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1.
The first part of this contribution determined the demands on climate control in vacuum drying kilns that are necessary to achieve the final moisture content variation stipulated in the European Drying Group (EDG) proposal on wood drying quality standards. In this second part of the contribution, these demands are compared with measurements of actual climates and the resulting final moisture content in vacuum kilns during industrial production. The measurements show that none of the studied industrial vacuum kilns are capable of controlling climate with acceptable accuracy. The variations in drying climate lead to large variations in final moisture content and reduced production capacities. Drying quality and drying capacity would be greatly increased with improved kiln design and improved climate control systems. Critical factors in kiln design and climate control system design necessary to maintain a controlled drying climate are listed. 相似文献
2.
Determination of diffusion coefficients for sub-alpine fir 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Liping Cai 《Wood Science and Technology》2005,39(2):153-162
Estimates of the drying rate for sub-alpine fir lumber and the effect of process variables on final moisture contents are valuable information for kiln operators. The diffusion approach offers one generalized way to estimate the drying time required and the final moisture content distribution. The diffusion coefficients of normal wood and wet wood of sub-alpine fir lumber were determined by two types of approaches in this study: the traditional method and the inverse moisture diffusion algorithm. The results from both approaches indicate that the diffusion coefficient of normal wood is greater than that of wet wood for sub-alpine fir. 相似文献
3.
《Wood material science & engineering》2013,8(1):37-45
Abstract Plantation wood from tropical climate has been introduced rapidly in the national market; however, there is lack of knowledge about the process. The main objective of this study was to investigate the kiln drying behavior of 10 plantation-grown wood species from natural forest in Costa Rica using the recommended drying schedule. Initial moisture content (MCi), final moisture content (MCf), drying rate, drying time, and drying defects were evaluated. The drying schedule applied produced the following results: (1) high MCi (over 110%) in four species and lower values in two species. (2) The largest drying time was found in species with high MCi, and the shortest drying time in species with lower MCi. (3) Significant variations of target MCf were found in some species, despite equalization and conditioning. (4) Exponential relationship MC=a*??t*b was used to establish a moisture content (MC) decrease model, which is not a good indicator of drying time for fives species. (5) High incidence of drying defects was found in Alnus acuminata and Vochysia guatemalensis. According to the above results, it is necessary to test other drying schedule oriented to improve lumber quality and to decrease variability of MC in wood from plantation trees. 相似文献
4.
针对移行材和早材皱缩等主要气干缺陷,拟定出赤桉半干材的干燥工艺,窑干前进行回复皱缩和减小表面硬化的汽蒸处理,窑干至目标含水率时进行终了调湿处理.结果表明:汽蒸预处理可以有效地回复皱缩材和显著地减小表面硬化;5 d内将试材的平均含水率25.61%下降到11.72%;3 h的汽蒸处理和24 h的湿空气处理均可有效地减小含水率梯度和残余塑性变定,但后者效果更佳;板材干燥质量达到国家标准二级质量的要求. 相似文献
5.
《Wood material science & engineering》2013,8(1-2):12-20
Abstract Progressive (semi-continuous) kilns for softwood drying are very common in Finland and Sweden and are used in some other countries too. A simulation program has been developed that covers all three types of this kiln. The program calculates the climate in the length direction of the kiln and moisture content, moisture profile, wood temperature, slicing test gap and stress development. Energy consumption and drying costs may also be determined. The temperature level is the most important parameter regarding kiln efficiency. Two-zone progressive kilns are found to be more efficient than single-zone kilns. Progressive kilns have lower energy consumption and drying costs than batch kilns. Experimental full-scale tests show that the timber quality from a progressive kiln is comparable to, or in some cases even better than, timber dried in batch kilns. 相似文献
6.
