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营养元素对木霉菌防治甜瓜枯萎病效果的影响 总被引：13，自引：1，他引：13
为明确各种营养元素在木霉菌防治甜瓜枯萎病生防体系中的作用,研究了9种营养元素铜、锌、铁、硼、钼、钙、锰、镁及钾对甜瓜枯萎病菌菌丝生长、木霉菌T23菌丝生长及产孢量、甜瓜种子萌发及根系生长的影响.结果表明:10～1000μg/mL的硫酸铜、硫酸锌、硫酸亚铁及硼酸对镰孢菌菌丝生长有较强的抑制作用,而对木霉菌的抑制作用远小于镰孢菌.适量加入钼酸铵、硫酸亚铁、硫酸钙及磷酸二氢钾有利于木霉菌菌丝生长及孢子形成,对甜瓜种子萌发及胚根生长也有较强的刺激作用.木霉菌结合钼酸铵、硫酸锰和硫酸钙处理土壤能显著降低甜瓜枯萎病的病情指数,相对防效分别为73.95%、73.77%和71.36%. 相似文献
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为探讨大蒜根系分泌物对烟草尖孢镰刀菌的抑菌活性,采用琼脂法培养大蒜,利用气相色谱—质谱技术（GC-MS）测定其主要成分,研究大蒜根系分泌物对烟草尖孢镰刀菌根腐病的影响。对菌丝生长速率和孢子萌发的测定表明,当大蒜根系分泌物粗提物浓度为1 g/mL时,其菌丝生长抑制率为30.56%,孢子萌发抑制率高达100.00%。大蒜根系分泌物主要成份2,6—二异丙基苯酚和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯分别对其菌丝生长和孢子萌发具有较强的抑菌作用。邻苯二甲酸二丁酯的防控效果较好,其浓度为5 mmol/L,接菌21 d后其病情指数为55.00,防控效果达32.38%。大蒜根系分泌物及主要成分对尖孢镰刀菌所引起的烟草根腐病有显著的抑制作用,这为研制含大蒜成分的植物保护剂和间作套种大蒜防控烟草尖孢镰刀菌根腐病提供科学参考。 相似文献
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为了解短密木霉Trichoderma brevicompactum对植物病害的生防作用及其生物学特性,利用稀释平板分离法从甘肃省景泰县马铃薯连作田植株根际土壤中分离获得1株木霉菌株GAS1-1,经形态观察、rDNA-ITS和EF-1α序列分析明确其分类地位;用生物学方法研究该菌的营养生长和产孢条件;采用对峙培养法测定该菌株对5种植物病原真菌的抑制作用。结果表明,基于形态学特征和基因序列分析结果,菌株GAS1-1被鉴定为短密木霉Trichoderma brevicompactum,为甘肃省木霉新记录种。该菌株对玉米镰孢茎腐病菌Fusarium graminearum、玉米穗腐病菌F. verticillioides、棉花枯萎病菌F. oxysporum、玉米腐霉茎腐病菌Pythium inflatum和灰葡萄孢霉Botrytis cinerea均具有较好的拮抗效果,尤其对玉米腐霉茎腐病菌的抑制作用最好,抑菌率达100.00%。该菌株营养生长和产孢的最适碳源和氮源分别为葡萄糖和酵母膏;其在15～35℃均可生长,菌丝最适生长温度为30℃,最佳产孢温度为25℃;在pH 5～12的培养基上菌丝均可生长,菌丝最适生长和产孢的pH均为5;24 h黑暗条件下菌丝营养生长最快,12 h光暗交替条件有利于产孢;孢子致死温度为69℃,10 min。表明短密木霉菌株GAS1-1具有较好的生防应用潜力。 相似文献
5.
