biodiversity and genetic resources and
is home to 15 million one-humped camels, 110 million cattle, 94 million goats and 102 million sheep. A list of 72 sheep “breeds”
of which 23 can be considered fat-tailed or fat-rumped has been compiled for the area, although many of these are merely subtypes
of a larger grouping and several are not native to the Horn. This paper provides information, where such is available, on
the distribution, numbers and production parameters of the fat-tailed and fat-rumped sheep that occupy the Horn. 相似文献
12.
加速发展社会主义现代化草原畜牧业 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
目前我国进入“WTO后过渡期”,加快向市场经济和自由贸易制度靠拢。这就要求我国草原畜牧业要改变传统经营方式,从宏观层面合理配置畜牧业资源。通过实施“北繁南育”战略,将北方地区草食家畜的繁殖优势与南方区域的草食家畜育肥优势有机结合起来,生产符合国内外市场需要的绿色畜产品,同时有效解决我国生态环境恶化、畜产品竞争力低下、农牧民增收困难的矛盾,实现我国传统草原畜牧业向现代化草原畜牧业的转变。 相似文献
13.
G Baumgartner 《DTW. Deutsche tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》1990,97(4):139-144
The definition of keeping and transport conditions in conformity with animal welfare requirements should, as far as possible, be based on objective well-established scientific facts. Up to date, however, such facts have been available to a limited extent only, and this situation will be likely to persist for quite some time. Practical experience, feasibility considerations (reasonable reason) and subjective ethical standards of value cannot be left out of account. In order to improve animal welfare, but, at the same time, also in order to provide livestock farmers with the clearest possible guidelines and to avoid unnecessary distortions of competition it will be necessary to lay down legal minimum requirements for animal welfare. The Federal Government endeavours to meet its respective responsibilities both at national level and at the Council of Europe. At the same time, however, it has also successfully used its influence to get EC-wide provisions prepared and enacted. It will continue to persist in urging all those concerned to bring the consultations on the Commission's proposals to a conclusion as soon as possible. Further development of our existing legislation on animal welfare minimum requirements will, in particular, be necessary with regard to the keeping of laying hens in cages. In addition to the endeavours on the part of scientists, practical experience will play a special role for the further development of our modern animal husbandry systems, inter alia also such experience as is gained in the field of what is called "alternative keeping of farm animals".(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献
14.
An evaluation of data from the "Nieders?chsische Tierseuchenkasse" with reference to various forms of cattle husbandry shows the crucial influence quality of farm management resp. age structure of the stock are having upon the frequency of animal diseases at least as far as the salmonellosis of cattle is concerned. The assessment takes into account the earlier repeatedly identified relationship between occurrence of animal diseases and stock size. The obligations of the "Nieders?chsische Tierseuchenkasse" per contributory animal due to losses in fattening calves farms are about three times as high as in "conventional" cattle farms keeping stock of all ages. The "Nieders?chsische Tierseuchenkasse" has therefore developed a special premium class for this specific type of farming with a generally higher premium level. Further measures aiming to improve the current situation of cattle salmonellosis are being discussed. 相似文献
15.
Chisoni Mumba Barbara Häsler John B. Muma Musso Munyeme Doreen Chilolo Sitali Eystein Skjerve Karl M. Rich 《Tropical animal health and production》2018,50(1):49-62
Understanding the practices of traditional cattle farmers in developing countries is an important factor in the development of appropriate, pro-poor disease control policies, and in formulating regional-specific production incentives that can improve productivity. This paper describes the production, husbandry practices, economics, and constraints of traditional cattle farming in Zambia. A cross-sectional study design was used to obtain data from traditional cattle farmers (n = 699) using a structured questionnaire. Data analyses were carried out using SPSS and STATA statistical packages. The results revealed that the majority [65% (95% CI: 59.3–71.1)] of farmers practised a transhumant cattle herding system under communal grazing. In these transhumant herding systems, animal husbandry and management systems were found to be of poor quality, in terms of supplementary feeding, vaccination coverage, deworming, uptake of veterinary services, usage of artificial insemination, and dip tanks all being low or absent. East Coast Fever was the most common disease, affecting 60% (95% CI: 56.4–63.7) of farmers. Cattle sales were low, as farmers only sold a median of two cattle per household per year. Crop farming was found to be the main source of farm income (47%) in agro-pastoralist communities, followed by cattle farming (28%) and other sources (25%). The median cost of production in the surveyed provinces was reported at US$316, while that of revenue from cattle and cattle products sales was estimated at US$885 per herd per year. This translates to an estimated gross margin of US$569, representing 64.3% of revenue.There is considerable diversity in disease distribution, animal husbandry practices, economics, and challenges in traditional cattle production in different locations of Zambia. Therefore, to improve the productivity of the traditional cattle sub-sector, policy makers and stakeholders in the beef value chain must develop fit-for-purpose policies and interventions that consider these variations. 相似文献
16.
