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1.
Design of microirrigation laterals at minimum cost 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Based on the design methods of finite elements and golden-section searches, a method was developed for designing microirrigation
laterals at minimum cost. Characteristics of water application uniformity as affected by lateral diameters and lengths were
analyzed. When the required average emitter discharge is known, the relationships of water application uniformity, best submain
position (paired laterals), and operating pressure head as a function of the lateral diameter and length can be accurately
determined using a personal computer. The lateral diameter and length can then be determined from a contour map representing
water application uniformity as a function of the lateral diameter and length (computer calculation). The best submain position
and operating pressure head for this lateral diameter and length is then determined by computer calculation. This method is
suitable for designing microirrigation laterals on both uniformly and nonuniformly sloping fields.
Received: 30 May 1997 相似文献
2.
A method for designing microirrigation laterals on nonuniform slopes was developed using the finite element method. Six representative
nonuniform slope patterns were discussed in detail. The design principle was implemented based on the results of computer
simulations. It was found that a single lateral is suitable for Pattern I while paired laterals are better for Patterns II
∼ VI in most cases. The diameter of a single lateral or paired laterals may have two solutions for a required uniformity of
water application and the length may have multiple solutions. When the required average emitter discharge, required uniformity
of water application, and one parameter (either length or diameter) of a single lateral or paired laterals are given, the
unknown parameter, best submain position (paired laterals) and operating pressure head can be accurately designed using personal
computers. The design procedures are described.
Received: 2 November 1995 相似文献
3.
Yaohu Kang 《Irrigation Science》2000,20(1):23-27
The effect of operating pressure heads on water application uniformity in microirrigation submain units was evaluated. Research
results show that water application uniformity either increases or slightly decreases as operating pressure head increases
in a range when the emission exponent x ≤ 0.5 in most cases. The water application uniformity decreases as operating pressure head increases in a range when the
emission exponent x > 0.5. The relationship between operating pressure head and average emitter discharge in submain units can be considered
as approximately linear for operating pressure heads in a small range (usually between the allowable minimum and maximum operating
pressures of the submain units). These results help to estimate the average emitter discharge rate easily in a submain unit
for an increased or decreased operating pressure head when one is attempting to manage emitter discharge dynamically according
to the requirements of crop root growth for different periods. Generally, a microirrigation system designed to meet the desired
uniformity of water application according to the allowable minimum operating pressure head would be better when x ≤ 0.5 because water application uniformity increases as operating pressure increases if emitter discharges are being managed
dynamically. However, a microirrigation system designed to meet the required water application uniformity according to the
allowable maximum operating pressure head would be better when x > 0.5 because, in general, water application uniformity increases as operating pressure decreases.
Received: 29 November 1999 相似文献
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本文研究了田间管网优化设计中支、毛管允许压力偏差水头分配的问题。在平地上布置微灌系统时,得出了支、毛管的最优分配比不是一个定值,而是随支管上毛管的根数和支、毛管长度的变化而变化,改进了美国J·凯勒和D·喀麦林提出的只给一个固定常数的方法,对节约管网投资有一定的实际意义。 相似文献
6.
低压条件下滴灌灌水均匀度试验研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
低压滴灌毛管进口工作压力、铺设长度、地面坡度及毛管管径是影响滴灌灌水均匀度的重要参数。试验研究结果表明,低压条件下毛管进口压力的变化对灌水均匀度的影响并不明显;灌水均匀度随着毛管铺设长度的增大呈降低趋势,管径越小,降低越显著,但在一定管长范围内,毛管铺设长度对灌水均匀度的影响并不明显;逆坡情况下,灌水均匀度随着坡度的增大而减小,顺坡情况下,灌水均匀度随着坡度的增大呈先增大而后减小的趋势,在2‰的坡度时达到峰值;灌水均匀度随着管径的增大而增大,当管径增大到一定程度后,灌水均匀度随管径增大的幅度减缓。 相似文献
7.
微灌田间管网的混合整数规划模型 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
根据不设调压管的微灌田间管网的特点，引入０－１变量，建立了微灌田间管网优化设计的混合整数规划模型。采用这一模型，可在满足允许水头差要求条件下，合理地选择毛管和支管的规格，使其造价之和最低。这一方法便于计算机求解，适合解决各种地形条件下的微灌田间管网优化设计问题。 相似文献
8.
Dimensional analysis approach to estimate local head losses in microirrigation connectors 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Danieli Bariviera Zitterell Jose Antonio Frizzone Osvaldo Rettore Neto 《Irrigation Science》2014,32(3):169-179
Local losses, which affect the uniformity of water application, are often ignored in the design of irrigation systems. Some accessories have no simple, efficient equations to estimate these losses. The main objective of this work was to develop an equation to estimate the local head loss in lateral passage connectors. Fifteen connector/pipe combinations were tested. The connectors were characterized by their internal diameters and dimensions. The local head loss was determined by subtracting the head loss on the connector and pipe from the head loss on the pipe. The parameters affecting the local head loss were defined as dimensionless terms using Buckingham’s theorem. A mathematical model was developed that presented a determination coefficient of 93.31 %. Elements such as the inner diameter of the connector, pipe length, connector, water flow velocity, Reynolds number and Froude number influenced the local head loss in the connectors. The model was compared with the observed data and presented excellent performance. It can be used to calculate the local head loss in lateral passage connectors. 相似文献
9.