木霉几丁质酶对烟草赤星病菌的作用 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
以指形管培养法分别测定几丁质酶粗酶液和纯化的几丁质酶混合液(2种几丁质酶)对烟草赤星病菌孢子萌发的抑制作用。结果表明,较高浓度(25 2U)几丁质酶粗酶液在48h内强烈抑制孢子萌发和芽管伸长,或致芽管畸形和细胞壁破裂;几丁质酶混合液对赤星病菌的孢子萌发也表现出明显的抑制作用,但在相同或相近酶活性条件下,纯化的几丁质酶混合液(9 4U)和粗酶液(12 6U)对赤星病菌孢子萌发的抑制率(处理24h时)分别为46%和84 3%,前者明显低于后者。采用孢子液悬滴法接种烟苗(K 326)叶片测定木霉几丁质酶对赤星病菌致病性的影响。结果表明,几丁质酶粗酶液浓度越高,对孢子萌发抑制时间越长,抑制率越高;其浓度为4 9、9 8、19 5U/ml的抑制率7d时分别为36 8%、56 2%和57 6%。 相似文献
6.
秦岭山区链霉菌发酵产物杀菌活性的测定 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
从秦岭山区采集的200份土样中分离到6株链霉菌菌株。以菌丝生长速率法、孢子萌发法和盆栽法测定了其发酵液对常见十余种重要农作物病原真菌的杀菌活性。结果表明，N18菌株发酵产物在500μg/ml浓度下，对苹果炭疽病菌、棉花枯萎病菌的菌丝生长抑制率为100％，对番茄灰霉病菌、烟草赤星病菌、南瓜枯萎病菌的菌丝生长抑制率在90％以上。N18菌株发酵产物对小麦根腐病菌和玉米弯孢叶斑病菌的孢子萌发抑制率分别为98．47％和96．15％。在盆栽试验中，N18菌株发酵产物对小麦白粉病的防治效果为80．25％，治疗效果为69．31％。在大田防治小麦白粉病的试验中，N18菌株发酵液稀释200倍的防治效果为60．54％，而其它分离得到的5株链霉菌的活性较低。 相似文献
7.
淡紫拟青霉次生代谢物质的抑菌效应 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
研究了淡紫拟青霉次生代谢物质不同浓度、不同培养时段、不同培养基培养对尖孢镰刀菌菌落生长与孢子萌发的抑制作用。结果表明：淡紫拟青霉次生代谢物质对尖孢镰刀菌的菌落生长与孢子萌发有显著的抑制作用；对菌丝生长的抑制率随浓度升高而升高，1％浓度处理，第7天的校正抑制率为42．78％，5％处理校正抑制率可达到80．56％；淡紫拟青霉的抑菌活性随培养时间的推延而上升，发酵后期（4～10天）抑菌活性较强，校正抑菌率均可达到70％以上。11天，菌液的活力又有所下降，校正抑菌率仅48．49％；不同培养基对淡紫拟青霉次生代谢物的抑菌活力有一定影响，察培克、PDA、盂加拉红的抑菌活力最高，对菌落的抑制率在72％左右，产孢抑制率达到90％以上。 相似文献
8.
试验以栽培香菇剩余的菌糠为原料,采用室内抑菌试验和盆栽试验相结合的方法探讨了香菇菌糠对绿色木霉防治黄瓜枯萎病的增效作用。菌糠提取液对绿色木霉菌丝生长和孢子萌发表现促进作用,促进率分别为18.20%和9.82%;对黄瓜枯萎病菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发表现抑制作用,抑制率分别为11.85%和87.78%。香菇菌糠与木霉混合使用对黄瓜枯萎病的防效达70.26%,黄瓜的地上部分鲜重和根重分别增加了65.06%和58.10%。与单用木霉相比,加入香菇菌糠后绿色木霉在土体土、根际土和根系中定殖数量分别提高了251.39%、208.21%和104.76%,黄瓜枯萎病菌数量分别减少了56.98%、77.72%和76.83%。 相似文献
9.
