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1.
OBJECTIVE: To determine iodine levels in salt and iodine deficiency prevalence in school-aged children in 16 districts in Tanzania with previous severe iodine deficiency. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study in schoolchildren. Systematic probability sampling was used to select schools and subjects for goitre assessment and urinary iodine determination. SETTING: Sixteen districts randomly selected from the 27 categorised as severely iodine-deficient in Tanzania. SUBJECTS: The study population was primary-school children aged 6-18 years who were examined for goitre prevalence and urinary iodine concentration (UIC). Salt samples from schoolchildren's homes and from shops were tested for iodine content. RESULTS: The study revealed that 83.3% of households (n=21,160) in the surveyed districts used iodised salt. Also, 94% of sampled shops (n=397) sold iodised salt, with a median iodine level of 37.0 ppm (range 4.2-240 ppm). Median UIC in 2089 schoolchildren was 235.0 microg l(-1) and 9.3% had UIC values below 50 microg l(-1). The overall unweighted mean visible and total goitre prevalence was 6.7% and 24.3%, respectively (n=16,222). The age group 6-12 years had the lowest goitre prevalence (3.6% visible and 18.0% total goitre, n=7147). The total goitre prevalence had decreased significantly in all districts from an unweighted mean of 65.4% in the 1980s to 24.3% in 1999 (P<0.05). We believe this difference was also biologically significant.ConclusionThese findings indicate that iodine deficiency is largely eliminated in the 16 districts categorised as severely iodine-deficient in Tanzania, and that the iodine content of salt purchased from shops is highly variable.  相似文献   

2.
OBJECTIVE: To assess iodine status and its determinants in women of childbearing age in a rural area in the Kayes region, Mali, West Africa. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study where women's iodine status was indicated by urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and level of goitre based on palpation. Salt iodine was assessed semi-quantitatively at household level. Individual characteristics were collected using questionnaires. SETTING: Fifteen villages in a rural area in the Kayes region of Mali. SUBJECTS: Women aged 15-45 years (n=423). RESULTS: Median UIC was 2.7 microg dl(-1), and only 6% of the women had adequate iodine status of UIC >10 microg dl(-1). Most women (60%) had visible goitre, and only 9% were classified as without goitre. Only 39% of the households were using salt with any iodine, and level of knowledge about salt iodisation was low. Main determinants of UIC were breast-feeding and level of salt iodisation; currently breast-feeding women had lower UIC, and UIC increased with increasing level of iodine in household salt. Prevalence of goitre was lower in older women with higher body mass index. CONCLUSION: The study indicates severe iodine deficiency in the study area. Urgent action is needed to improve the situation through enforcing salt iodisation legislation and increasing the level of knowledge about the importance of iodised salt in the population.  相似文献   

3.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of iodine deficiency, its causes and its association with intelligence quotient (IQ) in Mexican schoolchildren. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analytical study, in which determinations of thyroid gland size, urinary iodine excretion, IQ, iron nutritional status, physical anthropometry, family consumption of goitrogenic foods, type/origin and iodine saturation of salt consumed at home and coliform organisms in drinking water were performed, and the association of each variable with IQ scores was evaluated by multiple regression analyses. SETTING: Municipality of Cuauhtémoc, in Colima, Mexico (altitude: 600-2700 m above sea level). Sea salt is extracted manually nearby and often used for human consumption. Goitre remains present in the region despite over half a century of mandatory salt iodination in the country. SUBJECTS: Three hundred and three children, similar proportions of boys and girls, mean age 9.3 years, randomly selected from 19 public elementary schools. RESULTS: Overall goitre rate was 21.4%; low urinary iodine excretion was found in 19.5% of the children, high urinary iodine excretion in 32.0%. IQ scores were transformed into percentile values, with the following categorisation: < or = P5 (low IQ), 48.5%; > P5 to < or = P25 (below average), 24.2%; > P25 to < P75 (average), 18.8%; > or = P75 to < P95 (above average), 3.6%; > or = P95 (high IQ), 4.9%. Ninety-two per cent of the population used iodinated salt, but deficient iodine saturation (<50 ppm) was found in 86.8% of salt samples. The main goitrogenic foods consumed were peanuts (by 31.5% of the sample), cabbage (30.1%), broccoli (27.7%) and cauliflower (25.7%). Median counts of coliform organisms (colony-forming units/100 ml of drinking water) were: 207.5 (well water), 151 (cisterns), 52 (private homes), 25 (elementary schools) and 12 (kindergartens). Moderate iodine deficiency was associated (P < 0.05) with a 4.26 times higher risk of low IQ. CONCLUSIONS: There is a perturbing negative impact of these findings on human capital acquisition for the region and the country. More attention is needed to ensure effective salt iodination processes, particularly in regions where goitrogens may contribute to the negative effects of iodine deficiency on the intellectual development of children.  相似文献   

