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1.
土壤是产生N2O的最主要来源之一。硝化和反硝化反应是产生N2O的主要机理,由于硝化和反硝化微生物同时存在于土壤中,因而硝化和反硝化作用能同时产生N2O。N2O的来源可通过使用选择性抑制剂,杀菌剂以及加入的标记底物确定。通过对生成N2O反应的每一步分析,主要从抑制反应发生的催化酶和细菌着手,总结了测量区分硝化、反硝化和DNRA反应对N2O产生的贡献方法。并对15N标记底物法,乙炔抑制法和环境因子抑制法作了详细介绍。 相似文献
2.
土壤是产生N2O的最主要来源之一.硝化和反硝化反应是产生N2O的主要机理,由于硝化和反硝化微生物同时存在于土壤中,因而硝化和反硝化作用能同时产生N2O.N2O的来源可通过使用选择性抑制剂,杀菌剂以及加入的标记底物确定.通过对生成N2O反应的每一步分析,主要从抑制反应发生的催化酶和细菌着手,总结了测量区分硝化、反硝化和DNRA反应对N2O产生的贡献方法.并对15N标记底物法,乙炔抑制法和环境因子抑制法作了详细介绍. 相似文献
3.
不同利用方式红壤反硝化势和气态产物排放特征 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
采用厌氧培养-乙炔抑制法测定了4种不同利用方式红壤的反硝化势和气态产物N2O和N2的排放速率。结果表明，不同利用方式红壤反硝化势和N2O和N2的排放速率差异明显，土壤反硝化势强弱顺序依次为：竹林>茶园>林地>旱地。反硝化势与土壤有机碳(P<0.05)、厌氧培养期间土壤CO2累积排放量(P<0.01)、nirS基因丰度( P<0.05)和nirK基因丰度(P<0.05) 呈显著正相关关系。逐步回归分析结果表明，CO2累积排放量表征的易矿化碳是造成不同利用方式红壤反硝化势差异的主要原因，可以解释反硝化势变化的66%(P<0.01)。不同利用方式红壤N2O和N2排放速率差异明显，旱地红壤N2O和N2排放速率均最低，表明土壤pH的提升并没有增加旱地红壤的反硝化损失风险和N2O排放速率。土壤易矿化有机碳含量也是影响不同利用方式红壤N2O和N2排放速率的主要因素。反硝化功能基因nirS、nirK和nosZ的丰度均与CO2累积排放量呈显著正相关关系，进一步支持了土壤易矿化有机碳含量是影响不同利用方式红壤反硝化势和气态产物排放的主要因子。土壤pH是影响不同利用方式红壤反硝化气态产物N2/N2O的主要因素，但是pH影响红壤N2/N2O的微生物机制仍需要进一步研究。 相似文献
4.
稻田反硝化速率测定方法研究进展 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
反硝化作用是淹水稻田肥料氮损失的主要途径之一。采用合适的反硝化测定方法是开展稻田反硝化作用研究的前提。然而，由于反硝化过程主要产物N2的大气背景值较高，以及反硝化作用具有高度时空异质性，淹水稻田反硝化作用损失氮量难以准确量化一直是阻碍科学评价稻田气态氮损失的关键难题。本文综述了研究稻田反硝化作用的4种方法（乙炔抑制法、15N同位素示踪法、密闭培养-氦气环境法和N2/Ar比值-膜进样质谱法），分析了这些方法各自的优缺点和适用性，并提出了稻田反硝化研究的参考建议，以期推动稻田反硝化的研究。 相似文献
5.
一种直接测定硝化—反硝化气体的15N示踪—质谱法 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文对15N示踪—质谱法的可靠性进行了检验。结果表明,在不同的15N丰度气体样品的测定中,用两种方法(反硝化作用源的15N丰度法和气样的15N丰度法)计得的反硝化损失量基本一致,故建立起来的15N示踪—质谱法是可靠的。该方法的测定偏差随气样15N丰度的降低而增大。此外,回收率结果表明,(N2+N2O+NOx)-15N累积释放量占加入NO3-15N量的94.1％。因此,这一方法可用于直接测定氮肥的硝化—反硝化损失的研究中。 相似文献
6.
