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微观力学表征技术的发展及其在木材科学领域中的应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
微观力学表征技术是表征材料微纳米力学性能的重要技术手段,目前已被广泛用于表征材料的超微构造和解析材料的力学行为。随着材料科学研究尺度缩小,微观力学表征技术逐步从纳米向超纳米、从分子向超分子甚至粒子水平发展。按照试样信息的不同方式,微观力学表征技术主要包括纳米力学测试技术(探针技术)和超纳米力学测试技术(显微镜技术);其中,纳米力学测试技术包括准静态纳米压痕技术、动态纳米压痕技术和动态模量成像技术,超纳米力学测试技术包括原子力显微镜技术和基于原子力显微镜技术的新型微观力学表征技术。木材是一种多孔状、层次状、各向异性的非均质天然高分子复合材料,其超微结构是细胞壁由不同厚度的层次组成。细胞壁是决定木材和木质纤维材料性能的主要因素,是木材的实质承载结构;细胞壁的力学性能是由壁层结构、化学组成的分布与结合方式决定的。开展木材和改性木材细胞壁纳观尺度的力学性能、分布及影响对实现木基复合材料的高效设计具有重要意义。自Wimmer等首次将纳米压痕技术应用于天然木材细胞壁微观力学后,国内外学者主要采取准静态纳米压痕测量技术和动态纳米压痕测量技术对不同树种木材以及化学改性和生物改性木材细胞壁的硬度、弹性模量、蠕变特性与黏弹性等力学性能进行了研究。木质材料界面作为纳米级厚度的界面相或者界面层,不仅影响木质材料的强度、刚度,而且影响木质材料的断裂韧性等。界面力学是决定木基复合材料整体力学性质的关键,是引起材料变形、强度下降的主要原因。研究界面的属性和特征对于木基复合材料整体属性的评价以及结构的优化设计有一定参考价值,研究内容涉及有胶合界面、纤维增强聚合物界面以及木制品涂层的微观力学。随着研究尺度逐渐缩小,微观力学表征技术趋向高分辨率及数据定量化,如今已能在纳米级分辨率下进行力学信息成像,为木材科学领域的研究提供了方便。微观力学表征技术在木材科学领域中的应用尚具有较大潜力,但仍有较多方向尚未涉及,还应在以下3方面展开研究:一是需要开展微观力学技术在木材科学领域应用的标准化研究,规范测试过程,确保测试结果的可靠性和一致性;二是建立木质材料宏观到微观的完整力学体系,从本质上剖析木质材料的力学行为,在纳米尺度上表征木质材料的性质和失效机制;三是随着木材科学领域研究的深入,需建立微观力学与微观化学、微观物理、微观环境学的联系,丰富木材及木基复合材料在微纳尺度的研究。 相似文献
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采用纳米压痕静态和动态分析技术,研究了不同含水率马尾松木材的蠕变性能及动态黏弹性。首先在不同环境条件下调节样品含水率,分别为绝干、5.8%、11.2%和20.1%,然后利用纳米压痕技术测试木材的蠕变性能,并利用伯格斯模型,研究木材细胞壁静态黏弹性性能对水分的依赖关系。根据试验结果计算蠕变柔量,在含水率为20.1%、11.2%、5.8%和绝干时,其保载阶段最后蠕变柔量分别为0.638、0.472、0.387 GPa;和0.325 GPa;。最后,利用纳米压痕动态分析技术,获得木材细胞壁动态黏弹性性能。结果表明:随着含水率降低,细胞壁储存模量逐渐增加,而损耗模量逐渐下降。 相似文献
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【目的】以不同生长期的毛竹材纤维细胞壁为研究重点,在纳米尺度下分别表征不同竹龄毛竹材纤维细胞壁的结构特征和力学性能,阐明成熟毛竹材纤维细胞壁的结构特征和力学性能与幼龄竹和过熟竹的差异,为竹材的科学采伐和竹材分级、改性及重组研究与合理利用提供理论依据。【方法】采用滑走显微制片法观察毛竹材横切面显微结构并精准确定其纳米压痕测试部位,应用纳米压痕技术结合非包埋制样法对0.5年幼龄毛竹、4.5年成熟毛竹和10.5年过熟毛竹材纤维细胞壁力学性能进行研究;利用广角X-射线散射法结合高斯拟合算法对不同竹龄毛竹材纤维细胞壁的微纤丝角进行测算。【结果】毛竹材竹肉横切面显微结构表明,毛竹主要由薄壁组织细胞和维管束组成,维管束由导管和包裹着导管周围的厚壁纤维细胞组成;对其厚壁纤维细胞壁的纳米压痕测试结果表明,3个生长发育期的毛竹材细胞壁力学性能指标有较大不同,其中0.5年幼龄毛竹材的细胞壁弹性模量和硬度最小,分别为10.7 GPa和0.358 GPa,4.5年成熟毛竹材的细胞壁弹性模量和硬度均为最大,分别为19.6 GPa和0.498 GPa,10.5年过熟毛竹材的细胞壁硬度和弹性模量居二者之间,分别为17.6 GPa和0.445 GPa;微纤丝角测试结果同样表明不同生长发育期毛竹材细胞壁的微纤丝角不同,其中0.5年幼龄毛竹材微纤丝角最大,为13.5°,4.5年成熟毛竹材微纤丝角度最小,为8.43°,而10.5年过熟毛竹材微纤丝角介于二者之间,为11.9°。【结论】生长期对毛竹材纤维细胞壁力学性能和微纤丝排列均有影响,幼龄毛竹材纤维细胞壁力学性能与成熟毛竹材纤维细胞壁力学性能有较大差别,随着竹龄增大达到成熟期时,毛竹材纤维细胞壁力学性能达到最大,但毛竹材并不是生长期越长其细胞壁力学性能越好,而是随着竹材老化其力学性能呈下降状态。处于成熟期的毛竹材其纤维细胞壁微纤丝排列与主轴的夹角呈较小状态,也决定了其具有较优的力学性能。依据3个竹龄毛竹材纤维细胞壁力学性能和微纤丝角测量结果,本研究在细胞壁水平阐明了毛竹材在成熟期时其微观力学性能优于幼龄毛竹材和过熟毛竹材。 相似文献
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木质材料在包装、建筑、家具、铁路等领域正发挥着巨大的作用,而木质材料力学性能的检测则是这类材料使用过程中的重要依据。介绍了木质材料力学性能无损检测的主要方法和原理;阐述了几种主要的检测技术(如机械应力法、振动检测法、应力波检测、超声波检测等)的研究现状及存在的问题;并在此基础上,提出木质材料力学性能检测技术的发展趋势。 相似文献
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Manon Vincent Queju Tong Nasko Terziev Geoffrey Daniel Cecilia Bustos William Gacitúa Escobar Isabelle Duchesne 《Wood Science and Technology》2014,48(1):7-22
Nanoindentation is a powerful tool for hardness testing on a very small scale. Since the technique was first introduced for studying wood cell wall mechanics, it has been integrated as an important tool for measuring the modulus of elasticity and hardness of wood cell walls. In this study, hardness measured with nanoindentation (nanohardness) was compared with hardness measured by the standard Brinell test method (Brinell hardness) on jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) wood. Nanoindentation was performed on both the S2 layer of the secondary cell wall and the middle lamella (ML) of early- and