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1.
M?ssbauer spectra of several iron meteorites have been measured by a resonant scattering technique rather than by the conventional transmission method, thereby eliminating the necessity for the preparation of thin samples. No significant differences were observed in the spectra of specimens of mechanically deformed, shocked, and unshocked iron meteorites, nor in the absorption spectra of artificially shocked and unshocked fayalite. 相似文献
2.
The mineralogy of shocked mineral and lithic grains in the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary claystone worldwide is most consistent with a bolide impact on a continent. Both the concentrations and sizes of these shocked grains are greatest in the western interior of North America. These data suggest that the Manson impact structure in north-central Iowa is a viable candidate for the K-T boundary impact event. Argon-40-argon-39 age spectrum dating of shocked microcline from the crystalline central uplift of the Manson impact structure indicates that there was severe argon-40 loss at 65.7 +/- 1.0 million years ago, an age that is indistinguishable from that of the K-T boundary, within the limits of analytical precision. 相似文献
3.
A thin claystone layer found in nonmarine rocks at the palynological Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in eastern Montana contains an anomalously high value of iridium. The nonclay fraction is mostly quartz with minor feldspar, and some of these grains display planar features. These planar features are related to specific crystallographic directions in the quartz lattice. The shocked quartz grains also exhibit asterism and have lowered refractive indices. All these mineralogical features are characteristic of shock metamorphism and are compelling evidence that the shocked grains are the product of a high velocity impact between a large extraterrestrial body and the earth. The shocked minerals represent silicic target material injected into the stratosphere by the impact of the projectile. 相似文献
4.
The marker bed at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary of the Beloc Formation (southern Haiti) contains abundant coarse-grained microtektites and minor amounts of shocked quartz grains in the basal part. The upper part is composed of medium-grained marl with amalgamated microtektite lenses and finer-grained marl lenses disseminated throughout. Field and petrographic observations, and the distribution of planktonic foraminifera suggest that the bed formed from a complex sequence of events. A bolide impact nearby produced microtektites that sett1led to form a nearly pure layer at the base. Vaporized materials with anomalously high extraterrestrial components settled last, along with carbonate sediments. The entire bed became sparsely consolidated. Subsequently, another major disruptive event, perhaps a giant tsunami, partly reworked the initial deposit. Cohesive fragments of the original marker bed mixed with exotic materials were redeposited as lenticular bodies. This process also may have caused further mixing of Cretaceous and Tertiary microfossils, as observed at Beloc and elsewhere. 相似文献
5.
测定了在不同高温（39、41、43℃）下冲击1 h后,东亚小花蝽成虫存活率、产卵前期、产卵量、寿命等生殖特性指标的差异。结果表明：随着温度的升高,东亚小花蝽成虫的存活率从94.44%下降到68.89%;东亚小花蝽雌虫的产卵前期随温度升高而延长,25℃恒温条件下雌虫产卵前期平均为2.56 d,43℃高温处理1 h后延长至4.11 d;短时高温冲击显著降低东亚小花蝽成虫的单雌产卵量,25℃恒温条件下单雌产卵量平均为60.44粒,41℃冲击1 h后,其产卵量为24.10粒,43℃冲击1 h后仅为13.78粒;东亚小花蝽成虫寿命随温度的升高而降低,25℃恒温条件下,雌成虫寿命平均为15.33 d,而43℃高温冲击1 h后,雌虫寿命仅为8.11 d。以上结果表明,短时高温冲击导致东亚小花蝽生殖适应性下降。 相似文献
6.
Observations on shocked quartz in Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary sediments compellingly tied to Chicxulub crater raise three problems. First, in North America shocked quartz occurs above the main K-T ejecta layer. Second, shocked quartz is more abundant west than east of Chicxulub. Third, shocked quartz reached distances requiring initial velocities up to 8 kilometers per second, corresponding to shock pressures that would produce melt, not the moderate-pressure shock lamellae observed. Shock devolatilization and the expansion of carbon dioxide and water from impacted wet carbonate, producing a warm, accelerating fireball after the initial hot fireball of silicate vapor, may explain all three problems. 相似文献
7.
