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1.
Salmonella in birds is a concern because of the human foodborne illness associated with the consumption of poultry meat and eggs. One of the methods of transmission of Salmonella within a flock can be by the air. Therefore, we used reduction of transmission of Salmonella to monitor the effectiveness of the electrostatic space charge system (ESCS). During the average broiler breeder laying cycle of 40 wk, a large amount of dust becomes airborne and accumulates on walls, ceiling, and equipment. Many microorganisms adhere to these dust particles, making dust an excellent vector for horizontal disease transmission between birds.We used two environmentally controlled rooms containing commercial broiler breeders to evaluate the effectiveness of an ESCS that produced a strong negative electrostatic charge to reduce airborne dust and, subsequently, microorganism levels. The ESCS caused the dust to become negatively charged, therefore moving to the grounded floor in the treatment room. The use of the ESCS resulted in a significant reduction (P < 0.0001, 61% reduction) in airborne dust concentration levels, which resulted in a significant reduction (P < 0.0001, 76% reduction) in total airborne bacteria and gram-negative bacteria (48% reduction) in the treatment room. Significant reductions (P < 0.05) of gram-negative bacteria (63% reduction) on the egg collection belts were also recorded in the treatment room, which resulted in a significant reduction (P < 0.0001) of gram-negative bacteria (28% reduction) on the eggshell surface. The ESCS treatment resulted in fewer Salmonella enteritidis-positive hens and their progeny from the treatment room due to reductions of dust and airborne bacteria. In addition, this significant reduction in bacteria on the eggshell surface should result in less bacteria in the day-old chicks, therefore better early chick livability. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in egg production, male or female body weights, mortality, or reproductive performance in the ESCS room compared with the control room.  相似文献   

2.
High levels of dust and microorganisms are known to be associated with animal confinement rearing facilities. Many of the microorganisms are carried by dust particles, thus providing an excellent vector for horizontal disease transmission between birds. Two environmentally controlled rooms containing female broiler breeder pullets (n = 300) were used to evaluate the effectiveness of an electrostatic space charge system (ESCS) in reducing airborne dust and gram-negative bacteria levels over an 8-wk period (starting when the birds were 10 wk old). The ESCS was used to evaluate the effectiveness of reducing airborne microorganism levels by charging airborne dust particles and causing the particles to be attracted to grounded surfaces (i.e., walls, floor, equipment). The use of the ESCS resulted in a 64% mean reduction in gram-negative bacteria. Airborne dust levels were reduced an average of 37% over a 1-wk period in the experimental room compared with the control room on the basis of samples taken every 10 min. The reductions of airborne dust and bacteria in this study are comparable with earlier results obtained with the ESCS in commercial hatching cabinets and experimental caged layer rooms, suggesting the system could also be applied to other types of enclosed animal housing.  相似文献   

3.
Commercial hatcheries typically infuse hydrogen peroxide or formaldehyde gas into hatching cabinets to reduce airborne pathogens that may lead to disease transmission during the hatch. A nonchemical option, an electrostatic space charge system (ESCS), was customized for full-sized commercial hatching cabinets and was tested extensively in broiler hatcheries. The ESCS cleans air by transferring a strong negative electrostatic charge to dust and microorganisms that are aerosolized during the hatch and collecting the charged particles on grounded plates or surfaces. In studies with three poultry companies, the ESCS resulted in significant (P < 0.0001) reductions of airborne dust of 77%-79%, in Enterobacteriaceae and fungus levels not significantly different (P > or = 0.05) from those with formaldehyde, and in 93%-96% lower Enterobacteriaceae than with no treatment or with hydrogen peroxide treatment (P < 0.01). The ESCS significantly (P < 0.05) reduced airborne Salmonella by 33%-83% compared with no treatment or hydrogen peroxide treatment. Results of this study suggest that the ESCS is a viable alternative to chemical treatment for reducing airborne pathogens in full-sized commercial hatchers, and it also provides dust control and containment, which should be helpful in reducing cross contamination and loading of ventilation ducts within different areas of the hatchery.  相似文献   

