共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 171 毫秒
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CROPWAT模型在滇中南部灌水量模拟中的应用研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
滇中是云南主要高原特色作物主产区,开展灌溉制度研究对当地水资源优化配置、高效利用具有重要意义。基于滇中南部建水(102°50′E、23°56′N)2016～2018年灌溉试验数据,对CROPWAT模型中灌水量计算模块所涉及的作物、土壤参数进行了校准,并应用该模型模拟了水稻和马铃薯全生育期的灌水量过程。结果显示,模拟的水稻泡田水量在192.3～195.0 mm之间,本田期灌水次数在8～11次、灌水定额在20.9～45.9 mm、灌溉定额在288.3～414.4 mm之间,全生育期灌溉定额在483.3～609.7 mm之间,与试验观测的灌溉定额相差在±6%以内;马铃薯全生育期灌水次数在7～8次、灌水定额在12.7～38.3 mm、灌溉定额在181.5～201.0 mm之间,与试验观测的灌溉定额相差在±12%以内。灌水次数模拟与试验观测值接近,灌水定额水稻模拟值略偏小、马铃薯模拟值略偏大,灌水时间虽然略有差异但总体相应性较好。结果表明,该模型在滇中南部水稻和马铃薯灌水量过程模拟中的应用效果较好,用于制定灌溉制度可更好地把握灌水时间,提高制定灌溉制度的精度。 相似文献
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针对种植较多的蕃茄滴灌适宜需水量问题,基于蕃茄滴灌作物生产灌区情况,根据灌区现场实际调研、灌溉用水、气象等资料,分析灌溉水量平衡方法。结果表明,滴灌蕃茄全生育期平均需水量为533 mm,与灌区实际灌溉定额(540 mm)的供需关系相适应;滴灌蕃茄平均灌水定额为38 mm,优化分析灌水定额为47 mm,实际应用灌水定额明显偏低;滴灌蕃茄平均灌溉定额为540mm,优化分析灌溉定额为519 mm,实际应用灌溉定额略高于优化分析数值。 相似文献
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微咸水膜下滴灌对土壤盐分离子分布和番茄产量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了探讨微咸水膜下滴灌对土壤盐分分布和番茄产量的影响,在内蒙古河套灌区进行了田间试验,共设置3种灌水处理:淡水灌水定额30 mm、微咸水灌水定额30 mm和微咸水灌水定额37.5 mm,每个处理重复3次,随机布置。结果表明:HCO_3~-、Cl~-、Na~+和K~+容易随水分移动,当微咸水灌水定额为37.5 mm时,淋洗效果最好;SO_4~(2-)、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)与土壤胶体吸附力较强,不易随水分运动,淋洗效果不明显;在番茄生育期结束后需要秋季或来年春季汇水洗盐,防止微咸水灌溉后引起的盐碱危害;微咸水灌溉相比淡水灌溉的灌水定额要增大1/4左右。 相似文献
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紫花苜蓿每年刈割多次,其不同茬次间的耗水规律与灌溉制度存在较大差异.在鄂尔多斯市鄂托克前旗牧区节水灌溉示范区进行紫花苜蓿中心支轴式喷灌灌溉试验,利用水量平衡原理计算得出喷灌条件下不同茬次紫花苜蓿耗水量,研究分析不同茬次紫花苜蓿耗水规律、产量、水分生产率和灌溉制度.结果表明:研究区第一、二和三茬紫花苜蓿耗水量总体呈现递增趋势,而不同茬次紫花苜蓿耗水强度呈现低-高-低变化规律;不同茬次紫花苜蓿产量差异明显,其中第二茬紫花苜蓿产量最高,第一茬产量次之,第三茬产量最低,对应不同茬次紫花苜蓿水分生产率也呈现相同的变化规律;一般年份紫花苜蓿喷灌条件下推荐灌溉制度为全生育期灌水7次,灌溉定额270~315 mm,其中第一茬灌水3次,灌溉定额120~135 mm,第二茬灌水2次,灌溉定额75~90 mm,第三茬灌水2次,灌溉定额75~90 mm.该研究成果对于多茬牧草灌溉决策和牧区节水灌溉工程设计具有一定意义. 相似文献
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为了确定合理的冬小麦灌溉制度,该文在分析广利灌区30 a降水分布规律的基础上,应用蒙特卡罗方法对其进行模拟出长系列（500 a）的旬降水,结合试验所得到的冬小麦耗水的基本参数,制定出了每个模拟年份冬小麦最优灌溉制度,并对灌水规律进行统计分析,得到不同灌溉定额条件下,各生育期灌水定额的的概率分布以及不同灌水定额的高产概率。结果表明：以30 mm为灌水定额的变化步长情况下,灌溉定额为60 mm时,越冬和拔节期各应该灌30 mm,高产概率为1%;灌溉定额为120 mm时,越冬和返青期灌30 mm,拔节期灌60 mm,高产概率为12%;灌溉定额为 180 mm时,越冬和灌浆期灌30 mm,返青和拔节期灌60 mm,高产概率为62.8%;灌溉定额为240 mm时,拔节期和抽穗期灌60 mm,其他生育期灌30 mm,高产概率为98.8%。该文丰富了灌溉制度的研究方法,为冬小麦的科学灌水提供了有力的技术支持。 相似文献
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再生水灌溉对深层包气带土壤盐分离子的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
夏玉米/冬小麦轮作期间,设置3种灌水处理:地下水灌溉,灌水定额52.5 mm;再生水灌溉,灌水定额52.5 mm;再生水灌溉,灌水定额105 mm,研究了田间0～450 cm包气带土壤中主要盐分离子的迁移规律.结果表明:盐分离子质量比和电导率在土壤中从大到小依次为:380 ～ 450 cm壤土土层、0～ 120 cm壤土土层、120～ 380 cm砂土土层;再生水中可溶性K+和C1-表现出较强迁移能力,影响深度450 cm,K+在0～450 cm土层变化,但C1-主要在0～250 cm土层变化;可溶性Ca2和电导率的影响深度为380 cm,但主要在0～ 120 cm土层变化;380450 cm壤土土层对盐分离子的迁移起到了阻滞作用,大幅降低了地下水受到污染的风险.建议利用灌水定额为52.5 mm的再生水灌溉,夏玉米灌水1次,冬小麦灌水4次或更少. 相似文献