Shocked quartz grains displaying planar features were isolated from Cretaceous- Tertiary boundary clays at five sites in Europe, a core from the north-central Pacific Ocean, and a site in New Zealand. At all of these sites, the planar features in the shocked quartz can be indexed to rational crystallographic planes of the quartz lattice. The grains display streaking indicative of shock in x-ray diffraction photographs and also show reduced refractive indices. These characteristic features of shocked quartz at several sites worldwide confirm that an impact event at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary distributed ejecta products in an earth-girdling dust cloud, as postulated by the Alvarez impact hypothesis. 相似文献
8.
The Holleford Crater, a circular depression in southern Ontario, is filled with Paleozoic sediments and underlain by brecciated Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks. The presence of coesite in two core samples of this breccia has been established by petrographic and x-ray diflraction methods. Shattered quartz in the coesite-bearing samples exhibits planar fractures. The shocked quartz is the result of great shock pressures and the association of coesite with the shocked quartz strongly suggests that Holleford Crater originated from a hypervelocity impact. 相似文献
9.
Jeanloz R Ahrens TJ Lally JS Nord GL Christie JM Heuer AH 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1977,197(4302):457-459
Transmission electron microscope (TEM) observations of an experimentally shock-deformed single crystal of natural peridot, (Mg(0.88)Fe(0.12))(2)SiO(4), recovered from peak pressures of about 56 x 10(9) pascals revealed the presence of amorphous zones located within crystalline regions with a high density of tangled dislocations. This is the first reported observation of olivine glass. The shocked sample exhibits a wide variation in the degree of shock deformation on a small scale, and the glass appears to be intimately associated with the highest density of dislocations. This study suggests that olivine glass may be formed as a result of shock at pressures above about 50 to 55 x 10(9) pascals and that further TEM observations of naturally shocked olivines may demonstrate the presence of glass. 相似文献
10.
Becker L Poreda RJ Basu AR Pope KO Harrison TM Nicholson C Iasky R 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,304(5676):1469-1476
The Bedout High, located on the northwestern continental margin of Australia, has emerged as a prime candidate for an end-Permian impact structure. Seismic imaging, gravity data, and the identification of melt rocks and impact breccias from drill cores located on top of Bedout are consistent with the presence of a buried impact crater. The impact breccias contain nearly pure silica glass (SiO2), fractured and shock-melted plagioclases, and spherulitic glass. The distribution of glass and shocked minerals over hundreds of meters of core material implies that a melt sheet is present. Available gravity and seismic data suggest that the Bedout High represents the central uplift of a crater similar in size to Chicxulub. A plagioclase separate from the Lagrange-1 exploration well has an Ar/Ar age of 250.1 +/- 4.5 million years. The location, size, and age of the Bedout crater can account for reported occurrences of impact debris in Permian-Triassic boundary sediments worldwide. 相似文献
11.
以永安天宝岩国家级自然保护区内天然柳杉群落调查资料为基础,采用聚集强度指标法、Iwao M·-(x-)的回归与Taylor幂法则对不同海拔天然柳杉群落空间分布格局进行比较分析.结果表明,不同海拔天然柳杉林空间分布格局存在明显差异,其中在1 200～1 600 m与1 000～1 200 m海拔时呈现聚集分布,900～1 000 m为均匀分布.通过对不同海拔不同取样尺度下格局变化进行分析,25 m2取样单元时柳杉种群聚集程度最高. 相似文献
12.