4.
OBJECTIVES: To examine dietary iodine sources and to estimate the dietary iodine intake of the Norwegian population. DESIGN: Food iodine analyses carried out in Norway during the last 10 years were compiled, and iodine intake calculated on the basis of food intake data from nation-wide dietary surveys among children and adults. The food intake of adults was measured by a self-administrated food-frequency questionnaire, which covered habitual diet during the past year. The food intake of children was measured by dietary record during four consecutive days. SETTING: Neither household nor industrial iodisation of salt is mandatory in Norway, but some brands of table salt have 5 microg of iodine added per gram of NaCl. In spite of this, the population has been considered iodine-replete for decades, i.e. having an iodine intake well above the Recommended Dietary Allowance of 150 microg day(-1). This assumption has not been substantiated by dietary surveys. SUBJECTS: The adults included 1374 females and 1298 males aged 16-79 years. The children included 185 girls and 206 boys aged 4 years, 411 girls and 404 boys aged 9 years, and 517 girls and 492 boys aged 13 years. RESULTS: The calculated iodine intake was in the range of 100-250 microg day(-1) in the majority of the adult population. The mean iodine intake was 136 microg day(-1) (170 microg I/10 MJ) among women and 176 microg day(-1) (161 microg I/10 MJ) among men. For children the iodine intake was in the range of 100-120 microg day(-1). Milk and dairy products contributed approximately 55% and 70% of the dietary iodine intake in adults and children, respectively. Fish contributed more than 20% of the iodine intake in adults and about 10% in children. The iodine contribution of drinking water was negligible. CONCLUSIONS: While fish has the highest natural concentration of iodine and as such is an excellent iodine source, milk and diary products are the main determinants of iodine intake in the Norwegian population. Iodisation of cow fodder has been mandatory in Norway since 1950 and provides an efficient alternative to universal salt iodisation. Our results show that the dietary iodine intake of adults is in the range considered to be sufficient. The dietary intake of iodine was at recommended levels among the youngest children; however, it decreased among adolescents, especially among girls.  相似文献   

5.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of anaemia (haemoglobin<11.0 to 13.0 g dl(-1) depending on age and sex group), iron deficiency (transferrin receptor concentration>8.3 microg ml(-1)) and vitamin A deficiency (serum retinol <0.7 micromol l(-1)) in adolescent refugees. DESIGN: Cross-sectional surveys. SETTING: Kakuma refugee camp in Kenya and seven refugee camps in Nepal. SUBJECTS: Adolescent refugee residents in these camps. RESULTS: Anaemia was present in 46% (95% confidence interval (CI): 42-51) of adolescents in Kenya and in 24% (95% CI: 20-28) of adolescents in Nepal. The sensitivity of palmar pallor in detecting anaemia was 21%. In addition, 43% (95% CI: 36-50) and 53% (95% CI: 46-61) of adolescents in Kenya and Nepal, respectively, had iron deficiency. In both surveys, anaemia occurred more commonly among adolescents with iron deficiency. Vitamin A deficiency was found in 15% (95% CI: 10-20) of adolescents in Kenya and 30% (95% CI: 24-37) of adolescents in Nepal. Night blindness was not more common in adolescents with vitamin A deficiency than in those without vitamin A deficiency. In Kenya, one of the seven adolescents with Bitot's spots had vitamin A deficiency. CONCLUSIONS: Anaemia, iron deficiency and vitamin A deficiency are common among adolescents in refugee populations. Such adolescents need to increase intakes of these nutrients; however, the lack of routine access makes programmes targeting adolescents difficult. Adolescent refugees should be considered for assessment along with other at-risk groups in displaced populations.  相似文献   