4.
Four trials were conducted to evaluate Bacillus subtilis spores as a direct-fed microbial for improving broiler performance. In trials 1 to 3, straight-run Cobb 500 broiler chicks were grown to 42, 42, and 39 d, respectively, to evaluate diets containing Calsporin (0.05%; contributing spores at 0.003% level), an alternative growth promoter, compared with control basal diets. The additive significantly increased BW in all experiments (average +0.113 lb or +2.90%) and decreased feed conversion ratio in 2/3 trials (average 3 trials −0.027 lb of feed/lb of body weight or −1.46%) without affecting mortality. In trial 4, on new litter with a used litter covering and relatively high stocking density (0.67 ft2/bird or 0.0622 m2/bird), Ross × Hubbard HiY equal mixed-sex chicks were grown to 49 d of age. On all sides of pens, 34 in. high corrugated paper was used to prevent crossover of test additive but provided minimal ventilation and caused wet litter. Chick quality was substandard due to omphalitis. Bacillus subtilis spores (0.003%) treatment gave best BW and feed conversion results (+0.446 lb or +8.66% and −0.146 lb of feed/lb of body weight or −6.92%) compared with control treatment though not significantly better than bacitracin-methylene disalicylate (BMD) (55 ppm) or Bacillus subtilis spores plus BMD. Mortality was significantly lowerin control than the combined additive treatment (in which no culling and large differences in growth increased mortality of weaker chickens). Bacillus subtilis spores improved broiler chicken BW and feed conversion ratio and in a direct comparison successfully replaced BMD.  相似文献   

5.
Conifers (Picea and Abies spp.) have replaced aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) over much of aspen’s historic range in the western United States. We measured the impact of this change upon the production of understory vegetation potentially useful as forage for livestock and wildlife on two southern Utah national forests. A negative exponential relationship between conifer cover and understory biomass was demonstrated as log(biomass) = 6.25 − 0.03787(% conifer), adjusted R2 = 0.57. Understory production in aspen stands begins to decline under very low levels (10% to 20%) of conifer encroachment. Management implications include loss of forage production capability and wildlife habitat and potential overstocking of livestock grazing allotments if the associated loss of forage is not considered.  相似文献   

6.
Reduction of airborne dust in enclosed animal housing has been shown to result in corresponding reductions in airborne bacteria, ammonia, and odor. The search for strategies to reduce particulate matter and ammonia emissions from animal housing has led to considerable interest in the poultry industry for practical systems to reduce these air emissions. Technologies that have been shown to be effective for reducing airborne dust in animal areas include misting with an oil spray, water mists, extra ventilation, and electrostatic space charge systems. An electrostatic space charge system (ESCS) was designed to reduce airborne dust and ammonia emissions from a commercial broiler production house. The ESCS for this application was based on patented technology developed to reduce airborne dust and pathogens. Two commercial broiler houses with built-up litter (a control house and one outfitted with an ESCS unit) were monitored for dust and ammonia concentrations over a period of 7 flocks. Results of this study indicate the ESCS significantly reduced airborne dust by an average of 43% and reduced ammonia by an average of 13%. Power consumption of the ESCS system was less than 100 W when in operation. Commercial application of this technology within the production house has the potential to improve in-house air quality and reduce particulate emissions.  相似文献   

7.
Leptospirosis is the most widespread zoonosis worldwide, and it can cause reproductive failures in livestock, while in humans may vary from a mild fever to multi-organ failure and death. Due to this, in this study, we evaluated the usefulness of the segment encoding LigB C-terminus region, only present in pathogenic as target for a diagnostic PCR.This new PCR yielded a 100 % positivity for pathogenic Leptospira species and no cross-reactivity was found with intermediate or non-pathogenic species, or with other microorganisms, demostrating its high analytical specificity.The estimated analytical sensitivity was higher in serum samples than in blood or urine samples (6−9 × 102 lept/mL and 6−9 × 105 and 6−9 × 106 lept/mL, respectively). Multiple sequence alignment of the target region from different pathogenic Leptospira species confirmed that this gene region is highly conserved among these species, with few single nucleotide polymorphisms.The ligb-ct PCR here developed appears as a useful tool for the molecular diagnosis of leptospirosis.  相似文献   

