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1.
The evapotranspiration from a 3 to 4 years old drip irrigated peach orchard, located in central Portugal, was measured using the eddy covariance technique during two irrigation seasons, allowing the determination of crop coefficients. These crop coefficient values differed from those tabled in FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56. In order to improve evapotranspiration estimates obtained from FAO tabled crop coefficients, a dual crop coefficient methodology was adopted, following the same guidelines. This approach includes a separation between the plant and soil components of the crop coefficient as well as an adjustment for the sparse nature of the vegetation. Soil evaporation was measured with microlysimeters and compared with soil evaporation estimates obtained by the FAO 56 approach. The FAO 56 method, using the dual crop coefficient methodology, was also found to overestimate crop evapotranspiration. During 2 consecutive years, measured and estimated crop coefficients were around 0.5 and 0.7, respectively. The estimated and measured soil evaporation components of the crop coefficient were similar. Therefore, the overestimation in evapotranspiration seems to result from an incorrect estimate of the plant transpiration component of the crop coefficient. A modified parameter to estimate plant transpiration for young, yet attaining full production, drip irrigated orchards is proposed based on field measurements. The method decreases the value of basal crop coefficient for fully developed vegetation. As a result, estimates of evapotranspiration were greatly improved. Therefore, the new approach seems adequate to estimate basal crop coefficients for orchards attaining maturity established on sandy soils and possibly for other sparse crops under drip irrigation conditions.  相似文献   

2.
农业技术转移决策支持系统（DSSAT）在农业领域的应用越来越广泛，应用DSSAT的首要工作就是估计作物品种参数。GLUE参数估计器是DSSAT自带的参数估计工具，但GLUE参数估计器所估计的品种参数并不总有效，其估计参数的DSSAT模拟精度往往不高。本文利用4个品种水稻的田间实测产量数据，采用对比分析方法，以DSSAT自带的GLUE参数估计器运行结果为参照，将粒子群优化（PSO）的每个粒子视为一组水稻品种参数，在运行PSO算法过程中调用DSSAT模拟水稻产量，依据产量模拟误差和PSO的运行机制修改粒子，从而验证PSO优化DSSAT水稻品种参数的有效性及可行性。研究结果表明：两种算法均能较好识别DSSAT水稻品种参数，但GLUE参数估计器估计参数无效的频次较高；与GLUE参数估计器相比，PSO识别的参数均为有效参数，其优化参数的DSSAT模拟水稻产量的精度更高，标准化均方根误差（NRMSE）处于5.98%~8.78%之间，明显低于GLUE参数估计器的6.89%~18.06%，所模拟的水稻产量也更接近于实测产量。  相似文献   

3.
The quantification of transpiration and corresponding basal crop coefficients is crucial for appropriate irrigation scheduling of drip-irrigated crops. Besides basal crop coefficients already published, there is the announcing need for setting values for the new growing practices such as cropping under netting. In this paper, measurements of unstressed table grape transpiration and basal crop coefficients under netting have been taken. Vineyards of two seedless cultivars (Crimson and Autumn Royal) were trained on an overhead trellis system which permitted the ground cover to reach values up to 90 %. Two campaigns of mid-season measurements were performed using one of the heat pulse techniques available (that known as the T max approach). Obtained values for average seasonal daily transpiration ranged between 3.9 and 4.4 mm day?1, for both cultivars, depending on the period considered. Weekly averages of the basal crop coefficients, from mid-May to end-September, ranged from 0.47 to 0.87. A polynomial equation was fit to the measured basal crop coefficients as a function of fraction of thermal units. After further validation for other cultivars with different cumulative thermal requirements, this equation could be considered helpful for farmers as a practical estimate of the table grape basal crop coefficient under the netting.  相似文献   