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干旱绿洲区膜下滴灌棉田土壤盐分时空变化特征研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
基于Penman-Monteith公式设计一定梯度的灌水定额和灌水次数双因素组合试验,通过2012—2014年连续3a免冬、春灌膜下滴灌棉花田间定位试验研究,测定分析土壤盐分时空变化规律及其对棉花产量的影响。结果表明:膜下滴灌棉花生育期0~30 cm土壤盐分变幅大于40~100 cm,较小的灌水定额和灌水次数使0~30 cm盐分变幅增大,棉花苗期和花铃期变幅最为明显。灌水定额对土壤剖面盐分变异程度影响弱于灌水次数。增加灌水定额有利于减小棉花各生育阶段0~30 cm土壤盐分含量。土壤剖面盐分呈"C"形分布,0~40 cm土壤盐分含量灌水12次比灌水16次大1.74%,50~80 cm土层土壤盐分含量灌水16次比灌水12次大1.71%,灌水次数对90~100 cm土层土壤盐分影响不明显。同一灌水次数下,460 mm灌溉定额籽棉产量最高,适宜灌溉定额下,16次灌水次数籽棉产量高于灌水12次籽棉产量。灌溉水利用效率随灌水定额的降低和灌水次数的增加而提高,在南疆水资源短缺情况下高频次小定额灌溉可获得最大的灌溉水利用效率。当0~30 cm初始土壤含盐量(2.03 g/kg)小于3.0 g/kg时,棉花生育期460 mm灌溉定额、16次灌水次数,不会产生土壤盐分累积情况,可作为南疆干旱区免冬、春灌适宜棉花灌溉制度。 相似文献
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《中国农村水利水电》2019,(10)
通过大田试验,研究了不同灌溉定额和灌水次数下,微喷灌春小麦土壤含水率、耗水量、LAI和产量的规律。结果发现,相同灌溉定额下,随着灌水次数的增加,0～40 cm耕层土壤含水率依次递增,40～100 cm耕层含水率依次递减,小麦的LAI和产量均表现为9次7次5次;相同的灌水次数不同的灌溉定额下,小麦的耗水量表现为M400M350M300,LAI和产量均先增大后减小,灌溉定额350 mm时最大。M350N9处理与M350N7和M350N5处理相比,小麦的LAI提高了9.7%和15.8%,产量提高了1.6%和10.2%。微喷灌灌溉定额和灌水次数对小麦产量的互作效应明显,当灌溉定额为350 mm、灌水次数为9次时,微喷灌春小麦产量和水分利用效率达到最大值(7 943 kg/hm~2、1.96 kg/m~3)。 相似文献
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华北典型区冬小麦区域耗水模拟与灌溉制度优化 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
以经校验Aquacrop模型模拟了不同土壤条件下冬小麦水分与产量响应关系,结合北京大兴区土壤分布及其冬小麦实际种植情况,对模型模拟结果进行区域尺度拓展,以此为基础分析了研究区不同灌溉制度下冬小麦耗水量、产量及水分生产率的变化规律,并推荐了与华北地区水资源实际情况相适宜的冬小麦亏缺灌溉制度。结果表明:应用Aquacrop模型能较好模拟冬小麦生育期内土壤墒情和冠层覆盖度的动态变化过程及其生物量与产量情况,可利用经校验后的模型进行冬小麦水分与产量响应关系研究。灌溉定额在300 mm范围内,随着灌溉量增加,耗水量增大;在灌水次数相同条件下,灌溉日期不同,因蒸腾量变化导致耗水量差异显著。在相同处理下总体上降水多年份产量较高,而不同处理之间随着灌溉量增加产量增大;在灌水次数相同情况下,灌溉关键生育时段选择对冬小麦产量形成及水分生产率提高至关重要。以冬小麦增产提效为原则,在灌1水情况下重点保障拔节-抽穗阶段的需水;灌2水情况下重点保障返青-拔节、抽穗-乳熟阶段需水;灌3水情况下重点保障返青-拔节、拔节-抽穗、抽穗-乳熟阶段需水。针对华北水资源严重短缺实际,建议北京大兴区冬小麦采用灌2水的亏缺灌溉制度,较灌4水情况下的灌溉量与耗水量分别减少140、65 mm,能确保75%产量。可见,在与华北类似的资源性缺水区域,选择适宜亏缺灌溉制度,能大幅降低区域灌溉量与耗水量,在稳定区域冬小麦产量及涵养地下水源方面具有重要的现实意义。 相似文献
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Influence of season to season variability in weather on irrigation scheduling of wheat: A simulation study 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Summary There is an increasing demand from farmers for irrigation scheduling advice. Where rainfall and evapotranspiration vary little from year to year, advice on a fixed irrigation schedule based on mean climatic data can be given. However where significant year to year variability in weather occurs a more flexible approach using actual weather data to predict the current level of soil water and mean climatic data to forecast the future rate of depletion and hence irrigation date may be needed. A technique for deciding the most appropriate scheduling approach was tested by using