8.
A total of 43 horses were used for the study of the pharyngeal bacterial flora. The median value of the number of bacteria in the group of 19 normal horses was 3.8 × 104 cfu/g of secretions. This value was 6.4 × 104cfu/g in horses with grade I pharyngitis, 1.3 × 105 cfu/g in horses with grade II pharyngitis and 3.5 × 106 cfu/g in horses affected with grades III and IV pharyngitis. Corynebacterium spp, coagulase-negative staphylococci, Nocardia spp, Moraxella spp and Enterobacter spp were the most frequently encountered bacteria in the normal animals as well as in horses affected with pharyngitis of grades I or II. Moraxella spp were isolated in 87.5% of the horses with pharyngitis of grades III and IV, followed by Streptococcus zooepidemicus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, coagulase-negative staphylococci and Enterobacter spp. No fastidious bacteria, nor strict anaerobes were isolated from any of the 43 horses. None of the microorganisms were found in 100% of the animals and the majority of the isolates were opportunistic bacteria. These results demonstrate that the isolation of Moraxella spp and S. zooepidemicus in large numbers is frequent in horses with lymphoid follicular hyperplasia grades III and IV. Fungi were isolated in small numbers from two or three horses in each group.  相似文献   

9.
Introduction and purposeDespite the various vaccination programs for protection against New Castle disease, it remains an important threat to the poultry industry. The ability of the probiotic bacteria to improve the immune system in both animals and humans supports their use as immune adjuvants for vaccination. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus in ND vaccination.Materials and methodsA total of 170 one day old chicks were divided in 5 groups. In groups A, B and C chicks were received L. acidophilus (5 × 109, 3 × 109 and 2 × 109) and also vaccinated with inactivated and attenuated ND vaccines. In group D, chicks only vaccinated without bacterial inoculation and group E was negative control with neither vaccine nor bacteria. Then IgG and HI NDV antibody titers were measured in all tested groups.ResultsIgG and HI NDV antibody levels were significantly higher in Lactobacillus treated groups especially in group A with 5 × 109 bacteria, than only vaccinated and negative control groups. Also antibody levels against NDV increased during the vaccination period especially in probiotic treated groups.ConclusionIn conclusion, L. acidophilus can use for improving immunogenicity of NDV vaccination programs.  相似文献   

10.
This study was designed to analyze the reduction potential of three different liquid additives (water, rapeseed oil, and molasses) in three different concentrations mixed with cleaned whole or rolled oats on the generation of airborne particles under standardized laboratory conditions. In addition, the influence of two different drop heights (20 and 40 cm) was analyzed. Airborne particle concentrations were detected online with the gravimetrically measuring analyzer TEOM 1400a that was equipped successively with different inlets to measure the particle fractions PM20, PM10, and PM2.5. The mixing of oats with just 1% (w/w) of each of the liquid additives led to a significant reduction in airborne particle generation in all three particle fractions with respect to the samples without additives (P < .0001). By the addition of 1% oil, a reduction in the PM20 fraction of 90.6% (120.3 μg/m3) could be achieved. The same dosage of water or molasses only resulted in a reduction of 60.4% (504.6 μg/m3) or 69.1% (393.2 μg/m3), respectively. In general, the highest significant reduction in the PM20 fraction was achieved using 3% rapeseed oil: 96.5% as compared with 75.6% for 3% water and 81.9% for 3% molasses. The drop height only had a significant effect on the generation of the PM10 fraction, with it being lower at 20 cm than at 40 cm (P = .0261).  相似文献   

11.
Anthropogenic activities, predation, and diseases have contributed to a decrease in the sea turtle population in recent years. Ulcerative stomatitis is a condition that occurs in both wild and captive populations. The etiology of this condition is associated with bacteria such as E. coli, Citrobacter diversus, Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Flavobacter calcoaceticus, Staphylococcus spp., and Flavobacterium spp. Some of these microorganisms are part of the oral microbiota of turtles, but alterations in the immune response can disturb the homeostatic relationship and cause an increase in the population of microorganisms, which in turn can cause disease. This work presents results on the isolation and identification of bacteria present in ulcerative stomatitis lesions in captive C. mydas turtles. Oral mucosa samples from 20 clinically healthy turtles and ten animals with ulcerative stomatitis lesions were studied. The samples were cultivated in enriched and differential media, and the identification was made using an automated method. The results showed a great diversity of bacteria in animals with ulcerative stomatitis with a higher prevalence of S. lentus and C. braakii was higher (60 and 50%, respectively) than in healthy animals. E. faecium was identified in 40% of diseased animals and 55% healthy animals. Turtles in this study had a diverse oral microbiota, and S. lentus and C. braakii may be involved in the etiopathogenesis of ulcerative stomatitis.  相似文献   