latewood fibers. Four annual growth rings were studied. The influence of growth ring and initial spacing on both measurements was analyzed. The relationship between Brinell hardness, nanoindentation measurements, and average ring density was also studied. Results suggest that Brinell- and nanohardness are controlled by different mechanisms and factors. The location of nanohardness measurements (i.e., S2 layer or ML) also influenced hardness differently. It was concluded that nanomeasurements are not an exact representation of wood mechanical properties conducted at the macro level because of the hierarchical structure of wood. The effect of other factors such as moisture or wood extractive content may also need consideration. 相似文献
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Michaela Eder Olivier Arnould John W. C. Dunlop Joanna Hornatowska Lennart Salmén 《Wood Science and Technology》2013,47(1):163-182
The properties of wood and wood-based materials are strongly dependent on the properties of the fibres, that is, the cell wall properties. It is thus highly important to be able to mechanically characterise cell walls in order to understand structure–property relationships. This article gives a brief overview of the state of the art in experimental techniques to characterise the mechanical properties of wood at both the level of the single cell and that of the cell wall. Challenges, opportunities, drawbacks and limitations of single fibre tensile tests and nanoindentation are discussed with respect to the wood material properties. 相似文献
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Characterizing the mechanical properties of wood cell walls will lead to better understanding and optimization of modifications made to wood infected by the blue-stain fungi.In this study,in situ nanoindentation was used to characterize the mechanical properties of the cell walls of Pinus massoniana infected by blue-stain fungi at the cellular level.The results show that in situ nanoindentation is an effective method for this purpose and that blue-stain fungi penetrate wood structures and degrade wood cell walls,significantly reducing the mechanical properties of the cell walls.The method can also be used to evaluate and improve the properties of other wood species infected by blue-stain fungi. 相似文献
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Tian Zhang Shu Lin Bai Yang Fei Zhang Bernard Thibaut 《Wood Science and Technology》2012,46(5):1003-1016
The viscoelastic properties of the cell wall of the tropic hardwood Carapa procera are investigated by means of nanoindentation tests. Three types of nanoindentation tests are undertaken: creep, continuous stiffness measurement (CSM) and nanoscale dynamic mechanical analysis (Nano-DMA), corresponding to the increased loading rate and so the response of wood cell wall to the loading in a relatively large time scale. It is found that the creep rate is dependent on the applied stress and the relation can be described by the rule of power law. Regarding the dynamic properties (i.e., storage modulus and damping coefficient) in the frequency range of 10–240?Hz, it is shown that the storage modulus increases monotonically, while the damping coefficient decreases. By using the traditional dynamic mechanical thermal analysis as a reference method, the phase transition behavior of wood cell wall can be successfully characterized by the Nano-DMA in a large frequency scale. A dependence of the storage modulus and damping coefficient on the penetration depth is quantified by the CSM tests. 相似文献