4.
Rain-fed lowland rice is by far the most common production system in south eastern Tanzania. Rice is typically cultivated in river valleys and plains on diverse soil types although heavy soil types are preferred as they can retain moisture for a longer period. To assess the effects of soil bunds on the production of rain-fed lowland rice, the crop was cultivated in bunded and non-bunded farmers’ plots under the common agronomic practices in the region, in three successive seasons on Grumic Calcic Vertisols (Pellic). For the three seasons and for the two plot types, crop transpiration was simulated with the BUDGET soil water balance model by using the observed weather data, soil and crop parameters. Comparison between the observed yields and the simulated crop transpiration yielded an exponential relationship with a determination factor of 0.87 and an RMSE of 0.15 tonnes ha−1. With the validated soil water balance model crop yields that can be expected in bunded and non-bunded fields were subsequently simulated for wet, normal and dry years and various environmental conditions. Yield comparison shows that soil bunds can appreciably increase the production of rain-fed lowland rice in south eastern Tanzania in three quarters of the years (wet and normal years) when the soil profile is slow draining (KSAT equal to or less than 10 mm day−1). In normal years a minimum yield increase of 30% may be expected on those soil types. In wet years and when the soil hardly drains (drainage class of 0–5 mm day−1), the yield may even double. In dry years the yield increase will be most of the time less than 10% except for plots with a percolation rate of 0–5 mm day−1.  相似文献   

5.
根据试验区温室黄瓜生育期环境因子实测资料,采用土壤水量平衡原理模拟了黄瓜生育期土壤含水量的变化过程,以模拟计算的土壤含水率与实际测试的土壤含水率的误差平方和最小为目标函数来确定温室膜下滴灌条件下的作物系数和作物需水量。结果表明,黄瓜生长期土壤含水率的模拟值和实测值较为吻合,两者相对误差在10%以内。作物系数在生长前期是逐渐变大,在作物生长旺盛时期作物系数达到最大值,随后逐渐减小,与作物叶面积指数的变化规律一致。温室黄瓜需水量在生长期的前期随时间的变化幅度较小,变化为1.5~3.5mm/d;中期随时间的变化幅度较大,变化为0.2~7.5mm/d;后期随时间的变化幅度又变小,变化为3.5~7.2mm/d。  相似文献   

6.
基于冠层温度的水稻关键生育期缺水诊断   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
以船行灌区水稻为试验作物,在2014年7-10月水稻生长发育的分蘖期、拔节孕穗期、开花结实期等3个关键期进行水稻需水试验,研究水稻冠层温度、大气温度与土壤含水量的关系,提出作物缺水诊断方法.研究结果表明:冠层温度晴天变化趋势随气温变化差异较大,阴雨天与大气温度差异不大,这与晴天水稻蒸发蒸腾强度高而阴雨天蒸发蒸腾强度低有关;抽穗开花期冠气温差在午间呈现正值,其他时间大多为负值,而成熟期冠气温差基本为正值且午间最大;通过水稻拔节孕穗期和开花结实期间冠气温差和对应时段内土壤适宜含水率上下限的对比,确定直播和插秧稻在拔节孕穗期的冠气温差上限达到1.5 ℃时,在开花结实期冠气温差上限分别超过2.4 ℃和2.5 ℃时,土壤水分已达胁迫水平,应对水稻进行灌溉.通过监测冠层温度,可以便捷地获取水稻缺水状况.  相似文献   

7.
The aim of this study was to determine the evapotranspiration and basal crop coefficient of alfalfa with a weighing lysimeter. Lysimeter experiments were conducted at Ankara Research Institute of Rural Services, Turkey during 1995–1997. Penman–Monteith, Makkink (FAO-radiation (FAO-Rad)) and Penman-FAO methods performed satisfactorily for estimating the reference evapotranspiration of alfalfa in semi-arid climate conditions. Measured evapotranspiration rates were 1470, 1557 and 1161 mm in 1995, 1996 and 1997, respectively. Basal crop coefficients were computed from evapotranspiration measurements and weather data. The estimated values of the basal crop coefficients for alfalfa at the four growth stages of an individual cutting period were 0.71, 1.78 and 1.51 for initial, mid and late season, respectively.  相似文献   