El Goresy A Chen M Dubrovinsky L Gillet P Graup G 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2001,293(5534):1467-1470
We report the discovery of an ultradense post-rutile polymorph of titanium dioxide in shocked gneisses of the Ries crater in Germany. The microscopic diagnostic feature is intense blue internal reflections in crossed polarizers in reflected light. X-ray diffraction studies revealed a monoclinic lattice, isostructural with the baddeleyite ZrO2 polymorph, and the titanium cation is coordinated with seven oxygen anions. The cell parameters are as follows: a = 4.606(2) angstroms, b = 4.986(3) angstroms, c = 4.933(3) angstroms, beta (angle between c and a axes) = 99.17(6) degrees; space group P2(1)/c; density = 4.72 grams per cubic centimeter, where the numbers in parentheses are standard deviations in the last significant digits. This phase is 11% denser than rutile. The mineral is sensitive to x-ray irradiation and tends to invert to rutile. The presence of baddeleyite-type TiO2 in the shocked rocks indicates that the peak shock pressure was between 16 and 20 gigapascals, and the post-shock temperature was much lower than 500 degrees C. 相似文献
13.
A significant fall in tail blood pressure occurs in paired rats after shock-induced aggression. Pressure returns to baseline levels within 4 hours after fighting. Conversely, single rats subjected to jump threshold measurements or to shocks identical to those used in the aggression paradigm show significant elevations in tail blood pressure. The size of the pressure increase in rats shocked alone appears dependent on the intensity of the shocks, while the pressure fall in rats shocked in pairs occurs over a broad range of shock intensities. 相似文献
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15.
[目的]研究极危狭域物种大果木莲种群分布情况。[方法]通过野外调查麻栗坡县保护区内大果木莲野生种群分布现状与生境,调查面积约10 km2,植株22株,其空间分布局限于23.095 1°～23.109 4°N,104.487 6°～104.498 4°E,海拔1 480～1 710 m。[结果]整体来看,分布是不连续的、零星的,范围很狭窄,分布区环境条件差异大。成熟个体下未发现实生幼苗,开花结实率低,种群自然更新已较难完成,种群濒于灭绝。[结论]生境片断化与人类不合理利用是其野生资源迅速减少和现有种群不能自然更新的主要原因。应加强对该物种的野外调查与就地保护,积极开展人工种群构建与恢复。 相似文献
16.
为了解国家Ⅱ级保护植物宝华玉兰Magnolia zenii的种群分布规律及其濒危原因,进一步揭示宝华玉兰野生种群与群落及环境之间的生态关系,应用自组织特征映射网络（SOM）对宝华玉兰生存群落进行了排序和分类,以期为保护和管理宝华玉兰种群野生种质资源提供理论依据和新的方法。结果如下:①群落结构分析表明,宝华玉兰天然更新缺乏,且紫楠Phoebe sheareri,建始槭Acer henryi等优势种占据了主要生存空间与资源,影响了宝华玉兰种群增长和发展,使其在群落中处于不稳定地位;②SOM将40个样方进行聚类分析,得到7个群落类型。不同群落类型之间的物种组成存在差异,界限清晰,排序结果与优势种实际分布情况吻合,说明SOM的分类结果具有合理性;③环境因子可视化分析揭示了宝华玉兰分布于坡度较缓的半阳坡,种群分布主要受到坡向和坡度2个环境因子的影响,由于宝华玉兰自身生长过程中对环境要求的特殊性和不适应性,造成了其濒危现状;④SOM具有高度非线性拟合的特点,且能够同时进行排序和分类,并将分类结果可视化,呈现样方之间的相似性,说明SOM应用于群落分类和排序,反映种群与群落及环境之间的生态关系是合适的。 相似文献
17.
