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1.
A major component of managing potato quality in storage is effective sprout inhibition. Sprouting causes increased weight loss, reduced tuber quality and impedes air movement through the potato pile. The primary method to control sprouting in storage is with postharvest applications of isopropylN-(3-chlorophenyl) carbamate (chlorpropham; CIPC). CIPC inhibits sprout development by interfering with cell division. However, a recent Environmental Protection Agency mandate, from the requirements of the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) of 1996, resulted in a reduction in allowable CIPC residue on fresh potatoes in the United States from 50 ppm to 30 ppm. This mandate coincides with tolerance reductions or restrictions for use of CIPC in other parts of the world. CIPC is an effective sprout inhibitor although factors such as storage conditions, application technology, and cultivar can impact that effectiveness. Alternative sprout inhibitors to CIPC continue to be evaluated. Essential oils (e.g., caraway, peppermint, spearmint, clove) or their components (e.g., s-carvone, eugenol), and hydrogen peroxide-based materials, physically damage the developing sprout and suppress sprout elongation. However, repeated or continuous application of these compounds may be necessary for efficacy. Substituted naphthalenes (e.g., dimethyl naphthalene, diisopropyl naphthalene) may help reduce the amount of CIPC applied and/or our dependency on CIPC for sprout suppression in storage. The objective of this review is to summarize the current use of CIPC for potato sprout inhibition in storage and to review the status of current research on other postharvest applied compounds or materials that may be used as alternatives for CIPC.  相似文献   

2.
Summary Single and combined applications of three sprout inhibitors, maleic hydrazide (MH), isopropyl 3-chlorophenylcarbamate (CIPC) and isopropyl phenylcarbamate (IPC) mixed with CIPC in a commercial formulation coded AMK (Tixit-C, Sandoz, S.A.E., Barcelona, Spain; 2.0% IPC +0.7% CIPC) were tested on potatoes stored from March to June under ambient conditions (20–30°C, 30–80% RH), and in a store with passive evaporative cooling (16–30°C, 75–95% RH). All treatments were more effective in reducing physiological losses, sprouting, and sprout growth in the cool than in the ambient store. AMK, CIPC and MH+AMK caused most sprout suppression. All treatments increased tuber rotting but there were no significant differences in numbers rotted by MH, MH+CIPC, CIPC (single treatment) and the untreated control. Nevertheless, the treatments can usefully extend storage life of potatoes under non-refrigerated conditions.  相似文献   

3.
The sensory properties of Russet Burbank potatoes treated with three naturally occurring volatile compounds, as alternatives to CIPC for sprout inhibition, were evaluated. Potatoes from the 1995 and 1996 crop years were treated with salicylaldehyde, 1,8-cineole, 1,4-dimethylnaphthalene, or CIPC prior to dormancy break during storage and stored for up to 16 wk. Sensory differences between potatoes treated with alternative sprout inhibitors and CIPC-treated or untreated potatoes and inhibitor concentration were determined at 2-wk intervals. Potatoes treated with 1,8-cineole or salicylaldehyde, but not 1,4-dimethylnaphthalene, were significantly different from the untreated potatoes or potatoes treated with CIPC. Sensory detection threshold levels for the alternative inhibitors were measured in a model potato system. The residual levels of the sprout inhibitors were within the detection threshold range for 1,8-cineole (0.02–0.04 ppm), but not for salicylaldehyde (0.0–0.10 ppm) or 1,4-dimethylnaphthalene (0.80–1.40 ppm). The presence of the residual sprout inhibitors and/or the influence of sprout inhibitors on potato metabolism during storage contributed to observed differences in sensory quality of stored potatoes.  相似文献   

4.
Summary A numerical model has been produced to predict the distribution of deposits of the sprout suppressant isopropyl N-(3-chlorophenyl) carbamate [CIPC] in box potato stores. The model considers the movements of the CIPC by forced convection, sedimentation, natural convection and diffusion. Measurements have mostly shown high levels of CIPC on the top of the uppermost box, with levels decreasing towards the floor of the store. The model predicts this pattern and indicates that particle size, the temperature difference between the air inside and around the boxes, and the application rate of the chemical have a large effect on the levels and uniformity of CIPC deposits. Smaller particles (2 μm) can lead to better uniformity of distribution, but they are prone to natural convection effects which are difficult to control and they are slow to deposit which could lead to greater losses from the store.  相似文献   