a simple model of crop growth combined with a soil water balance model to simulate year to year variability in scheduling advice. This technique was applied to irrigated wheat using a set of climatic data from 1968 to 1978 for Griffith in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area of New South Wales, Australia. A typical sowing date in early June was used and simulated irrigations were scheduled at an allowable soil water depletion (ASWD) of 62 mm for maximum yield and 93 mm for 80% of maximum. The analysis predicted that weather variability between years would cause the number of irrigations to vary from 2 to 7 for ASWD=62 mm and 1 to 4 for ASWD=93 mm. The interval between irrigations varied from 12 to 30 days, for ASWD=62 mm and from 16 to 28 days, for ASWD=93 mm. The first irrigation occurred between 76 and 131 days from sowing for ASWD=62 mm and from 100 to 140 days from sowing for ASWD=93 mm. The date of the last irrigation was similarly variable. This high degree of variability in the times and frequency of irrigations indicated that in south-eastern Australia accurate irrigation scheduling advice can only be given by using a flexible model using both actual and mean climatic data. A fixed schedule based on mean climatic data would lead to an inefficient use of water caused by the mistiming of irrigations. 相似文献
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《Agricultural Water Management》2004,68(2):117-133
Continuous cropping of winter wheat and summer maize is the main cropping pattern in North China Plain lying in a seasonal frost area. Irrigation scheduling of one crop will influence soil water regime and irrigation scheduling of the subsequent crop. Therefore, irrigation scheduling of winter wheat and maize should be studied as a whole. Considering the meteorological and crop characteristics of the area lying in a seasonal frost area, a cropping year is divided into crop growing period and frost period. Model of simultaneous moisture and heat transfer (SMHT) for the frost period and model of soil water transfer (SWT) for the crop growing period were developed, and used jointly for the simulation of soil water dynamics and irrigation scheduling for a whole cropping year. The model was calibrated and validated with field experiment of winter wheat and maize in Beijing, China. Then the model was applied to the simulation of water dynamics and irrigation scheduling with different precipitation and irrigation treatments. From the simulation results, precipitation can meet the crop water requirement of maize to a great extent, and irrigation at the seeding stage may be necessary. Precipitation and irrigation had no significant influence on evaporation and transpiration of maize. On