Epigenetics provides a molecular mechanism of inheritance that is not solely dependent on DNA sequence and that can account for non-Mendelian inheritance patterns. Epigenetic changes underlie many normal developmental processes, and can lead to disease development as well. While epigenetic effects have been studied in well-characterized rodent models, less research has been done using agriculturally important domestic animal species. This review will present the results of current epigenetic research using farm animal models (cattle, pigs, sheep and chickens). Much of the work has focused on the epigenetic effects that environmental exposures to toxicants, nutrients and infectious agents has on either the exposed animals themselves or on their direct offspring. Only one porcine study examined epigenetic transgenerational effects; namely the effect diet micronutrients fed to male pigs has on liver DNA methylation and muscle mass in grand-offspring (F2 generation). Healthy viable offspring are very important in the farm and husbandry industry and epigenetic differences can be associated with production traits. Therefore further epigenetic research into domestic animal health and how exposure to toxicants or nutritional changes affects future generations is imperative. 相似文献
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Ovelhey A Beyerbach M Schael J Selhorst T Kramer M Kreienbrock L 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2008,83(2):196-209
In order to generate data on the cattle population and farm management in the state of Lower Saxony, Germany, a basic demographic survey was conducted. Afterwards these BSE-free farms as a reference population were compared with the population on BSE farms to identify risk factors for BSE infections. A variety of risk factors for BSE were reviewed, including the import of cattle from the United Kingdom, commercial foodstuff, dairy farming, herd size and cross-contamination with foodstuff for other farm animals. For the basic demographic survey of the reference, a questionnaire was mailed to a representative sample of cattle farms in Lower Saxony where BSE cattle had not occurred before the sample was taken. Distribution of risk factors within this reference population (n=731) and the BSE population (n=49) were compared following the concept of indirect standardisation in stratified populations. The size of farms was used as the stratification variable, with three strata. Under the same rate as in the reference population, the portion of Red Holstein cattle breed was four fold higher than in the BSE population (SER=4.03; p=0.0003). Milk replacer was fed 1.41 times more often on BSE farms (p=0.0478). However, the use of concentrated foodstuff for pigs (SER=0.21) was significantly less frequent in the BSE population than expected (p=0.0001), whereas the husbandry of sheep, goats or game animals seemed to increase the risk of BSE 2.85 times (p=0.0413). There were no significant differences between the two populations concerning the purchase of cattle (p=0.1514) and the use of concentrated feed for calves during the 1990s (p=0.6212). This is an epidemiological indication of increased susceptibility of Red Holstein cattle to BSE. However, this study did not confirm the assumption that the use of commercial foodstuff other than milk replacer or the purchase of cattle increases the risk of BSE infection. It nevertheless remains likely that commercial foodstuffs such as concentrated feed for calves were risk factors in Germany as well. 相似文献
20.
Estimation of potassium and magnesium flows in animal production in Dianchi Lake basin,China 
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下载免费PDF全文 Yuta Amachika Hiroki Anzai Lin Wang Kazato Oishi Chagan Irbis Kunzhi Li Hajime Kumagai Tatsuya Inamura Hiroyuki Hirooka 《Animal Science Journal》2016,87(7):938-946
The objectives of this study were to estimate and evaluate potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg) budgets and flows of animal production in the basin of Dianchi Lake, China. Feed sampling and farmer interviews were conducted in field surveys. The supplies of K and Mg from local and external feeds and the retention, production and excretion of animals were calculated individually for dairy cows, fattening pigs, breeding sows, and broilers and laying hens. The K and Mg flows on a regional level were estimated using the individual budgets. At the individual level, in dairy cattle, the K and Mg supplied from local feeds accounted for large parts of the total nutrient intakes, whereas in the other animal categories most of the K and Mg in the feeds depended on external resources. Our findings also suggested that excessive Mg intake resulted in high Mg excretion and low use efficiency in dairy cattle and fattening pigs. At the regional level, the K and Mg amounts of manure produced and applied in the area (K: 339 and Mg: 143 t/year) exceeded those used as local feeds. Our results imply the animal production potentially increased the K and Mg loads in the regional agriculture system. 相似文献