5.
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is an important source of dietary carbohydrate and cash income generation for farmers in the tropical highlands of Kenya. The feasibility for cold storage at the farm level is limited due to the high costs of maintaining such a facility and there is limited data on the long-term post-harvest storage and quality of tubers of tropical-adapted cultivars. Application of sprout suppressants to control premature sprouting of ware potato is an attractive proposition. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the efficacy of pre-harvest foliar applications of paclobutrazol (PBZ) and ethephon for sprout suppression on ware potato tubers in storage. Post-harvest spray applications of Isopropyl N-(3-chlorophenyl carbamate) chloropropham (CIPC) and 1,4-dimethylnaphthalene (DMN) on tubers as fog was also evaluated. Potato cultivars had varying levels of tuber dormancy. The tubers were stored at ambient temperature (23 C) and evaluated weekly for 24 weeks for percent of tubers sprouting, length of longest sprouts, tuber weight loss and assessed for dormancy for 24 weeks. Paclobutrazol prolonged tuber dormancy by 21–31 days and reduced tuber weight loss. Ethephon treatment had no effect on dormancy and tuber weight loss. Potato tubers treated with CIPC had greater sprout control than the other treatments in storage. Tuber response to DMN treatment varied among the three potato cultivars evaluated. The findings from this study imply that PBZ is effective in prolonging potato tuber dormancy for short-term basis at 23 C, while CIPC applied on tubers was effective for long term storage. Optimization of post-harvest potato storage can improve food security in the highland tropics.  相似文献   

6.
A five-year storage season study using small-scale bins was undertaken to determine the effectiveness of 2,6-diisopropylnaphthlene (2,6-DIPN) in combination with isopropyl-N-(3-chlorophenyl)carbamate (CIPC) for sprout suppression of stored potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.). The study environment simulated a commercial operation and the storage bins held up to 4,500 kg of tubers. Russet Burbank potatoes were tested for four storage seasons, and for one season the bin space was split between Ranger Russet and Snowden potatoes. Sprout suppression was measured as percent acceptable for fresh pack (%AFP), defined as sprouts ≤3 mm in length. When 2,6-DIPN was used alone at 8.3 mg kg-1 fw, it only provided short-term sprout suppression. Sprout suppression responses for the two chemicals were similar for Russet Burbank, Snowden and Ranger Russet. When 2,6-DIPN was used in combination with CIPC, a significant increase in sprout suppression was observed. In addition, when the two chemicals were used in combination, the amount of CIPC could be reduced by as much as 50% while still maintaining equal or better sprout suppression as compared to CIPC alone. For overall long-term sprout suppression, the best treatment was a combination of CIPC and 2,6-DIPN, each at 16.6 mg kg-1.  相似文献   

7.
Dimethylnaphthalene (DMN) and diisopropylnaphthalene (DIPN) isomers applied as sprout suppressants to stored potatoes (cv. Russet Burbank) were evaluated for effects on sprout length and weight compared to chlorpropham (CIPC). One application of CIPC at 22 mg a.i. kg-1 of tuber fresh weight (f.w.), and one or two applications of DMN and DIPN at 100, 200, and 300 mg a.i. kg-1 f.w. were applied as thermal aerosol fogs. Two applications of DIPN at 300 mg a.i. kg-1 f.w. were as effective as CIPC in suppressing sprout growth during ten months of storage. DMN also suppressed tuber sprout growth but was not as effective as two applications of DIPN or one application of CIPC. One application of DIPN or DMN at 300 mg a.i. kg-1 f.w. was an effective suppressant of sprout growth on a short-term basis. Whole tuber residue analyses were also conducted. After ten months in storage, DMN and DIPN residue concentrations were equal to or less than those of CIPC.  相似文献   

8.
Summary Seed quality in a crop harvested in 1984 was compared in tubers which either, (a) were unsprouted prior to harvest (normal), (b) had formed secondary chain tubers prior to harvest (primary), (c) secondary chain tubers. Normal and primary tubers formed substantial sprout growth during storage, while there was little sprout growth from secondary tubers. Plants derived from these seed tuber types differed, in terms of emergence, number of emerged stems, and tuber number. It is concluded that the tuber types can be considered to vary in terms of physiological age; normal and primary tubers appear to be physiologically older than the secondary tubers. This variability in seed condition can lead to variability in the performance of the subsequent crop.  相似文献   