6.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of hyperthyroidism just after implementation of iodine prophylaxis among adults from an area with iodine deficiency. STUDY DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: A total of 1648 adults (age 16 years and older) were sampled from an area of southern Poland during two nationwide epidemiological surveys. Of these, 1424 adults with negative medical history for thyroid disorders qualified for final analysis. The authors compared thyroid dysfunction in participants prior to (1989-1990) and after implementation of iodine prophylaxis (1997-1999). SETTING: The southern part of Poland. RESULTS: We found an increase in the serum concentration of anti-thyroid microsomal antibodies from 4.9% in the years 1989-1990 to 12.1% after introduction of iodised household salt (P < 0.0001). The prevalence of hyperthyroidism (defined as thyroid-stimulating hormone < 0.4 microU ml- 1) significantly increased in the equivalent period from 4.8 to 6.5% (P = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that a sudden rise in iodine intake after implementation of iodine prophylaxis among adults from the area with iodine deficiency may lead to an increase in thyroid autoimmunity and prevalence of hyperthyroidism. Those possible early side-effects appear to be only temporary and are acceptable when compared with the evident benefits of adequate iodine intake.  相似文献   

7.
The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the oxidative and reductive metabolic pathways of acrylamide (AA) in the nonsmoking general population. For the first time both the blood protein adducts and the urinary metabolites of AA and glycidamide (GA) were quantified in an especially designed study group with even distribution of age and gender. The hemoglobin adducts N-carbamoylethylvaline (AAVal) and N-( R, S)-2-hydroxy-2-carbamoylethylvaline (GAVal) were detected by GC-MS/MS in all blood samples with median levels of 30 and 34 pmol/g of globin, respectively. Concentrations ranged from 15 to 71 pmol/g of globin for AAVal and from 14 to 66 pmol/g of globin for GAVal. The ratio GAVal/AAVal was 0.4-2.7 (median = 1.1). The urinary metabolites were determined by LC-MS/MS. Of all urine samples examined 99% of N-acetyl- S-(2-carbamoylethyl)- l-cysteine (AAMA) levels and 73% of N-( R/ S)-acetyl- S-(2-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)- l-cysteine (GAMA) levels were above the LOD (1.5 microg/L). Concentrations ranged from 相似文献   

8.
A rapid and accurate analysis for total sulfite as sulfur dioxide has been developed for foods and food products. The method, which combines a selective distillation cleanup procedure with the selective redox titration of sulfite ion by iodine, has been applied to a variety of foods and food products over a period of time with no significant interference encountered in any matrixes other than garlic and leeks. For the foods analyzed, the method typically shows a detection limit of 10 ppm, a relative standard deviation of 7.5% (compared with 10.4% for similar matrixes by the Monier-Williams method), and recoveries of 97.9 +/- 6.4%. Comparison of results for this method with those obtained using the Monier-Williams method showed a mean value for the distillation/titration method of 241 ppm compared with 242 ppm for the Monier-Williams method. A correlation of 0.991 and odds of a difference between methods of 10.7% (Student's paired t-test (1-alpha) X 100) were obtained for those matrixes where no interferences were encountered with either method.  相似文献   

9.
A differential pulse polarographic procedure is described for the analysis of iodine in foods and nutritional products. Samples with iodine concentrations ranging from 5000 to 0.2 ppm have been successfully analyzed using this procedure. Precision averaged between 2 and 10% relative to the iodine level measured. Recoveries of added iodine ranged from 89 to 108% with external standards, and 97-100% by an analyte additions technique. Samples analyzed include dried almonds, whey protein concentrate, nonfat dried milk, sea kelp, vitamin-mineral nutritional supplements, diet meal replacement products, dried green beans, dried mushrooms, and wheat germ.  相似文献   