为了探究影响负压反馈射流喷头水力性能的重要参数对水力性能的影响程度,并选出综合水力性能最优下的重要参数组合,首先设计了4因素3水平正交试验,并根据试验要求分别加工出3种长度(4.2,5.6,7.0 cm)的喷管、3种直径(3,4,5 mm)的喷嘴,以及射流进口宽×深为4 mm×8 mm、位差1.80 mm、侧壁夹角20°、劈距28.0 mm、3种喷射仰角(20°,30°,40°)的射流机构,用于水力性能测试.采用综合评分法和极差分析法对正交试验结果进行处理,并引入了射程和喷灌均匀系数对试验结果进行评价.结果表明:影响喷头综合水力性能的重要参数,影响程度由大到小依次为喷射仰角、主副喷嘴直径、工作压力、主副喷管长度.得到了在此射流机构下的最优重要参数组合为工作压力0.35 MPa、主×副喷嘴直径5 mm×4 mm、喷射仰角30°、主×副喷管长度4.2 cm×4.2 cm.试验结果可为该型国产喷头的产品化和未来工程应用提供理论数据支撑. 相似文献
10.
There exist capabilities for analyzing the behavior of surface flow and the ultimate distribution of infiltrated water in furrow irrigation. The corresponding synthesis, i.e., the selection of appropriate combinations of inflow rates, cutoff times and length of furrow — design and management, currently not so well established, is treated herein. A design-management nomograph is proposed for free draining graded furrows. This is a plot of efficiency, time of cutoff and uniformity coefficient contours each given on a length-flow rate space adjacent to one another, for a furrow with given infiltration characteristics, flow geometry, slope, roughness and required depth of application. The nomograph can be used to determine the combinations of length, time of cutoff and flow rate that would yield in optimum combination of efficiency and uniformity. 相似文献
11.
流道结构对非旋转折射式喷头水力性能影响的试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以非旋转折射式喷头为研究对象,设计散水盘的流道长度、流道个数和流道出口形状,通过正交试验测试了单喷头水量分布,采用线性插值法计算射程,通过直接叠加法得到组合水量分布,计算了2.5m喷头间距下的组合均匀性系数,并运用极差分析法研究了流道结构参数对喷头水力性能的影响。结果表明:不同流道长度、流道个数和流道出口形状非旋转折射式喷头的单喷头水量分布呈波浪形上下浮动,但波动的幅度有差异。流道结构参数对射程影响的主次顺序为流道长度、流道个数、流道出口形状,对喷灌强度峰值影响的主次顺序为流道个数、流道长度、流道出口形状,对组合喷洒均匀性系数影响的主次顺序为流道个数、流道长度、流道出口形状。 相似文献
12.
Energy gradient line approach for direct hydraulic calculation in drip irrigation design 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
I. P. Wu 《Irrigation Science》1992,13(1):21-29
Summary Direct calculations can be made for all emitter flows along a lateral line and in a submain unit based on an Energy Gradient Line (EGL) approach. Errors caused by the EGL approach were evaluated by a computer simulation. A Revised Energy Gradient Line (REGL) approach, developed using a mean discharge approximation, can reduce the errors and match with the results from a Step-by-Step (SBS) calculation for all emitters in a drip system. The developed equations can be used for computerized design of drip irrigation systems. 相似文献
13.
为了阐明滴头制造偏差系数、灌水均匀度、毛管直径及毛管造价的内在联系,降低滴灌系统造价、提高灌水均匀度,通过理论推导结合实证计算的方法,系统分析了不同均匀度条件下滴头制造偏差系数极限值,以及滴头制造偏差系数、毛管直径、允许均匀度等三者的关系,并推导出毛管造价计算公式.结果表明:对于长度为100 m的毛管,当Keller均匀系数( EEU)为0.80时,制造偏差系数从0.05增大到0.07和0.11时,毛管造价分别增大8.7％和37.1％;当滴头制造偏差系数为0.03, EEU由0.80增大到0.85,0.90和0.95时,毛管直径分别增大20％,23.5％和56.5％,毛管造价也相应增大20％,53.8％和207.7％;当滴头制造偏差系数为0.05, EEU由0.80增大到0.85和0.90时,毛管直径则分别增大19.3％和32.8％,毛管造价也分别增大17.1％和71.4％;对于 EEU为0.95时,毛管允许最小流量大于平均流量,管径计算无解.在限定值范围内,滴头制造偏差系数和Keller均匀系数的微小增大将直接导致毛管直径和造价急剧增大;滴灌系统设计应选择制造偏差系数小的滴头及合理的灌水均匀度,以达到降低工程造价的目的. 相似文献
14.