9.
The sprout inhibitor chlorpropham (CIPC) was applied in varying concentrations to individual eyes of potato tubers. Sensitivity of a given eye to CIPC depended upon the status of the remaining eyes on the same tuber. If the remaining eyes were inhibited, higher concentrations of CIPC were required for inhibition of the given eye. Apical eyes were more sensitive to CIPC than were lateral eyes. It was confirmed that CIPC is highly volatile and that contaminating levels of CIPC vapors can induce a rosette sprout growth. Seed potatoes treated with low concentrations of CIPC before planting sprouted more slowly than untreated potatoes, and the delay was related to CIPC concentration. At high CIPC levels, total emergence as well as rate of emergence was reduced. However, emergence was far greater than would have been anticipated from the sprouting of similar treated lots held in storage.  相似文献   

10.
Since no attempt has been made so far in India to determine isopropyl N-(3-chlorophenyl) carbamate (CIPC) residues in potatoes, it became necessary to determine its residues in potatoes which are being used for table and processing purposes. Using high-performance liquid chromatography, CIPC residues were determined in peels, peeled tubers and unpeeled tubers periodically during storage at 10–12 °C in commercial cold stores. The highest concentration of CIPC found in potato peels was 20.17 mg/kg fresh wt, whereas in unpeeled and peeled tubers the residue levels were very low ranging from 0.29 to 1.13 and 0.05 to 0.24 mg/kg, respectively. However, all residue levels observed were within the maximum residue level prescribed by the US Environmental Protection Agency. The experiments done to determine the dispersal and concentration of CIPC applied as an aerosol fog with respect to location and time showed that the distribution of CIPC within the cold store was uneven leading to large variations in residue levels in samples drawn from different parts of the store.  相似文献   

11.
Summary Working with the sprout inhibitors IPC and CIPC we compared 3 treatment methods: (1) a 10 ppm dosage of powder distributed over the tubers, (2) a Swingfog treatment (atomizing a solution in the air duct, dosage up to 20 ppm), (3) a porous cartridge containing the inhibitor placed in the air duct. To obtain good sprout inhibition in connection with accumulated IPC/CIPC residue values below the legal level of 0.5 mg per kg peeled tubers we advise the powder treatment only for relatively long storage (up to May–June); a 10 or 20 ppm Swingfog treatment for short storage (up to January–February) or longer storage respectively. With the cartridge system we obtained promising results; good sprout inhibition and satisfactorily low residue values.  相似文献   

12.
The influence of a continued mechanical desprouting of potato tubers on weight loss and tuber quality was investigated in comparison with tuber irradiation (Cs 137), IPC/CIPC powder application, and the untreated control. Mechanical desprouting of tubers resulted in minimum weight loss, but it caused increased sugar content, rotting and internal sprouting. To give consumers an alternative for the conventional sprout prevention methods, tubers of varieties with a natural deep dormancy, and potato storage in low temperature should be preferred.  相似文献   

13.
The loss of the sprout suppressant, chlorpropham (CIPC), to the fabric of potato stores is currently of concern due to the risk of potential cross contamination of other crops subsequently housed in these stores. HPLC UV/VIS and GCMS methods were successfully employed to detect CIPC in the concrete flooring of research and commercial potato stores with histories of between 1 and 26 years of use. The concentrations in identical research stores, with different numbers of applications, were in the range 0.58–5.7 and 3.4–112 μg g?1, suggesting the magnitude of contamination was influenced by the number of applications. Commercial store A, with a history of 18 seasons of applications (estimate of total CIPC applied 2040 kg), had concentrations varying between 6 and 48 μg g?1 in the top three centimetres, with more than 92% within the top centimetre. In contrast, commercial store B, with a history of less than five seasons of applications (estimate of total CIPC applied 319 kg), had concentrations varying between 0.58 and 304 μg g?1 in the top four centimetres, with less than 47% within the top centimetre. The difference in depth distributions between A and B may be due to the structural integrity of the concrete, which was much poorer in B. CIPC was persistent in all stores irrespective of the total quantities of CIPC applied and date of the final application.  相似文献   