A new method for monitoring moisture content during radio-frequency (RF)/vacuum drying was developed by measurement of temperature
and pressure in wood. Temperature and pressure inside the wood were measured simultaneously during RF/vacuum drying at the
same point. The relative humidity (RH) and moisture content (MC) below the fiber saturation point (FSP) were calculated based
on temperature and pressure, and the relationship between the temperature, RH, and equilibrium moisture content (EMC) at the
measurement point. When the moisture content was below the FSP, the calculated MC was slightly greater than the value given
by oven drying. The absolute error was within 0.8% near the open cross side, and was within 1.8% at another measurement point.
Thus, we concluded that it was practicable to monitor the moisture content below the FSP according to the temperature and
pressure inside the wood.
Part of this study was presented at the 15th Annual Meeting of the Chugoku Shikoku Branch of the Japan Wood Research Society,
Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan, September 2003 相似文献
7.
木材含水率测定方法的比较研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为修订国家标准“CB1931—80木材含水率测定方法”提供依据,本文对含树脂和挥发性物质较多的马尾松等5种木材,采用烘干法、真空干燥法和蒸馏法进行含水率测定的比较。结果表明,烘干法简便实用,但所测得的含水率结果比真空干燥法和蒸馏法为高,如果试样含有较多的挥发性物质,应用烘干法测定含水率误差偏大时,可采用真空干燥法。 相似文献
8.
Steam conditioning of softwood boards after kiln drying is of critical importance for relief of residual drying stresses
and to improve distribution of final moisture content. The conditioning practice in New Zealand includes two steps: immediately
after high temperature (HT) drying the load is cooled until the core wood temperature is 75 to 90°C, and then the stack is
steam conditioned for a period of 1 to 4 hours depending on the lumber thickness and moisture content after drying. In this
work, experimental and theoretical studies were performed to better understand the conditioning process and to investigate
factors which influence its effectiveness. In the experiment, 50 mm thick Pinus radiata sapwood boards were first dried at 120/70°C for 11, 12, 13, 16 and 18 hours, respectively, to varying moisture contents,
and then cooled and steam conditioned for 1 hour. To assess the effectiveness of conditioning, moisture pick-up, moisture
gradient, and transverse residual drying stress (indicated by cup and strain) were measured. It was found that drying wood
to a low moisture content (below 6%) increased the conditioning effectiveness. A separate matched stack was conditioned for
4 hours after 13 hours drying which showed better results than 1 hour conditioning. A mathematical model for wood drying was
extended to include both the cooling and conditioning phases. The model was numerically solved to examine the wood temperature
and moisture content changes during the whole process of drying, cooling and final steam conditioning. Increase in wood temperature,
moisture pickup and moisture gradient during steam conditioning were predicted and validated by the experimental data. This
information is currently being used at the New Zealand Forest Research Institute in simulation of stress development and relief
for drying of Pinus radiata lumber.
Received 6 July 1998 相似文献
9.
Summary Thick specimens of two softwoods were dried in a laboratory radio frequency/vacuum (RF/V) kiln in order to investigate the internal moisture flow patterns. The spatial moisture distributions in the longitudinal arid transverse directions were monitored as a function of time in a number of runs. The results indicated that both longitudinal and transverse moisture transfer modes contribute on the overall moisture flow occurring within wood, but there was no distinction as to the percentage contribution of each to the overall flux. There were no abrupt drying front changes and no moisture discontinuities observed during drying. A second group of runs was also carried out using end-matched specimens to study its length effects on drying characteristics, such as drying rate, and internal vapor pressure and temperature profiles. The results demonstrated that short specimens dried faster than long ones at moisture contents above the fiber saturation point.The financial support for this work from NSERC/Canada through a Strategic Grant (STR0167393) and the lumber contribution from MacMillan-Bloedel are greatfully acknowledged. 相似文献
10.
Summary One of the problem areas in the kiln drying of western hemlock lumber is the wide variation in final moisture content of the
wood. This variation in moisture content is due to the presence of sinker or wetwood in the heartwood. The features of wetwood
which differentiate it from the normal heartwood include higher specific gravity, higher extractives content, and lower permeability.