微灌管网系统由轮灌管网(支毛管)和续灌管网(干管)组成,以往的研究没有将其作为一个系统,且不能实现布置与管径组合的同步优化,研究成果对坡度均匀的大型灌区机压微灌独立管网系统的优化也不适用。因此,提出了机压微灌管网系统优化的方法,并建立了优化设计数学模型,采取整数及实数编码的混合编码方法,通过遗传算法求解,同时实现轮灌管网及续灌管网的布置优化及管径组合优化,得出的管径为标准商用管径,无需调整。实例计算结果表明,该模型与算法在求解机压微灌管网系统优化设计问题上具有良好的优化性能和求解精度。与传统设计方案相比较,轮灌管网和续灌管网的优化设计方案单位面积年费用分别降低了14. 85%～35. 59%和4. 12%～12. 99%,节省投资效果明显。 相似文献
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为提高玉米干储一体仓中气流场均匀性,采用计算流体力学和正交试验相结合的方法对玉米干储一体仓内部气流场分布进行数值仿真和参数优化。通过单因素试验,研究水平进风管位置、竖向通风笼直径、单位通风量3个因素对玉米干储一体仓通风均匀性的影响规律,并通过系列数值仿真及正交试验对干储一体仓通风结构及参数进行优化设计。结果表明：干储一体仓内气流的平均速度,受不同水平进风管位置的影响不明显,随着竖向通风笼直径的增加呈逐渐降低趋势,而随着单位通风量的增加持续增长。速度不均匀系数随水平进风管位置从上到下变动、竖向通风笼直径增加和单位通风量增加分别呈现先减小后增大、先急剧后缓慢降低和整体增加的趋势。其中,竖向通风笼直径对干储一体仓内部流场均匀性的影响最为显著,其次是水平进风管位置和单位通风量。优化后的干储一体仓通风结构及参数的组合为水平进风管位置-0.34m、竖向通风笼直径400mm、单位通风量20m3/(h·t),此方案下干储一体仓内部流场速度不均匀系数综合加权评分值与初始方案相比提高了77.4%,表明了优化方案的可行性。 相似文献
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采用图像方法进行混药器在线混合效果分析具有不干扰流场、评价方便快捷的优点。基于所构建的用于农药水分散粒剂(WDG)在线混合效果评估的试验系统,采用模拟粒子进行了WDG应用于混药器的在线混合试验,借助高速相机、全反射三棱镜采集了水平及垂直视角下混药器检测区域中颗粒的流动分布情况。采用基于形态学校正的方法对所采集图像进行预处理,利用迭代式阈值法对其进行分割,提取各视角中粒子重心坐标及归一化转动惯量(I)参数;根据对应粒子横坐标一致性及帧间粒子运动非突变性,实现基于双视角图像的粒子匹配、三维重构及进一步的帧间粒子匹配,从而提出粒子空间分布均匀度计算方法,并实现粒子速度矢量提取。采用上述方法对4种用于模拟不同物理特性WDG的粒子进行在线混合试验,结果表明:在混药器水平放置条件下,沉降速度越小,混合均匀度越高,这是因为颗粒直径越小、密度与水更为接近的粒子不具有明显向下的速度矢量,更容易被流化,使得实际WDG分散溶解后不会出现药水分布不均匀的现象,从而在混药器实际应用时解决了WDG混合效果不佳的问题。 相似文献
18.
水药一体化喷头结构设计与水力性能试验 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
将水药一体化技术应用于喷灌系统中,设计了一种新型水药一体化喷头.对喷头结构及工作原理进行分析,采用五因素四水平正交试验,研究在低压150 kPa和中压350 kPa下,喷头内流道结构对喷头流量、射程、喷洒净高度、喷洒均匀性系数等水力性能的影响规律,进而得到水药一体化喷头的最佳结构组合.研究结果表明:在同等条件下,增大喷... 相似文献
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通过单喷头雨量分布室内试验,获取雨量分布信息及出水轨迹信息.利用三维建模、粒子系统等虚拟现实技术,结合实际的雨量分布数据及出水轨迹,模拟出喷头喷洒水雾的三维动态模型.研究喷灌机各跨同步行走时前进方向喷灌雨量分布均匀性,实现前进速度的最优化.分析喷头配置间距和喷头高度对横向灌溉均匀度的影响,优化平移式喷灌机喷头配置.在进行单喷头雨量分布室内试验的基础上,建立了雨量分布仿真模型.仿真结果和现场试验表明：改变驱动电机的频率可以实现纵向的变量灌溉,横向的灌溉均匀度取决于喷头的型号和压力,田间与仿真试验得到的水分分布数据最大相对误差为3.39%,证明仿真模型的可信度.为平移式喷灌机同步行走控制条件下变量控制对灌溉效果的影响和优化研究提供了手段. 相似文献