【目的】鉴定不同地区谷瘟病菌（Magnaporthe oryzae）所含无毒基因的类型,确定无毒基因在菌株中的分布及变异情况,为深入研究谷瘟病菌无毒基因变异机制提供参考。【方法】从中国北方谷子主产区不同区域内采集并分离76个谷瘟病菌的单孢菌株,提取其基因组DNA,根据目前已成功克隆的稻瘟病菌的7个无毒基因的核苷酸序列设计特异性引物,进行PCR扩增及电泳检测,并对部分菌株的无毒基因进行测序分析。【结果】在76个谷瘟病菌中,无毒基因ACE1、Avr-pita、Avr1-CO39和AvrPiz-t的扩增率为100％,无毒基因Avr-pik、Avr-pia和Avr-pii的扩增率分别为63.2%、42.1%和21.1%。在谷瘟病菌菌株P11和P34中,Avr1-CO39的扩增条带较预期片段大490 bp,测序结果发现菌株P11和P34中的Avr1-CO39基因序列完全一致,均在启动子区插入了490 bp核苷酸,该插入序列与non-LTR retrotransposon: Mg-SINE的相似度达99.16％。Avr-pita的测序结果发现,谷瘟病菌菌株中的Avr-pita基因序列变异较为丰富,其变异形式主要为单核苷酸的变异,包括单碱基的插入、缺失及多位点的SNP。Avr-pia的变异类型主要为整个无毒基因的缺失,经测序验证等位基因序列分为4种类型。Avr-pia-A与参考序列（AB498873.1）一致,包含10个菌株;Avr-pia-B包含20个菌株,在-116、-109和-16 bp处分别存在C/T、G/T和C/A变异,但与参考序列的CDS区序列相同;Avr-pia-C仅包含菌株P10,在+150 bp处存在T/G变异,但为同义突变;Avr-pia-D仅包含菌株P18,在+212 bp位点处存在C/T变异,导致该变异位点由编码苏氨酸突变为编码异亮氨酸。谷瘟病菌Avr-pii包含3种等位基因类型。Avr-pii-A型与参考序列（AB498874.1）一致,共包含14个菌株;Avr-pii-B型和Avr-pii-C型分别在+139和+64 bp处存在A/G变异,核苷酸的变异导致该位点由编码苏氨酸改为丙氨酸。Avr-pii-B型和Avr-pii-C型变异均为首次报道。单元型分析表明,AG2包含23个菌株,占供试菌株的30.2%,为优势单元型。【结论】明确了不同地区的谷瘟病菌中无毒基因ACE1、Avr-pita、Avr1-CO39和AvrPiz-t不存在地理来源的差异;而无毒基因Avr-pik、Avr-pia和Avr-pii在各地分布有差异。谷瘟病菌AG2单元型为优势单元型,其次是单元型AG1和AG5。 相似文献
18.
不同经营方式下杨梅林分空间结构比较 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
对3种不同经营方式下杨梅Myrica rubra的混交度和角尺度进行了比较研究,采用胸径、生物量、冠幅和树高计测大小比数对不同经营方式下杨梅林分空间结构进行分析。研究结果表明,集约型杨梅林分的混交度为0,复合型的平均混交度大于粗放型的平均混交度;各样地的角尺度平均值为0．564～0．667。均属于集聚分布格局,但复合型的角尺度分布图基本上呈正态分布,所以复合型杨梅更接近于均匀分布;复合型经营方式下,杨梅林分的胸径大小比数、生物量大小比数、冠幅大小比数和树高大小比数较其他2种经营方式下分布均匀。复合型经营更有利于生态效益的发挥。在森林经营管理中,以杨梅为目的树种进行林分配置时,以树高优势较杨梅弱的下层树种为宜;择伐时应尽量保留大小比数比最近邻木高的个体。图6表2参13 相似文献
19.
Chao EC James OB Minkin JA Boreman JA Jackson ED Raleigh CB 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1970,167(3918):644-647
On the basis of rock modes, textures, and mineralogy, unshocked crystalline rocks are classified into a dominant ilmenite-rich suite (subdivided into intersertal, ophitic, and hornfels types) and a subordinate feldspar-rich suite (subdivided into poikilitic and granular types). Weakly to moderately shocked rocks show high strain-rate deformation and solid-state transformation of minerals to glasses; intensely shocked rocks are converted to rock glasses. Data on an unknown calcium-bearing iron metasilicate are presented. 相似文献