The apparent higher specific gravity can be fully accounted for by the higher extractives content. The principial extractive is α-conidendrin.
The wetwood in western hemlock often occurs together with ring shake and under these circumstances the white deposit on the
shake surfaces is also α-conidendrin and not matairesinol, the substance usually associated with ring shake in western hemlock.
A viewpoint is presented on the origin of wetwood as the endproduct of a reaction by the tree to injury, i.e., ring shake,
in which additional extractives are deposited. The extractives result in a greatly lowered permeability, which prevents loss
of moisture during heartwood formation and thereby resulting in wetwood. Bacteria usually found in wetwood and responsible
for many of the symptoms associated with wetwood are a result of the high moisture content which favors bacterial growth in
wood. Presumably, the two primary sources of loss in kiln drying of western hemlock, shake and wetwood, are often intimately
associated.
The authors appreciate the assistance of Allen H. Doerksen and Louis W. Hamlin of the Forest Research Laboratory.
All samples collected for this study were donated by Willamette Industries, Inc., Dallas, Oregon, and a portion of the research
was supported by the Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University. 相似文献
11.
采用高频真空干燥、常规窑干和高温干燥3种方法对杉木人工林木材的心、边板材进行干燥处理,用毛细管上升法评价干燥后试样的浸注性能,用半薄切片法测定干燥试样具缘纹孔的闭塞率,最后用扫描电子显微镜观察干燥试样微观构造的变化,比较分析3种干燥方法对杉木人工林木材浸注性的影响机理.结果表明:对于杉木边材,经高频真空干燥后试样的浸注性显著高于常规干燥和高温干燥后试样的浸注性,后2种干燥方法对试样浸注性影响的差异并不显著;对于杉木心材,高频真空干燥与高温干燥后试样的浸注性存在显著差异,而高频真空干燥与常规干燥之间、高温干燥与常规干燥之间对试样浸注性的影响差异均不显著;3种干燥方法处理后,杉木边材的浸注性均显著高于心材的浸注性;具缘纹孔的闭塞率较低以及部分具缘纹孔周缘破裂是高频真空干燥后木材浸注性提高的主要原因. 相似文献
12.
Hermann Pleschberger Christian Hansmann Ulrich Müller Alfred Teischinger 《Wood Science and Technology》2013,47(6):1323-1334
Specific fracture energy measurements were applied to identify changes caused by wood-drying processes of solid wood. Specimen design and geometry as well as parameters and specifications for a fracture energy test were determined experimentally. The specific test set-up was applied on plantation teakwood sample sets of standard as well as alternating convection kiln dryings and one oven drying. The results show that alternating changes of the drying temperature along with the equilibrium moisture content (EMC) in a kiln schedule have a small but significant decreasing effect on the specific fracture energy in the radial/longitudinal as well as the tangential/longitudinal testing direction. Furthermore, oven drying at constant high drying temperature along with low EMC did not result in a significant change of specific fracture energy compared with standard drying, but caused greater scattering values in both transverse crack propagation systems. 相似文献
13.
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15.
W. T. Simpson 《Wood Science and Technology》1993,27(6):409-420
Summary Diffusion analysis can be used to estimate the time required to dry lumber. However, more accurate calculations require additional information on the relationship between the diffusion coefficient as a function of moisture content and on the effects of temperature, equilibrium moisture content, board thickness, and air velocity on drying time and moisture gradients. The primary objectives of this study were (1) to determine the diffusion coefficient of northern red oak (Quercus rubra) as a function of moisture content and (2) to compare experimentally determined sorption times and moisture content gradients with those calculated by the diffusion model. The diffusion coefficient was found to increase approximately exponentially with moisture content over a range of 6 to 30 percent at 43°C. This relationship was similar in both adsorption and desorption tests. Experimental adsorption and desorption times and desorption moisture content gradients were compared with finite difference solutions to the diffusion equation. Practical uses of solutions to the diffusion equation are illustrated for kiln drying wood that has first been predried to below the fiber saturation point. Drying time is also related to variable kiln conditions and board thickness.This research was partially funded under the U. S. Department of Agriculture Competitive Grant programThe Forest Products Laboratory is maintained in cooperation with the University of Wisconsin. This article was written and prepared by U.S. Government employees on official time 相似文献
16.