12.
Three techniques to reduce the exposure of humans and pigs to aerosols in pig houses have been investigated; filtration and recirculation of air in weaner rooms (FR), weekly vacuum cleaning in a finishing house (VC) and weekly washing with water of weaned piglets (WA). All experiments have been carried out in rooms for 70 (FR), 96 (VC) or 72 (WA) animals. For FR seven replications, for VC two replications and for WA six replications have been carried out.Average reduction in gravimetrical dried aerosol concentrations was 40% (1.58 vs. 2.65 mg/m3) for FR (P<0.0001), but did not result in significant changes in daily feed intake nor daily gain of piglets during the weaning stage. Incidence of respiratory health disorders was very low in both groups.Average reduction in aerosol concentrations was 6% (2.34 vs. 2.50 mg/m3) for VC (P>0.05). Reductions improved from −2% on the day following vacuum cleaning to over 10% from 4 days after vacuum cleaning onwards. No significant differences in feed intake or daily gain of pigs were observed. Pigs in rooms without vacuum cleaning received more veterinary treatments for respiratory health disorders, resulting in less pigs with lung lesions.Average reduction in aerosol concentrations was 10% (4.17 vs. 4.66 mg/m3) for WA (P<0.05) compared to the reference level. For weekly washing of piglets the reduction in aerosol concentration was highest (25%) on the day of washing. No significant improvements in production of pigs have been found.Costs of reducing aerosol concentrations in pighouses are not compensated by improved production of pigs.  相似文献   

13.
In the developing avian embryo, the main energy source is the yolk. Toward the end of the incubation period, the remaining yolk sac is internalized into the abdominal cavity. At hatch, the remaining yolk comprises 20% of the chick's BW and provides the nutrients needed for maintenance. Posthatch, chicks rapidly initiate the transition from yolk dependence to the utilization of exogenous feed. However, at present, it is not known what types of bacteria are found to be associated with unabsorbed yolk sacs from market-age broilers. For Experiment 1, one hundred 6-wk-old defeathered broiler carcasses were obtained from a commercial processing facility during each of 3 visits. In the second experiment, one hundred 8-wk-old defeathered broiler carcasses were obtained from a different commercial processing plant on 4 separate occasions. For both experiments, each carcass was aseptically opened and inspected for the presence of an unabsorbed yolk sac. Three to 5 carcasses containing a free-floating yolk sac (within the abdominal cavity) and the yolk stalk (without a yolk sac) and 3 to 5 carcasses containing an attached yolk and yolk stalk from each repetition were randomly selected and analyzed for levels and types of total aerobic bacteria (APC), Enterobacteriaceae (ENT), and for the presence of Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella serovars. The APC ranged from log 3.3 to >log 6.0, and the ENT ranged from log 2.8 to >log 6.0. Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. were the predominant organisms in APC, whereas Escherichia coli and Hafnia alvei were found to comprise the ENT. Campylobacter spp. was found in 29% of the yolk stalks, 32% of the attached yolk sacs, and 13% of the free-floating yolk sacs. All Campylobacter isolates were determined to be Campylobacter jejuni, except for 1 attached yolk and yolk stalk, which was Campylobacter coli. Salmonella serovars were found in 26% of the yolk stalks, 48% of the attached yolk sacs, and 23% of the free-floating yolk sacs, and the majority of Salmonella isolates were Salmonella Typhimurium. The significance of these bacterial reservoirs and carcass contamination during processing is yet to be determined.  相似文献   

14.
Somatic cell counts, N-acetyl--D-glucosaminidase (NAGase) activity and the infection status of the udder were determined in quarter milk samples (n = 86) from 22 multiparous, clinically healthy camels, traditionally managed by Bedouin nomads in the Negev desert, Israel. Seventy (81.4%) of the 86 samples examined contained bacteria, of which 35 (40.7%) gave mixed isolations of two or more bacteria, suggesting the existence of subclinical mastitis in the camel herds studied. Sixteen samples (18.6%) yielded no growth of bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus spp., Bacillus spp., Streptococcus dysgalactiae and Escherichia coli were the main organisms isolated. The somatic cell count (SCC) ranged from 1.01×105 to 11.78×106 cells/ml. NAGase values were between 41.4 and 372 NAGase units. Quarter milk samples that contained bacteria had significantly (p<0.01) higher mean values for SCC but the mean NAGase levels were not significantly different for the bacteriologically negative and positive samples. There was a low correlation coefficient (r 2 = 0.097) between the SCC and NAGase in the quarter milk samples from which bacteria were not isolated (n = 16) and a low negative correlation (r 2 = –0.038) with the samples that contained bacteria (n = 70). The type of bacteria had a significant effect (p<0.01) on the SCC but not on the NAGase activity. Quarter samples from which Staphylococcus aureus (coagulase positive) was isolated showed the highest mean SCC and this organism is therefore suspected to be the underlying cause of the subclinical mastitis. The SCC gave a better indication of the presence of pathogenic microorganisms in milk samples than did NAGase.  相似文献   