生物质炭在温室气体减排方面具有很大的发展前景,它不仅能实现固碳,对于在大气中停留时间长且增温潜势大的N2O也能发挥积极作用。本研究采用室内厌氧培养试验,按照生物质炭与土壤质量比（0、1%和5%）加入一定量生物质炭,土壤重量含水率控制在20%。利用Robotized Incubation平台实时检测N2O和N2浓度变化,通过测定土壤中反硝化功能基因丰度（nirK、nirS、nosZ）分析生物质炭对N2O消耗的影响及其微生物方面的影响机理。结果表明：经过20 h厌氧培养后,0生物质炭处理的反硝化功能基因丰度（基因拷贝数·g-1）分别为6.80×107（nirK）、5.59×108（nirS）和1.22×108（nosZ）。与0生物质炭处理相比,1%生物质炭处理的nirS基因丰度由最初的2.65×108基因拷贝数·g-1升至7.43×108基因拷贝数·g-1,nosZ基因丰度则提高了一个数量级,由4.82×107基因拷贝数·g-1升至1.50×108基因拷贝数·g-1,然而nirK基因丰度并无明显变化;5%生物质炭处理的反硝化功能基因丰度并未发生显著变化。试验结束时,添加生物质炭处理的N2/（N2O+N2）比值也明显高于0生物质炭处理。相关性分析结果表明,nirS基因丰度和nosZ基因丰度均与N2O浓度在0.01水平上显著相关。试验末期nirS基因丰度和nosZ基因丰度均随着N2O浓度的降低而升高。因此在本试验中,添加1%生物质炭可显著提高nirS和nosZ基因型反硝化细菌的丰度,增大N2/（N2O+N2）比值,促进N2O彻底还原成N2。生物质炭对于N2O主要影响机理是增大了可以还原氧化亚氮的细菌活性,促进完全反硝化。 相似文献
7.
冻融对土壤氮素转化和N2O排放的影响研究进展 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
在中、高纬度及高海拔地区,土壤冻融现象常有发生。冻融作用通过影响土壤理化性质和生物学性状进而影响土壤氮素转化过程及N2O的产生和释放,但迄今关于冻融对土壤氮素转化过程影响的研究结果还不尽一致,正效应或负效应均存在,土壤冻融期间N2O排放对全年N2O排放总量的贡献程度也存在着较大差异。本文重点论述了土壤冻结或冻融循环过程对土壤氮矿化、固持、硝化和反硝化等主要氮素转化过程的影响机制,同时分析了可引起冻融期间N2O排放强度变化的四种可能机理（禁锢-释放、环境-底物诱导、N2O还原酶抑制和化学反硝化增强）。指出在全球变暖背景下研究土壤冻融格局改变影响土壤氮素转化过程及N2O排放的必要性,并简要提出了若干理论问题及研究方向。 相似文献
8.
农田系统是温室气体N2O的主要排放源,目前对酸性矿山废水（acid mine drainage,AMD）灌溉影响下,农田土壤剖面N2O的来源识别、转换机制及其控制因子缺乏深入研究。本文选择广东省大宝山矿区下游沿岸水稻田和甘蔗田两种典型农田,针对酸性矿山废水灌溉区（上坝村）和天然来水灌溉区（连心村）,对土壤理化性质、重金属含量及包气带N2O浓度、同位素特征值进行了测定,定量计算了硝化和反硝化作用对土壤中N2O的贡献比和N2O转化为N2的还原比,评价了其相关影响因素。结果表明：在AMD影响下,灌区农田土壤剖面N2O浓度均高于同种作物类型天然来水区土壤,同种灌溉处理下甘蔗田土壤N2O浓度高于水稻田。甘蔗田表层土壤（0~30 cm）反硝化作用对N2O产生量的贡献比高于硝化作用,约71.29% N2O由反硝化作用产生。AMD灌区甘蔗田土壤剖面中N2O还原成N2的比例随深度增加逐渐减小,在N2O浓度峰值处仅有15.54% N2O被还原成为N2,而天然来水区N2O还原成N2的平均比率高达49.80%。这表明较弱的土壤N2O还原能力导致较高浓度的N2O残留在土壤中。相关性分析表明,AMD灌溉通过改变上坝村土壤的pH、重金属含量、含水率从而改变了土壤N2O的来源途径及还原能力。组合同位素特征值溯源法有效地揭示了农田土壤N2O的来源和AMD灌区土壤的潜在生态风险,为日后的治理修复工作提供了科学依据。 相似文献
9.