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基于纳米压痕技术的木材胶合界面力学行为 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
【目的】研究木材胶合界面的静态和动态力学行为,探讨树脂渗透对木材管胞壁层力学性能的影响,为木质复合材料制造工艺优化和增强改性提供理论依据。【方法】采用纳米压痕静态和动态力学测试技术(Nano-DMA),对针叶材火炬松与酚醛树脂(PF)、脲醛树脂(UF)胶黏剂所形成胶合界面区域各相材料的静态弹性模量、硬度、蠕变性能以及储能模量和损耗模量等力学行为进行分析。【结果】静态力学行为方面,在界面区域,PF和UF渗透进入管胞壁层后,木材管胞壁的弹性模量( E r)和硬度( H )提高;经PF渗透后,木材管胞壁的 E r和 H 分别增加7%和26%;Burgers蠕变力学模型可有效描述胶合界面区域管胞壁的纳米压痕蠕变特性,经树脂渗透后,木材管胞壁的瞬时弹性模量增加,黏弹性模量和黏性系数减小;在保载初期,PF界面区域木材管胞壁的蠕变柔量约下降60%,UF界面区域木材管胞壁的蠕变柔量约下降58%。动态力学行为方面,随着加载频率增加,界面材料的储能模量( E ′ r)逐渐增大,而损耗模量( E ″ r)和损耗因子(tan δ)呈减小趋势;当加载频率为10 Hz时,PF和UF树脂渗透使得管胞壁层的储能模量分别增加16%和29%。【结论】胶合界面区域胶黏剂进入管胞壁层,对木材管胞的静态力学性能具有增强作用,同时胶黏剂可提高管胞壁的短期抗蠕变能力;木材管胞壁具有较高的储能模量和损耗模量,而树脂的储能模量和损耗模量较低,经树脂渗透后,木材管胞壁的储能模量增加,但损耗模量和损耗因子呈下降趋势,可能对界面传递和分散应力产生不利影响。 相似文献
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Longitudinal hardness and Young's modulus of spruce tracheid secondary walls using nanoindentation technique 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：6
Dr. R. Wimmer Dr. B. N. Lucas W. C. Oliver Dr. T. Y. Tsui 《Wood Science and Technology》1997,31(2):131-141
Summary Using a mechanical properties microprobe, measurements of hardness and elastic modulus of tracheid walls in the longitudinal direction of spruce wood were obtained by continuously measuring force and displacement as a diamond indenter impressed a cell wall. Maximum mechanical properties were found at the edges of the walls of angular shaped tracheids. Both the hardness and elastic modulus of latewood cell walls were higher than cell walls in the earlywood. The high spatial resolution of this new concept of mechanical testing allows a direct comparison with ultrastructural and microchemical parameters of lignified cells which opens a wider area of applications for the understanding of intrinsic wood properties.This work was conducted while the senior author was a Visiting Scientist at the Oak Ridge National Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA partly with joint fundings from the Austrian Science Foundation (Schrödinger scholarship J799-BIO) 相似文献
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Frank St?ckel Johannes Konnerth Johann Moser Wolfgang Kantner Wolfgang Gindl-Altmutter 《Wood Science and Technology》2012,46(4):611-620
Micromechanical properties of cured polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI) and urea formaldehyde (UF) adhesive and wood cell walls (beech) in adhesive contact compared with cell walls without adhesive contact were measured in situ by means of nanoindentation. Using UV-microphotometry obtained absorbance spectra of micromechanical investigated cell wall regions gave a strong indicator for the presence of pMDI compounds in wood cell walls. Nanoindentation results reveal that both pure UF and UF-penetrated cell walls show a very brittle character. In contrast, pMDI adhesive is very tough and soft at the same time, and when diffused in cell walls, it does not mechanically embrittle the cell structure. 相似文献
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细胞壁空隙对木材性能及加工利用的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
细胞壁空隙是木材水分横向传输的重要通道,是影响木材干燥速率、木材改性效果的重要因素.针对细胞壁空隙的研究不仅是对木材本身构造和性能的进一步了解,更是对木材物理和化学加工基础的深入诠释.文中概述木材细胞壁空隙的组成、分类、具体尺寸等,归纳其对木材物理力学性能及加工利用的影响,总结目前木材细胞壁空隙构造研究尚存在的问题并提... 相似文献