10.
Vitamin B(12) concentrations of dried green (Enteromorpha sp.) and purple (Porphyra sp.) lavers (nori) were determined by both Lactobacillus leichmannii ATCC 7830 microbiological and intrinsic factor chemiluminescence methods. The values determined by using the microbiological method (63.58 +/- 2.90 and 32.26 +/- 1.61 microg/100 g of dry weight) were identical to those found by using the chemiluminescence method (69.20 +/- 2.21 and 25.07 +/- 0.54 microg/100 g of dry weight) in both dried green and purple lavers, respectively. A silica gel 60 thin-layer chromatography of both laver extracts shows that non-coenzyme forms (hydroxo and cyano forms) of vitamin B(12) predominate in both dried lavers. The dried lavers contained lesser amounts of dietary iodine ( approximately 4-6 mg/100 g of dry weight) relative to other seaweeds, suggesting that excessive intake of the dried lavers is unlikely to result in harmful intake of dietary iodine. These results indicate that the dried lavers (nori) are the most excellent source of vitamin B(12) among edible seaweeds, especially for strict vegetarians.  相似文献   

11.
Bags impregnated with the organophosphorus pesticides prothiofos and cyanophos in three levels were used to cover Japanese apple-pears to protect them from insects. The amounts of prothiofos residue in the bags collected 4 months after application ranged from 0 to 34% of the amounts (81, 148, and 333 microg) found in the bags prior to a bagging. The amounts of cyanophos residue in bags collected 4 months after application ranged from 11 to 29% of the amounts (335, 2860, and 3740 microg) present prior to a bagging. Amounts of prothiofos found in fruits after 4 months ranged from 0 to 0.076 ppm. Amounts of cyanophos found in fruits after 4 months ranged from 0 to 0.011 ppm. Results of the present study indicate that these two pesticides migrated from pesticide-impregnated bags to fruits during the growing season.  相似文献   

12.
Genistein (4',5,7-trihydroxyisoflavone), a naturally occurring phenolic compound, possesses well-known preventive activity in breast and prostate cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and postmenopausal problems. The aim of this study is to investigate the distribution and dose-dependent absorption, metabolism, and excretion of genistein in rats. Genistein was orally administered to rats at different doses. At various time intervals, blood, bile, and urine samples were collected and incubated with glucuronidase to hydrolyze the glucuronidated genistein. Genistein was detected by HPLC. High levels of glucuronidated genistein were detected in the plasma, bile, and urine after genistein administration. When genistein was administered to rats at 6.25, 12.5, and 50 mg x kg (-1) doses, the AUC (0- t) values for genistein were 23.5, 80.9, and 177.9 mg x min x L (-1); the oral absolute bioavailabilities were 21.9, 33.5, and 19.0%; the AUC (0- t) values of glucuronidated genistein were 173.8, 470.7, and 1721.2 mg x min x L (-1), respectively. The cumulative biliary excretion of genistein respective to each dose was 42.6 +/- 6.5, 75.2 +/- 18.9, and 126.6 +/- 34.8 microg; the cumulative biliary excretion of glucuronidated genistein was 108.5 +/- 35.2, 423.5 +/- 158.3, and 853.7 +/- 320.8 microg for each dose, respectively. The cumulative urinary excretion of genistein was 34.8 +/- 10.8, 187.3 +/- 67.0 and 213.6 +/- 30.6 microg for each dose, respectively; the cumulative levels of glucuronidated genistein excreted in the urine were 217.8 +/- 52.1, 583.1 +/- 106.9, and 1108.4 +/- 88.1 microg, respectively. These results indicated that at high doses absorption, biotransformation, and excretion of genistein occurred in a nonlinear dose-dependent manner. Therefore, the results of these pharmacokinetic studies raise important questions about the therapeutic significance of consuming large quantities of genistein, genistein analogues, or soy-based neutraceuticals.  相似文献   