14.
The replacement of synthetic pesticides such as chlorpropham (CIPC) with effective potato sprout suppressants that have negligible environmental impact is needed due to increased concern for consumer health and safety. To date, however, only S-(+)-carvone, a monoterpene produced from caraway seeds, has been developed commercially as a competitive product to CIPC. Consequently, the effects of menthone and neomenthol vapor were compared to S-(+)-carvone for sprout suppressant efficacy as well as for effects on soluble sugar levels, respiration, and processing quality during high and low temperature storage. In the majority of treatments, tubers were enclosed in 3.8 1 glass jars at 25 C. Liquid test compounds were applied to a 10-cm-long x 2-cm-wide filter paper strip (Whatman No. 1) enclosed in each jar. Treatment with either menthone or S-(+)-carvone at 5 ul liquid/1 of treatment volume gave complete sprout suppression in non-dormant Russet Burbank tubers. An examination of changes in CO2 output, glucose, or sucrose levels over 4 wk at 10 C indicated that the effects of menthone and S-(+)-carvone were similar. In addition, menthone significantly inhibited sprouting without adversely affecting the percentage glucose content or sucrose content when this compound was applied at 4 ul/l to five-month-old, non-dormant tubers of AC Novachip, Russet Burbank, Shepody, and Snowden for two months at 10 C. Menthone and neomenthol were five to ten times more effective in sup pressing tuber sprouting than S-(+)-carvone when applied together at 0.5 ul/l each.  相似文献   

15.
Chlorpropham (CIPC)3 concentrations were measured in peel samples of tubers taken from large commercial potato storages and from test bins after aerosol application. Tuber samples were taken at different levels within the pile and at numerous sites near the surface. The minimum concentration of CIPC in the peel layer for complete inhibition of sprouting was estimated to be 20 ppm. Immediately after commercial application of CIPC, 99% of the sample sites had concentrations high enough to completely inhibit sprouting, and residues in the peel were generally highest in samples obtained from the surface and from the bottom of the pile. CIPC concentrations decreased during the storage season in nearly all sites tested. Storages differed in the rate at which CIPC was lost. Mean peel residues fell below the level necessary for sprout inhibition in some storages but not in others. The rate of CIPC loss increased at the same time that air movement to maintain the desired temperature increased. With the 20 ppm threshold level as a guide, it is possible to monitor commercial storages for sprout-inhibition status. Retreatment before peel residues drop below 20 ppm can extend sprout inhibition in storage.  相似文献   

16.
Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) samples, cv. Desiree, were treated for sprout control and stored at 10 ± 1 C for 6 months. Those treated four times with HPP (hydrogen peroxide plus), applied with the “Tabor Atomizing System”, had a 0% rate of sprouting. Those treated with CIPC (chloro-isopropyl N-phenyl carbamate) also had no sprouting, while the nontreated control had 84%. A single treatment with HPP or CIPC resulted, after 6 months of storage at 10 ± 1, in sprouting rates of 61 and 58%, respectively, vs. 87% in the untreated control.  相似文献   

17.
Ethylene effectively inhibits sprouting of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) during storage, but it often darkens fry color. The objective of the work described here was to determine if altering the concentration of ethylene applied would reduce the darkening while retaining adequate sprout inhibition. Trials were conducted over three consecutive years (1991–1992, 1992–1993, and 1993–1994). Tubers of cv Russet Burbank (ca 150–300 g) were stored at 9 C for 25 wk in closed chambers in a refrigerated room under continuous exposure to 0.4, 4, 40, or 400 µL L?1 ethylene gas delivered with the ventilation airstream (ca 0.5 air exchanges per h, for 6 h each day). Untreated control and chlorpropham-treated (CIPC) check tubers were stored under the same conditions but without ethylene supplementation. Sprout number, length, and biomass, fry color, loss of tuber mass, disease, and dry matter content were evaluated at 5-wk intervals. Dose-dependent effects (400>40>4>0.4 µL L?1) of ethylene on sprout growth and fry color were observed. The 400, 40, and 4 µL L?1 ethylene treatments inhibited sprout growth as effectively as CIPC, whereas in 0.4 µL L?1 ethylene sprouting was midway between CIPC and the untreated control. Sprout mass and maximum sprout length in all ethylene treatments were significantly lower (P<0.05) than in the untreated control. Compared with the initial value (57.3 Agtron reflectance units [ARu]), after 5 wk of storage fry color was up to 5 ARu darker in the ethylene treatments, but recovered steadily at the subsequent evaluation dates. At 25 wk of storage the fry color of tubers from the 40 and 4 µL L?1 ethylene treatments were, however, still darker than tubers stored with CIPC. Inhibition of sprout growth was slightly more effective in the 400 and 40 µL L?1 ethylene treatments than in 4 µL L?1, although there were no significant differences (P<0.01) in fry color between these treatments. In comparison with the other ethylene treatments, fry color in 0.4 µL L?1 ethylene was lighter, but inhibition of sprout growth was significantly (P<0.05) poorer. There were no differences in tuber disease incidence or dry matter content between the treatments. At 25 wk, the untreated tubers had ca 50% greater loss of tuber mass than any other treatment, attributable to their heavy sprouting. Loss of tuber mass in the ethylene treatments was not significantly different (P<0.001) from that in the CIPC treatment.  相似文献   