15.
In an attempt to demonstrate the efficacy of Bacillus subtilis PB6, isolated from the gut of a healthy chicken, on broiler performance, an experimental trial was conducted in which broilers, infected or uninfected with a pathogenic strain of Escherichia coli, were supplemented with B. subtilis PB6 (CloSTAT) or zinc bacitracin-colistin sulfate and compared against negative controls given no antibiotic supplementation. We observed 10- and 8-point improvements in feed conversion ratio (FCR) in 42-d-old uninfected broilers treated with B. subtilis PB6 when compared with the negative and antibiotic controls, respectively. However, infected birds supplemented with B. subtilis PB6 registered a significant 15-point FCR improvement over those in the negative control group (P < 0.05). Compared with the negative control, the increase in body weights of uninfected and infected 42-d-old broilers receiving B. subtilis PB6 were 97 and 152 g, respectively (P < 0.05). The growth-promoting and protective results from this study indicated that B. subtilis PB6 not only helped in the maintenance of beneficial bacteria but also could act as a replacement for antimicrobial growth promoters in broilers. The percentages of mortality of infected birds within antibiotic-treated groups and B. subtilis PB6-treated groups were reduced from 14% to 6 and 8%, respectively. Numerically, uninfected birds supplemented with B. subtilis PB6 had elevated levels of lactobacilli (1.4 to 4.5 × 107 cfu/g) in their intestinal tracts (32- and 42-d-old broilers) compared with the controls. Even after being challenged with a pathogenic strain of E. coli, the lactobacilli counts in the B. subtilis PB6-treated birds tended to remain the same as those receiving antibiotic and were considerably higher than those of the untreated birds.  相似文献   

16.
The supplementation of dietary limiting amino acids (AA) with crystalline AA makes the use of low-protein diets an option in poultry production. The differing absorption rates of crystalline and protein-bound AA may lead to temporally imbalanced AA in the postabsorptive period. In this study, two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of encapsulated L-lysine-HCl (L-Lys-HCl) and DL-methionine (DL-Met) on the laying performance of hens. In exp. 1, a total of 135 forty-seven-wk-old Hy-Line Brown hens were subjected to three dietary treatments for 8 wk: basal diet supplemented with 0.14% L-Lys-HCl and 0.17% DL-Met to satisfy the NRC (1994) total Lys and Met recommendation (control) and basal diet supplemented with encapsulated L-Lys-HCl and DL-Met at the levels of 60% (60CLM, 0.084% L-Lys-HCl and 0.102% DL-Met) or 80% of control (80CLM, 0.112% L-Lys-HCl and 0.136% DL-Met), respectively. In exp. 2, 24 fifty-five-wk-old Hy-Line Brown hens were individually reared in cages and subjected to the same treatments as in exp. 1. The plasma concentrations of free AA and nitrogen metabolites were measured 2, 4, and 6 h after fed. The results showed that dietary AA treatment had no significant influence on body weight (BW), feed intake, laying rate, egg weight, egg mass, or feed efficiency. The expression levels of AA transporters CAT-1, y+LAT1, b0,+AT, B0AT, rBAT, EAAT3, and PepT1 in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were not influenced (P > 0.05) by dietary treatment. There was an interaction of dietary AA treatment and time (P < 0.05) and the 80CLM hens exhibited higher concentrations of Lys (P < 0.05) than the controls at 2-h time point. In contrast, plasma Met concentration was not influenced (P > 0.05), while Cys was reduced in the 60CLM hens at every time point. The 80CLM hens had higher taurine concentrations than those receiving the control diet at every postprandial time point. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that by using encapsulated form, the supplemental levels of synthetic L-Lys-HCl and DL-Met can be effectively reduced by approximately 20% with no negative effect on laying performance. The result suggests that encapsulated Lys and Met may ameliorate the postabsorptive AA balance and contribute to the reduced dietary AA supplemental levels.  相似文献   