13.
Zinc and aluminum ions as chloride or sulfate salts at 50–500 ppm metal ion (flour basis) had no detrimental effect on fermentation of yeastleavened dough. Increased mixing times (≈10–50%) due to addition of aqueous solutions of zinc (250–500 ppm) or aluminum (150–250 ppm) ions to a bread formula was overcome by withholding salt until the final mixing stage. Breads made from commercial flours (12.5% protein) containing zinc (250–500 ppm) or aluminum (150–250 ppm) ions and no oxidant had improved loaf volume and crumb grain when compared with control bread, and no off-taste. Additionally, breads with added zinc or aluminum had better crumb grains and slower firming rates when compared with breads containing optimum l -ascorbic acid (50 ppm) or potassium bromate (20 ppm). Breads made from commercial flours (11.1% protein) and three laboratory flours (11.4–13.6% protein) containing zinc (250 ppm) or aluminum (150 ppm) ions also had improved loaf volumes and crumb grains. Zinc or aluminum ions in combination with l -ascorbic acid, but not potassium bromate, had a detrimental effect on bread quality. Scanning electron microscopy of freeze-dried bread doughs revealed that zinc and aluminum ions enhanced the film-coating property of gluten. One serving (one slice, 28 g) of bread made with 250 ppm zinc ion would provide 25% of the adult recommended dietary allowance of zinc.  相似文献   

14.
Total and inorganic As contents of cooked vegetables obtained from an arsenic endemic area of Chile were analyzed. Inorganic As intake from those foods, bread, and water was estimated. The study was performed in two different periods, in which the water used by the population for drinking and cooking purposes contained 0.572 (first period) or 0.041 microg mL(-)(1) (second period). In the first period, the FAO/WHO reference intake was exceeded by all of the persons interviewed. In the second period, the reference intake was exceeded by all of the persons interviewed ages 13-15. The foods studied contributed 4% (first period) or 25% (second period) of the inorganic As intake. The results show the contribution of food to inorganic As intake and the risk to which those ages 15 or younger are exposed.  相似文献   

15.
OBJECTIVE: To study the prevalence of anaemia and its association with measures of iron deficiency (ID) among a group of pregnant women. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SETTING: Pregnant women identified through house-to-house visits and participating in community-based antenatal care activities in a rural location of Mymensingh, Bangladesh. SUBJECTS: The estimates are based on 214 reportedly healthy pregnant women in their second trimester. Information on socio-economic status and reproductive history were obtained through home visits and venous blood samples were collected at antenatal care centres. Haemoglobin concentration (Hb) was measured by HemoCue, serum ferritin (sFt) by radioimmunoassay and serum transferrin receptor (sTfR) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods. ID was defined as presence of either low sFt (<12 microg l(-1)) or high sTfR (>8.5 mg l(-1)). RESULTS: The prevalence of anaemia (Hb <110 g l(-1)) was 50%, but severe anaemia (Hb <70 g l(-1)) was absent. Low sFt was observed in 42%, high sTfR in 25%, either low sFt or high TfR in 54% and both low sFt and high TfR in 13% of the pregnant women. Two out of three anaemic women had an indication of ID, which was present in 80% of women with moderate (Hb 70-99 g l(-1)) and 50% with mild (Hb 100-109 g l(-1)) anaemia. Four out of 10 non-anaemic women (Hb >/=110 g l(-1)) also had ID, but the prevalence was significantly lower than that observed in anaemic women (P=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Despite the high prevalence of anaemia, severe cases were absent. The prevalence of ID increased at lower Hb. However, an increased prevalence was also found among women in the highest category of Hb.  相似文献   

16.
Total arsenic and inorganic arsenic contents were determined in 153 samples of seafood products consumed in the Basque Country (Spain): fish (white fish and blue fish), mollusks, crustaceans, and preserved fish. White fish presented higher levels of total arsenic and lower levels of inorganic arsenic than the blue fish, indicating possible differences in the metabolization of inorganic arsenic. For total arsenic, 66% of the samples exceeded the maximum permitted level by the strictest international legislation in seafood products [1 microg g(-)(1), wet weight (ww)]. The levels of inorganic arsenic were considerably lower than the maximum authorized in New Zealand (2 microg g(-)(1), ww), the only country with legislation for inorganic arsenic in fish and fish products. It is recommended that legislation based on levels of inorganic arsenic should be established.  相似文献   