18.
Ozone and 1,8-cineole were investigated as alternatives to isopropyl-n-(3-chloro-phenyl)carbamate (CIPC) to control sprout development of potato (Solatium tuberosum) tubers cv Russet Burbank during long-term storage. Sprout development was similar in ozone-treated and air-stored tubers, but both had much larger and more numerous sprouts than CIPC-treated tubers. Sucrose and reducing sugars in ozone-treated tubers were similar to levels in air-stored potatoes. Fry color was not different among potatoes stored in ozone, air and CIPC. Conversely, potatoes treated with 1,8-cineole did not produce any sprouts during the 25 week study. The fry color of tubers exposed to cineole was darker than either air-stored or CIPC-treated tubers. Sucrose and reducing sugar levels were higher in cineole-treated tubers than in tubers treated with CIPC.  相似文献   

19.
Marketplace preference for lower pesticide residues in foods has led to research to reduce the residue of chlorpropham (isopropyl N-3-chlorophenyl carbamate; CIPC), a postharvest-applied sprout inhibitor which is widely used around the globe to prevent sprouting of stored potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.). Ethylene gas, an effective, safe and non-toxic sprout inhibitor used in several countries, sometimes has negative effects on the colour of processed potato products when used alone. Trials were conducted over 3 years using cv. Shepody (French fry) and cv. NorValley (potato chips/crisps) to determine whether a combination of these two sprout inhibitors, at reduced dosages, could inhibit sprouting while maintaining good processing colour. CIPC applied at 0, 0.1, 0.25 and 1.0 times the recommended dosage was combined with 4 μll−1 of ethylene gas applied or no ethylene at all (0 ethylene), for 1 day in 4 days, for 1 day in 2 days or continuously, in a factorial design. Sprout inhibition in both cultivars was excellent at all levels of CIPC application except the 0 rate. In both cultivars, sprouting was inhibited by the continuous ethylene treatment. However, all levels of ethylene exposure except the 0 rate negatively affected processing colour in both cultivars. The darkening was dose dependent, whereby the colour was darkest in continuous ethylene and was less affected by the intermittent exposures. In continuous ethylene, the colour was progressively lighter during storage after initial darkening. Shepody tubers appeared to be more sensitive to ethylene than the NorValley tubers. In Shepody only, colour in the ethylene of 1 day in 4 days treatments was progressively darker with increasing time in storage.  相似文献   

20.
Ethylene is an effective potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) sprout inhibitor, but it often darkens fry colour. Trials were conducted over nine consecutive storage seasons to identify ethylene application methods which would mitigate darkening while retaining adequate sprout inhibition, using cv. Russet Burbank plus cvs Shepody, Asterix and Santana in some years. Tubers were stored for up to 35 weeks in closed chambers with ethylene gas delivered via the ventilation airstream. Exposure to continuous 4 μl l−1 ethylene after suberization and cooling were completed was designated the ethylene check. Alternative ethylene treatments included commencing exposure either before or after suberization was completed; gradually introducing the ethylene either by a concentration gradient of eight steps over 4 or 8 weeks or by increasing the duration of exposure from 6 to 24 h per day in four weekly steps; repeatedly interrupting exposure for several hours per day or for durations of 1 or more days; and warm storage. Selected ethylene treatment combinations were applied in each year, plus untreated controls, chlorpropham-treated (CIPC) checks and ethylene checks. Sprout growth, fry colour, loss of mass and disease incidence were evaluated at regular intervals. In all cultivars and all years, the ethylene check darkened fry colour more than the other treatments. Commencing before suberization ended, gradually introducing the ethylene by either concentration or time gradient and interrupting the exposure all reduced the negative effect of ethylene sprout inhibitor on fry colour. Continuous ethylene treatments inhibited sprout growth as effectively as CIPC, except at 13 °C storage. Interruptions of 18 h and 2 or more days reduced sprout inhibition. Regardless of cultivar variations, an early start using either a concentration or time-increment gradient had the least effect on fry colour while maintaining good sprout inhibition.  相似文献   

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