The effects of high temperature steam pretreatment on the change in wood moisture content (MC) and characteristics of vacuum drying were investigated in this study. Poplar and manchurian walnut woods were pretreated with high temperature steam at 100°C and 140°C, prior to vacuum drying. A comparison of the characteristics of vacuum drying between steam pretreated wood and untreated wood was carried out. The results show that during steam pretreatment, the MC of wood decreased within a few hours. The reduction of MC varied with the temperature; the higher the temperature, the faster the MC dropped. During the vacuum drying stage, the rates of drying of pretreated samples were higher than those of untreated samples when MC was below the fiber saturation point. Furthermore, the total drying time of samples treated at a steam temperature of 140°C was lower than that of untreated samples. Therefore, a vacuum procedure after steam pretreatment can effectively shorten the drying time when drying wood. 相似文献
17.
干燥过程中木材温度的变化规律以及与含水率关系的研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
通过对高温和常规温度干燥过程中木材温度及含水率变化与分布的测定,研究木材温度变化的特点和木材温度与含水率的变化关系。分析自由水蒸发面移动、水分状态改变对温度变化的影响。在此基础上,探讨利用木材温度控制干燥过程的可能性和实施方法, 相似文献
18.
木材含水率测试技术水平及其前景 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
木材含水率是影响木材性质和使用的重要因素。准确而迅速地测试木材含水率一直是重要的研究课题。目前使用的各种测试方法依据的原理不同,其应用范围和受环境因素(例如温度、树种、电源等)影响的程度也不同。本文对常用的电阻法和电容法受温度、密度、树种等影响的情况进行了对比分析,指出了木材含水率测试技术的发展趋势,并介绍了我国在木材含水率检测方面开展科研工作及推广应用的情况。 相似文献
19.
改善顶风机型木材干燥室空气流动特性研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
采用升降式导流装置通过布置在气道中的多级导流板,把顶风机型木材干燥室中的材堆两侧空气循环气道分隔成若干小气道,并通过导流板导向作用使通过每个小气道的介质气流单独对材堆不同高度进气口一侧供风,在一定程度上改善了干燥室内沿材堆高度方向空气气流循环动力学特征。经过测试,该装置可使空气气流在材堆进气口和出气口的风速均方差均低于0.15 m/s,大幅降低风速变异系数。升降式导流装置结构简单,生产成本低,易于操作控制和维护,适用于叉车装卸材堆方式的顶风机木材干燥室。 相似文献
20.
ZHANG Biguang YI Songlin CHANG Jianmin LI XianjunMaterial Science Technology School of Beijing Forestry University Beijing P.R.China 《中国林业科技(英文版)》2004,3(4):65-71
Using Masson pine as specimens, when drying mediums are overheated steam and hot-air respectively, preheating characteristics of wood under vacuum-floating pressure drying are discussed by measurement of internal temperature field and variation of moisture content during period of preheating. The relationship between drying medium conditions and drying rate of wood reveals that, firstly, compared with process of air-drying, time needed to be preheated under vacuum-floating decreased dramatically, meanwhile, the magnitude of condensation on the surface is relatively larger. Secondly, drying rate of wood under vacuum-floating pressure increases coupled with temperature of medium, reduction of absolute pressure, and raise of fluctuation rate of pressure. The sequence of factors contribution to drying rate is listed as following: temperature of medium (t) > fluctuation rate of pressure (f)> absolute pressure (p). 相似文献