17.
We evaluated the effect of ionized reactive oxygen species created using Binary Ionization Technology (BIT) for disinfection of broiler carcasses, table eggs, and treatment of fertile eggs. Previous research has indicated that BIT creates a high concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that lyse bacterial cells on contact. Application of BIT to broiler carcasses that had been intentionally inoculated with 1.58 × 106 Salmonella enterica Enteritidis (SE) caused a 1 to 3 log reduction in recoverable SE, depending on the duration of the treatment. Additionally, after inoculation of table eggs with 6.8 × 108 cfu of SE, we recovered SE from 95% fewer eggs following enrichment and found significantly fewer (7.77 and 7.41 log reduction) colony-forming units recovered from eggs treated with BIT compared with nontreated control eggs. We also evaluated whether application of the BIT treatment had any effect on hatchability of broiler breeder eggs to determine whether use of this technology could be feasible in a hatchery environment for disinfection of eggs. There were no significant effects of BIT on the hatchability (of total set) of treated eggs as compared with nontreated control eggs; however, there was a slight numerical increase in hatchability, between 5 and 10% in 2 trials. These data suggest that application of BIT technology to carcasses and table eggs could reduce contamination with pathogens and that the application to fertile eggs may not have effects on hatchability of eggs set.  相似文献   

18.
PurposeThe etiology of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in hospital patients is often ambiguous due to the limited pathogen detection. Lack of a microbiological diagnosis impairs precision treatment in CAP.MethodsSpecimens collected from the lower respiratory tract of 195 CAP patients, viruses were measured by the Single-plex real-time PCR assay and the conventional culture method was exploited for bacteria.ResultsAmong the 195 patients, there were 46 (23.59%) pure bacterial infections, 20 (10.26%) yeast infections, 32 (16.41%) pure viral infections, 8 (4.10%) viral-yeast co-infections, and 17 (8.72%) viral-bacterial co-infections. The two most abundant bacteria were Acinetobacter baumannii and klebsiella pneumoniae, whereas the most common virus was influenza A.ConclusionsNon-influenza respiratory microorganisms frequently co-circulated during the epidemic peaks of influenza, which easily being ignored in CAP therapy. In patients with bacterial and viral co-infections, identifying the etiologic agent is crucial for patient’s therapy.  相似文献   

19.
Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens are mosquito-borne filarioid nematodes that affect dogs and other domestic and wild carnivores, causing heartworm disease and subcutaneous dirofilariosis, respectively. In Algeria, the data about the epidemiology of these infections is largely unknown. The present study was designed to establish the occurrence of D. immitis and D. repens in dogs in Algeria using molecular tools.In 2014 and 2015, a total of 209 dogs over one year of age of different breed and sex, living in Northern Algeria, were examined and blood samples were collected from each dog. The presence of D. immitis and D. repens in these samples was detected by real-time PCR followed by standard PCR and sequencing. Overall, the blood of 209 dogs from two departments was collected and only 3 (1.4%) of the blood samples were found positive for D. immitis DNA. Sequencing of the corresponding amplicon displayed a 99.8% identity to D. immitis, confirming the presence of this mosquito-borne nematode in Algeria. Furthermore, all tested samples were negative for D. repens.  相似文献   

20.
The examination of 300 specimens over a 2-year period in a veterinary diagnostic laboratory (1975–1977) revealed that of the specimens yielding bacteria, 56.3% contained anaerobes while 71.8% yielded facultative bacteria. Of the total specimens 26.6% proved to be sterile and 4.6% were unsuitable. The anaerobes which were isolated with the highest frequency from diseased animals belonged to the following genera: Clostridium, 46.0%; Bacteroides 15.1%; Fusobacterium, 14.3%; Actinomyces, 11.1%; and Propionibacterium, 5.6%. The culture method used in this study was based upon reducible solid media for primary isolation. Its efficiency compared favorably with what is commonly accepted as an effective recovery rate for anaerobes. However, the relative proportion of anaerobic genera obtained from veterinary clinical specimens was in direct contrast with specimens obtained in medical diagnostic laboratories. Because of this difference and the kinds of anaerobes most frequently encountered in veterinary medicine, it is believed that the culture method used in this study is more suitable to veterinary medicine than other methods more commonly employed in medical diagnostic laboratories.  相似文献   

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