the other hand, irrigation scheduling of winter wheat mainly depends on irrigation standard. Irrigation at the seeding stage and before soil freezing is usually necessary. For high irrigation standard, four times of irrigation are required after greening. While for medium irrigation, only once (rainy year) or twice (medium and dry years) of irrigation is required after greening. Transpiration of winter wheat is very close for high and medium irrigation, but it decreases significantly for low irrigation and will result in a reduction of crop yield. Irrigation with proper time and amount is necessary for winter wheat. Considering irrigation quota and crop transpiration comprehensively, medium irrigation is recommended for the irrigation of winter wheat in the studying area, which can reduce the irrigation quota of over 150 mm with little water stress for crop growth. 相似文献
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喷灌条件下灌水量对建植初期紫花苜蓿产量与品质的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过圆形喷灌机条件下的大田试验,研究了华北地区紫花苜蓿需水规律以及灌水量对苜蓿产量与品质的影响。结果表明:建植1年刈割4次的苜蓿,年需水量为663.39mm,平均日需水强度为3.6mm/d,需水量最大时期为第二、三茬。灌水量对全年产量影响不显著,其中85%ETc处理下年产量最高。在第一、四茬中,灌水量对产量影响不显著,85%ETc处理下获得最高产量;第二、三茬中,随灌水量增加产量逐渐增加,适当减少灌水(85%ETc)不会使产量明显减少,而灌水量减少至70%ETc时产量下降明显。同时,结果表明随着灌水量增加灌溉水分利用效率(IWUE)逐渐降低,且灌水量对各茬苜蓿品质均无显著性影响。综合考虑产量、品质与节水效果,建议采用85%ETc作为最优灌水量。 相似文献
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《Agricultural Water Management》2006,85(3):314-322
Irrigation needs to be scheduled properly for winter wheat, the main food crop in North China where the water resources are limited. We optimized the irrigation timing of crops under limited water supply by integrating a soil water balance model, dated water production function with cumulative function of water sensitivity index, and a nonlinear search method. The optimization produced the optimal irrigation date series with the predetermined irrigation quota for each application, which aims to obtain higher crop yield with limited irrigation water and be convenient for irrigation management. This simulation–optimization model was used to investigate the irrigation scheduling of winter wheat in Xiaohe irrigation Area in North China. Results show that optimal irrigation date series, corresponding relative yield and relative evapotranspiration are all closely related to the irrigation quota and initial soil water conditions. For rich and medium initial soil water conditions in medium precipitation year, it takes four times of irrigation (60 mm each time) after greening in order to obtain higher crop yield. But it increases to five times for poor initial condition. With limited irrigation water, irrigation should generally be applied in the preferential sequence of early May or late April (in