8.
Summary The effects to climate and management practices on crop water requirement coefficients were studied for a soybean crop growing on a sandy soil using a mechanistic model that computes evaporation and transpiration in response to soil, crop, and climatic factors. It was found that seasonal errors could the as high as 190 mm when crop coefficients developed under one set of conditions were used under different climate and management conditions. The largest error in ET occurred when vapor pressure was reduced from 26 mb to 14 mb; next in importance were site differences in wind speed, radiation, irrigation interval, temperature and planting date. Correction factors needed to adjust crop coefficients to those site specific conditions ranged from 0.73 to 1.30 depending on the time of season and climate or management variable that was changed. When the overall crop coefficient was divided into a plant specific and a soil specific coefficients, the plant coefficient was relatively stable compared to soil coefficients. The results of this study can help establish a practical range of conditions over which crop coefficients developed at one site can be used to compute the appropriate values for sites where measurements have not been made.Approved for publication as Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. 9514. This research was partially supported by the US AID project, International Benchmark Sites Network for Agrotechnology Transfer, No. DAN-4054-c-00-2071-00  相似文献   

9.
The dual crop coefficient approach accounts separately for plant transpiration and soil evaporation by using the basal crop coefficient and the evaporation coefficient, respectively. The SIMDualKc model, which performs the soil water balance simulation with estimation of the actual crop evapotranspiration (ET) with the dual crop coefficient approach, was applied to a drip-irrigated peach orchard under Mediterranean conditions. Orchard ET was obtained with the eddy covariance technique, which was subsequently correlated with tree transpiration estimated from sap flow measurements and soil evaporation determined with microlysimeters, thus providing ET for the whole irrigation season. Two years of field observations were used for model calibration and validation using those ET measurements and taking into account the fraction of ground covered by trees through a density factor which adjusts the basal crop coefficient. Model fitting relative to ET observations during calibration and validation provided indices of agreement averaging 0.90, coefficients of regression close to 1.0, root mean square errors around 0.41 mm and average absolute errors of 0.32 mm. Model fitting relative to transpiration and to soil evaporation produced similar results, so showing the adequateness of modelling.  相似文献   

10.
Accurate estimation of crop coefficients for evaporation and transpiration is of great importance in optimizing irrigation and modeling water and solute transfers in the soil-crop system. In this study we used inverse modeling techniques on soil sensor measurements at depths from the soil-crop system to estimate crop coefficients. An inverse model was rigorously formulated to infer the crop coefficients and the lengths of growth stages using the measured soil water potential at depths during crop growth. By applying a micro-genetic algorithm to the formulated inverse model, the optimum values of the crop coefficient and the corresponding length of growth stage were successfully deduced. It has been found that the lengths of both the initial and development growth stages of cabbage were 5 d shorter than those from the FAO56 (Irrigation and Drainage Paper by the FAO). The deduced crop coefficient for transpiration at the initial growth stage was 0.11; slightly smaller than 0.15 recommended by the FAO56, while at the mid-season growth stage, the deduced value of 0.95 was identical with the recommended value. Results show that the predictions of soil water potential using the obtained values of crop coefficients agreed well with the measurements throughout the entire growing period, indicating that the deduced crop coefficients were credible and appropriate for cabbage grown under the specific conditions of location and climate. It follows that the strategy presented in the study can enable accurate estimates of crop coefficients to be obtained from soil sensor measurements and inverse modeling techniques.  相似文献   

11.
Mulching is one of the important agronomic practices in conserving the soil moisture and modifying the soil physical environment. Wheat, the second most important cereal crop in India, is sensitive to soil moisture stress. Field experiments were conducted during winter seasons of 2004-2005 and 2005-2006 in a sandy loam soil to evaluate the soil and plant water status in wheat under synthetic (transparent and black polyethylene) and organic (rice husk) mulches with limited irrigation and compared with adequate irrigation with no mulch (conventional practices by the farmers). Though all the mulch treatments improved the soil moisture status, rice husk was found to be superior in maintaining optimum soil moisture condition for crop use. The residual soil moisture was also minimum, indicating effective utilization of moisture by the crop under RH. The plant water status, as evaluated by relative water content and leaf water potential were favourable under RH. Specific leaf weight, root length density and dry biomass were also greater in this treatment. Optimum soil and canopy thermal environment of wheat with limited fluctuations were observed under RH, even during dry periods. This produced comparable yield with less water use, enhancing the water use efficiency. Therefore, it may be concluded that under limited irrigation condition, RH mulching will be beneficial for wheat as it is able to maintain better soil and plant water status, leading to higher grain yield and enhanced water use efficiency.  相似文献   