腔孢叶斑病是牡丹生产上出现的一种新病害,近几年在洛阳及菏泽牡丹种植园危害越来越重。为了筛选防治该病的化学药剂,本文采用菌丝生长速率法测定了3类8种杀菌剂对病菌菌丝生长的抑制活性,采用涂布平板法测定了多菌灵、戊唑醇及嘧菌酯对病菌孢子萌发和芽管伸长的影响,并在含药平板上测定了3种药剂对病菌产孢量的作用。结果表明:三唑类药剂对病菌菌丝生长的毒力最强,EC50为0.020~0.096μg/mL,且戊唑醇对孢子萌发和产孢也有很强的抑制活性,在0.1μg/mL时孢子即不能萌发;甲氧基丙烯酸酯类药剂对菌丝生长的毒力较强,EC50为0.408~0.939μg/mL,嘧菌酯对芽管伸长和产孢量均表现出很强的抑制活性,10μg/mL时,芽管几乎不再伸长,对产孢的抑制率可达到99%以上;而苯并咪唑类药剂对菌丝生长的毒力较弱,EC50为12.167~30.104μg/mL,多菌灵对孢子萌发的抑制作用弱,100μg/mL时孢子萌发率仍达到90%以上,对产孢的抑制作用也较弱,为63.02%。根据药剂对病菌生长和发育各阶段的影响,生产中应采用适宜的施用方法:戊唑醇和嘧菌酯可作为保护剂在病害发生前期喷施,也可作为治疗剂在病害发生流行期应用,但为防止抗药性菌株的出现,两者应当轮换或复配使用。 相似文献
10.
杀菌剂对玉米穗腐病菌的毒力及毒素产生的影响 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
为筛选防治玉米穗腐病同时减少病原菌毒素积累的化学药剂,采用菌丝生长速率法、涂布平板法分别测定了4种药剂多菌灵、百菌清、吡唑醚菌酯和氰烯菌酯对玉米穗腐病的3种主要致病镰孢菌拟轮生镰孢菌、层出镰孢菌和禾谷镰孢菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发的影响,并采用高效液相色谱法测定了4种药剂对其毒素积累的影响。结果表明:层出镰孢菌菌株127-1和禾谷镰孢菌菌株125-3的最佳产毒时间为第10天。供试4种药剂对3种镰孢菌菌丝生长的EC50值范围为0.18~5.71μg/m L,对孢子萌发的EC50值范围为0.02~8.14μg/m L,均表现出一定的抑制作用。但对3种镰孢菌产伏马毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮和脱氧雪腐镰孢菌烯醇的影响不尽相同,吡唑醚菌酯浓度在1~500μg/m L时能够抑制拟轮生镰孢菌和层出镰孢菌产生伏马毒素,氰烯菌酯能够在0.05~0.8μg/m L浓度范围内显著抑制禾谷镰孢菌产生玉米赤霉烯酮,当多菌灵浓度为0.05~0.5μg/m L时,几乎可以完全抑制禾谷镰孢菌产生脱氧雪腐镰孢菌烯醇。 相似文献
11.
Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They
represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing
slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more
stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively).
Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were
significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr
s
,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr
s
,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles. 相似文献
12.
Sergio Ovruski Martín Aluja John Sivinski Robert Wharton 《Integrated Pest Management Reviews》2000,5(2):81-107
We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids. 相似文献
13.
Paul W. J. Taylor Rebecca Ford 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2007,119(1):127-133
Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection
in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However,
where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas.
Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based
on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences
in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes
is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult
for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs
to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for
each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within
populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes. 相似文献
14.
Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
Antonio Logrieco Antonio Bottalico Giuseppina Mulé Antonio Moretti Giancarlo Perrone 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2003,109(7):645-667
Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams. 相似文献
15.
《干旱区科学》2014,(6):782-782
正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad 相似文献
16.
The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented,
including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006. 相似文献
17.
Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies 总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18
David R. Jones 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2003,109(3):195-219
One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text. 相似文献
18.
Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina. 相似文献
19.
Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P
arthenium hysterophorus
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下载免费PDF全文 Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F 3, F 4 and F 5, but not in F 1 and F 2 that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F 1 and F 2 in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season. 相似文献
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W. Gams Willeke Van Laar 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1982,88(2):39-45
Solacol®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen. 相似文献