the jointing stage), then mid and late May (in the heading stage), and finally March (in the greening stage). Irrigation should be applied earlier with lower initial soil water storage. Higher irrigation quota increases the crop yield but tends to decrease the marginal value, especially when irrigation quota exceeds 180 mm. The study also indicates that the optimized relative yield is generally higher than that obtained in field experiment. Based on the optimization, we proposed to use the quadratic polynomial function to describe the frontier water production function, which shows the mathematical relationship between optimized relative yield and relative evapotranspiration. 相似文献
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Summary An investigation was made of the irrigation requirements of cotton grown in a sub-humid environment with significant but highly variable rainfall. In the first year of the study, no additional yield benefits accrued to subsequent irrigations following a pre-emergent irrigation due to above average rainfall (550 mm) throughout the growing season. In the second year a similar rainfall amount (502 mm) fell but significant yield increases to irrigation resulted due to the uneven distribution of the rainfall. The main effect was associated with later rains which influenced the number of bolls set. The maximum amount of water extracted by cotton from a deep grey cracking clay was 178 mm. It was found that 70% of this amount could be depleted before irrigation without loss of yield. Crop evapotranspiration varied from 607 mm with no irrigation after emergence to 775 mm following three irrigations. Irrigation was associated with significant losses from rainfall runoff. Too frequent irrigation creates a risk that soil will be too wet to permit utilisation of natural rainfall. Therefore, the use of soil water information to maximise the interval between irrigation is proposed as a necessary basis for efficient irrigation management. 相似文献
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以新疆第一师沙区骏枣为试验材料,考虑滴灌方式、灌水量和灌水次数3个因素,设置9个不同的滴灌灌水处理和1个漫灌对照处理进行大田试验,研究不同滴灌灌水方式下,不同灌水量和灌水次数对南疆沙区成龄红枣产量和品质的影响。结果表明:点源滴灌方式和线源滴灌方式在果形指数、可食率和总糖含量方面规律性一致,中水滴灌可以降低果形指数,低水滴灌可食率均显著低于中高水滴灌处理,总糖含量均随着灌水量的增加呈现出先减少后增大的趋势。灌溉定额1 050mm条件下,滴灌灌水次数18次相比14次、10次分别增加产量8.2%、11.4%,但会相对降低果实品质。所有滴灌处理中灌溉定额1 050mm、灌水次数10次和灌溉定额1 050mm、灌水次数18次处理的产量和品质综合效果较优,比漫灌节约灌溉水量30%。 相似文献
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不同灌溉制度对矮化密植红枣土壤水盐分布的影响研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为探究裸地滴灌不同灌溉制度对矮化密植红枣根区土壤水盐分布和红枣产量的影响,对灌溉定额为196、224和252mm,灌水次数8次和14次、共6种组合的矮化密植红枣进行滴灌试验,研究表明,低频灌溉可明显提高土壤含水率,相同灌溉定额条件下,低频灌溉较高频灌溉更有利于土壤水分的保持;高频灌溉控盐效果优于低频灌溉;随灌溉定额的增加低频灌溉较高频灌溉产量增加明显,而高频灌溉产量降低幅度比低频灌溉快;在合理灌溉定额下,采用高频灌溉较低频灌溉更能获得较高的产量。 相似文献