12.
In eastern India, farmers grow rice during rainy season (June-September) and land remains fallow after rice harvest in the post-rainy season (November-May) due to lack of sufficient rainfall or irrigation facilities. But in lowland areas of eastern India, sufficient carry-over residual soil moistures are available in rice fallow in the post-rainy season (November-March), which can be utilized for growing second crops in the region. During the post-rainy season when irrigation facilities are not available and rainfall is meager, effective utilization of carry-over residual soil moisture and conservation agriculture become imperative for second crop production after rice. Implementation of suitable tillage/seeding methods and other agro-techniques are thus very much important to achieve this objective. In this study four pulse crops (lathyrus, blackgram, pea, and greengram) were sown utilizing carry-over residual soil moisture and with different tillage/seeding methods viz. relay cropping (RC)/farmers’ practice, reduced tillage (only two ploughing) (RT), conventional tillage (CT) and zero tillage (ZT). Study revealed that the highest grain yields of 580, 630, 605 and 525 kg ha−1 were obtained from lathyrus, blackgram, pea and green gram, respectively, with RT treatment. On the other hand, with conventional tillage, 34-44% lower yields were obtained than that of RT. Crops with reduced tillage performed better than that with zero tillage or relay cropping also. Impacts of different tillage methods on important soil physical properties like infiltration, bulk density were also studied after harvesting first crop (rice) and before growing second crops (pulses) in rice fallow. The lowest mean bulk density (1.42) was recorded in the surface soils of CT treatment while the corresponding value under ZT treatment was 1.54 Mg m−3.  相似文献   

13.
在稻米加工与贮存时,常温下稻米的湿应力开裂是引起稻米品质降低的重要原因之一,本文对常温下影响稻米籽粒发生断裂的主要影响指标之一的稻米籽粒的抗拉强度做了研究,通过理论分析和试验证明:弯曲试验籽粒断裂总是从试样的下方发生,也说明是由于稻米的拉伸应力首先达到了籽粒的抗拉强度极限而产生,因此,可以尝试由轴向弯曲试验及弯曲理论获得籽粒的抗拉强度.本文对3个品种的稻米进行轴向弯曲试验,最终确定了稻米籽粒的抗拉强度,通过与拉伸试验所得数据进行对比,验证了由弯曲试验所得数据真实可靠,为稻米湿应力裂纹机理分析奠定基础.  相似文献   

14.
稻米在加工与贮存时,常温下稻米的湿应力开裂是引起稻米品质降低的重要原因之一.为此,对常温下影响稻米籽粒发生断裂的主要影响指标之一的稻米籽粒的抗拉强度做了研究,通过理论分析和试验证明成功的弯曲试验籽粒断裂总是从下方发生,这也说明是由于稻米的拉伸应力首先达到了籽粒的抗拉强度极限而产生,因此可以尝试由轴向弯曲试验及弯曲理论获得籽粒的抗拉强度.对3个品种的稻米进行轴向弯曲试验,最终确定了稻米籽粒的弹性模量及籽粒的抗拉强度,为稻米湿应力裂纹机理分析奠定r基础.  相似文献   