17.
Quantitation of o- and p-sulfamoylbenzoic acid residues in saccharin and its sodium salt is achieved by a method comprising methanolic extraction and high-performance ion exchange chromatography. A commercially available anion exchange column was employed with an aqueous buffered (pH 9.2) mobile phase. As little as 80 ppm of the ortho-isomer and 25 ppm of the para-isomer can be accurately determined. The levels of detectability (2 times noise) are estimated as 8 ppm (0.16 mug on column) and 2.5 ppm (0.05 mug on column), respectively. Recoveries from saccharin ranged from 92.7 to 96.5% (ortho) and from 92.2 to 103.3% (para). Recoveries from the sodium salt ranged from 93.1 to 104.4% (ortho) and from 93.5 to 97.8% (para). Of 9 other potential saccharin impurities tested separately, only one was found to interfere slightly in the chromatographic part of the procedure.  相似文献   

18.
Arsenic and antimony concentrations in water and sediment samples collected from Prestea, a gold mining town in the Western Region of Ghana and its environs were studied. The concentrations of these elements were measured using instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). INAA was preferred to other modern analytical techniques because of its relatively higher selectivity, sensitivity and high precision. Beside its multi-elemental nature, INAA is very fast and thus presents a very good analytical tool for the determination of elemental concentrations in various samples including water and sediment. The samples were irradiated using a 30 kW tank-in-pool Ghana Research Reactor-1 (GHARR-1) operating at a thermal neutron flux of 5 × 1011 n s?1 cm?2. The samples were irradiated and counted without any chemical treatment. Elevated levels of As and Sb were found in both water and sediment. Generally, As and Sb concentrations in the water samples ranged from 0.90–8.25 ppm and 0.09–0.75 ppm respectively. These values far exceed the WHO recommended values for As and Sb in water, 0.01 ppm and 0.005 ppm respectively. The levels of As in sediment ranged from 942–10,200 ppm, and that of Sb was 8.5–90.4 ppm. Arsenic concentrations in both water and sediment were generally higher than Sb concentrations. This is, however, not surprising as arsenopyrites (FeAsS2) are among the major pathfinder minerals associated with gold mined from Ghana. Our results show that the study area is polluted as far as the levels of As and Sb in water and sediment are concerned.  相似文献   

19.
The present study was designed to assess the agreement between analytical methodologies based on 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopy and conventional analytical methods (titration, gas chromatography, and high performance liquid chromatography) for measuring certain minor and major constituents (free acidity, fatty acids, iodine value, and phenolic compounds) of olive oil. The standard deviations of the NMR method were comparable to those of the conventional methods, except perhaps those of the total hydroxytyrosol and total tyrosol. Linear regression analyses showed strong correlations between NMR and conventional methods for free acidity, total hydroxytyrosol, total tyrosol, total diacylglycerols, (+)-pinoresinol, (+)-1-acetoxypinoresinol, and apigenin; good correlations for linoleic acid, free hydroxytyrosol, and free tyrosol; and weak correlations for oleic acid, linolenic acid, saturated fatty acids, and luteolin. Furthermore, a method comparison study was conducted and the agreement between NMR and conventional methods was evaluated by using the Bland and Altman statistical analysis. The distribution of the data points in the bias plot showed that 96.4% and 100% of the measurements of free acidity and iodine value, respectively, were within the limits of agreement of the two methods. For the remaining constituents of olive oil, the percentage of measurements, located within the limits of agreement, ranged from 94% to 98.5%.  相似文献   

20.
An accurate, reproducible method for less than or equal to 1 ppm iodine in foods is required for nutritional labeling. In order to ascertain the current status of iodine analysis in foods, 7 samples, representing different food classes, were analyzed by 8 laboratories. Six laboratories used their modifications of the Ce-As-I catalytic method preceded by alkaline dry ashing. Two laboratories used neutron activation analysis (NAA), with differing radiochemical separations. The study showed wide discrepancy in analytical results. Mean relative standard deviation for all laboratories was 77.9% between laboratories; 19.1% within-laboratories. Laboratories using NAA had only slightly better precision than did laboratories using the chemical method. The lowest level reported on the entire group of samples ranged among laboratories from 0.0089 to 0.65 ppm. Figures reported by a laboratory are, in general, consistently high or consistently low. The only differences in methodology which may possibly correlate with level of iodine obtained are the use of NAA technique and use of manual, rather than automated, colorimetry.  相似文献   

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