15.
《Agricultural Systems》2007,92(1-3):91-114
Water-saving irrigation regimes are needed to deal with a reduced availability of water for rice production. Two important water-saving technologies at field scale are alternately submerged–nonsubmerged (SNS) and flush irrigated (FI) rice. SNS allows dry periods between submerged soil conditions, whereas FI resembles the irrigation regime of an upland crop. The effects of these regimes on the water balance and water savings were compared with continuously submerged (CS) and rainfed (RF) regimes.The crop growth model ORYZA2000 was used to calculate seasonal water balances of CS, SNS, FI, and RF regimes for two locations: Tuanlin in Hubei province in China from 1999 to 2002 during summer seasons and Los Baños in the Philippines in 2002–2003 during dry seasons. The model was first parameterized for site-specific soil conditions and cultivar traits and then evaluated using a combination of statistical and visual comparisons of observed and simulated variables. ORYZA2000 accurately simulated the crop variables leaf area index, biomass, and yield, and the soil water balance variables field water level and soil water tension in the root zone.Next, a scenario study was done to analyse the effect of water regime, soil permeability, and groundwater table depth on irrigation requirement and associated rice yield. For this study historical weather data for both sites were used.Within seasons, the amount of irrigation water application was higher for CS than for any of the water-saving regimes. It was found that groundwater table depth strongly affected the water-yield relationship for the water-saving regimes. Rainfed rice did not lead to significant yield reductions at Tuanlin as long as the groundwater table depth was less than 20 cm. Simulations at Los Baños with a more drought tolerant cultivar showed that FI resulted in higher yields than RF thereby requiring only 420 mm of irrigation.The soil type determined the irrigation water requirement in CS and SNS regimes. A more permeable soil requires around 2000 mm of irrigation water whereas less permeable, heavy soil types require less than half of this amount. We conclude that water savings can be considerable when water regimes are adapted to soil characteristics and rainfall dynamics. To further optimize water-saving regimes in lowland rice, groundwater table dynamics and soil permeability should be taken into account.  相似文献   

16.
以江苏省姜堰市沈高农场为例,分析了冬小麦生育期内土壤水分和养分产量的空间变异性,主成分-逐步回归的适当组合,能较为满意地降低土壤特性与产量关系分析中多重共线性的干扰,分析结果表明,土壤水分属弱变异性,养分属程度不同的中等变异性;所测土壤特性与产量关系的亲疏大致为:有机质和全氮量最密切,其次是速效氮,再次是速效钾,接下来是土壤水分和速效磷。  相似文献   

17.
In transferring crop coefficients (Kc) from one location to another, it has been assumed that basal Kc (minimal soil evaporation) and/or Kc during full-canopy cover will be universally valid if the variation in weather is accounted for by reference ET variations. The sensitivity of full-canopy-cover crop coefficients (Kc) to variations in solar radiation, air temperature, air vapor density and wind speed was investigated using an energy balance model. Interpretation of the sensitivity involved analyzing the components of the energy balance, which varied as a result of differences in aerodynamic and canopy resistance between the reference crop and the crop to be irrigated. Instability of crop coefficients was shown to increase with decreasing crop canopy resistance and with increasing crop height, indicating that the expectation of universal validity for basal or full-canopy-cover coefficients is not fulfilled. For crops taller and/or with lower canopy resistance than the short clipped grass (0.1 m) used as reference, the magnitude of Kc fluctuations with changes in weather elements suggests caution when using Kc values under environmental conditions different from those prevailing at the site where they were experimentally derived. Values of Kc derived for crops whose height and canopy resistance are not too different from the reference are more stable across environments. Thus, full-cover alfalfa (0.5-m height) would be a better reference crop choice than a short clipped grass (0.1 m) because its canopy resistance and roughness better approximate those of most crops. Research to develop operational methods for directly estimating crop ET, as an alternative to the two-step approach of calculating reference ET and determining site specific empirical crop coefficients, seems desirable.Contribution from the College of Agriculture and Home Economics Research Center, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA  相似文献   

18.
To improve irrigation planning and management, a modified soil water balance method was used to determine the crop coefficients and water use for cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) in an area with a semi-arid climate. A sandy 0.8-ha field was irrigated with a subsurface drip irrigation system, and the soil moisture was closely monitored for two full seasons. The procedure used was one developed for cotton by DeTar [DeTar, W.R., 2004. Using a subsurface drip irrigation system to measure crop water use. Irrig. Sci. 23, 111-122]. Using a test and validate procedure, we first developed a double sigmoidal model to fit the data from the first season, and then we determined how well the data from the second season fit this model. One of the results of this procedure was that during the early part of the season, the crop coefficients were more closely related to days-after-planting (DAP) than to growing-degree-days (GDDs). For the full season, there was little difference in correlations for the various models using DAP and GDD. When the data from the two seasons were merged, the average value for the crop coefficient during the mid-season plateau was 0.986 for the coefficient used with pan evaporation, and it was 1.211 for the coefficient used with a modified Penman equation for ET0 from the California Irrigation Management and Information System (CIMIS). For the Penman-Monteith (P-M) equation, the coefficient was 1.223. These coefficients are about 11% higher than for cotton in the same field with the same irrigation system. A model was developed for the merged data, and when it was combined with the normal weather data for this area, it was possible to predict normal water use on a weekly, monthly and seasonal basis. The normal seasonal water use for cowpea in this area was 669 mm. One of the main findings was that the water use by the cowpea was more closely correlated with pan evaporation than it was with the reference ET from CIMIS or P-M.  相似文献   

19.
The main goal of this research was to evaluate the potential of the dual approach of FAO-56 for estimating actual crop evapotranspiration (AET) and its components (crop transpiration and soil evaporation) of an olive (Olea europaea L.) orchard in the semi-arid region of Tensift-basin (central of Morocco). Two years (2003 and 2004) of continuous measurements of AET with the eddy-covariance technique were used to test the performance of the model. The results showed that, by using the local values of basal crop coefficients, the approach simulates reasonably well AET over two growing seasons. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) between measured and simulated AET values during 2003 and 2004 were respectively about 0.54 and 0.71 mm per day. The basal crop coefficient (Kcb) value obtained for the olive orchard was similar in both seasons with an average of 0.54. This value was lower than that suggested by the FAO-56 (0.62). Similarly, the single approach of FAO-56 has been tested in the previous work (Er-Raki et al., 2008) over the same study site and it has been shown that this approach also simulates correctly AET when using the local crop coefficient and under no stress conditions.Since the dual approach predicts separately soil evaporation and plant transpiration, an attempt was made to compare the simulated components of AET with measurements obtained through a combination of eddy covariance and scaled-up sap flow measurements. The results showed that the model gives an acceptable estimate of plant transpiration and soil evaporation. The associated RMSE of plant transpiration and soil evaporation were 0.59 and 0.73 mm per day, respectively.Additionally, the irrigation efficiency was investigated by comparing the irrigation scheduling design used by the farmer to those recommended by the FAO model. It was found that although the amount of irrigation applied by the farmer (800 mm) during the growing season of olives was twice that recommended one by the FAO model (411 mm), the vegetation suffered from water stress during the summer. Such behaviour can be explained by inadequate distribution of irrigation. Consequently, the FAO model can be considered as a potentially useful tool for planning irrigation schedules on an operational basis.  相似文献   

20.
干旱区玉米滴灌需水规律的田间试验研究   总被引：16，自引：0，他引：16  
在内蒙古干旱区的一种砂土及砂质壤土上 ,对玉米滴灌需水规律进行了田间试验研究。试验设置高灌水定额 ( 3 0～ 40 mm)、中灌水定额 ( 2 0～ 3 0 mm)和低灌水定额 ( 1 5～ 2 5 mm ) 3个处理 ,灌水周期相同 ,在需水高峰期为 3 d,其它时间为 4～ 7d。试验结果表明 ,中灌水定额处理的株高、叶面积和产量均明显高于低灌水定额处理 ,而高灌水定额与低灌水定额处理之间差异很小。因此对所研究土壤来说 ,建议采用灌水定额 2 0～3 0 mm,灌水周期 3～ 5 d的灌溉制度。这种情况下 ,玉米生育期需水量为 466mm (生育期有效降雨 1 0 1 .1mm)。对滴灌玉米作物系数的计算方法进行比较后发现 ,双作物系数法可以较好地描述灌水或降雨后地表蒸发对作物腾发的影响 ;在作物生育中期 ,分段单值平均法、双作物系数法的计算结果与实测值吻合良好。  相似文献   

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