太湖地区水稻土优势反硝化细菌的数量、组成与酶活性 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
本研究结果表明太湖地区主要水稻土中反硝化细菌常在百万/克干土以上,占细菌总数的50—80%。同一类型土壤中,肥力高者含菌数多于肥力低者。各类土壤中反硝化细菌数与细菌总数呈显著正相关。其优势种中,以巨大芽孢杆菌、荧光假单胞菌和施氏假单胞菌等出现的机率最高,占反硝化细菌的10—50%;地衣芽孢杆菌及坚强芽孢杆菌等出现的机率较少。具有使NO3-还原为N2O的菌株和使N2O还原为N2的菌株,分别占供试菌株的67%和56%;使15NO3-异化还原为15NH4+的菌株占供试菌株的92%,其中以蜡质芽孢杆菌和地衣芽孢杆菌的这种能力特别强。 相似文献
10.
通过探究减氮配施硝化抑制剂DMPP与微生物菌剂及二者联合施用对温室黄瓜土壤氮素各主要途径损失及黄瓜对氮素吸收利用的影响,并结合黄瓜产量和品质,旨在筛选出温室黄瓜生产的适宜氮素损失调控措施。以黄瓜品种"津绿20-10"为试验材料进行田间小区试验,设置6个处理,分别为不施氮对照(CK)、常规施氮(CN)、减氮(RN)、减氮+DMPP(RND)、减氮+微生物菌剂(RNM)、减氮+DMPP+微生物菌剂(RND+M)。监测分析了土壤氧化亚氮(N2O)排放、氨(NH3)挥发和土壤剖面硝态氮(NO3--N)累积量,以及黄瓜对氮素的吸收利用、产量和品质指标。结果表明:(1)与CN相比,RN、RND、RNM和RND+M能够促进黄瓜对氮素的吸收和利用,提高氮素利用率。等氮条件下,RND+M可使黄瓜地上部植株氮素总吸收量增加18.93%,尤其是氮肥表观利用率(REN)和农学效率(AEN),分别达到25.30%和41.16 kg/kg(p<0.05),表现出明显的正协同效应,且优于硝化抑制剂或菌剂单施效果。(2)RN、RND、RNM和RND+M较CN可使土壤N2O排放显著降低26.38%~41.45%、NH3挥发明显减少28.82%~37.70%,0—120 cm土壤剖面NO3--N累积显著降低13.07%~62.32%;等氮条件下,RNM处理对土壤N2O排放和NH3挥发影响不大,但能显著降低90—120 cm土层NO3--N累积量,较RN降低27.35%。RND和RND+M可使N2O排放分别降低20.11%和20.47%,0—120 cm土壤剖面NO3--N累积量分别降低30.06%和24.70%,减少氮素在土壤中的累积和淋失风险,但增加NH3挥发风险(p＞0.05),总体表现为RND≈RND+M≥RNM≈RN。(3)RND+M处理产量为70.32 t/hm2,节本增收较RN增加5 150元/hm2,且其在提高黄瓜果实品质方面效果较明显,可溶性蛋白含量较RN及RNM处理分别提高16.36%与4.01%。综合经济效益和环境效益,尤其是土壤可持续发展角度考虑,试验条件下,追施氮素316 kg/hm2,同时配施2%纯氮量的DMPP与75 L/hm2菌剂,是实现温室黄瓜增产提质、绿色高质量发展的适宜氮素损失调控措施。 相似文献
11.
The N2O product ratio of nitrification and its dependence on long-term changes in soil pH 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The contribution of nitrification to the emission of nitrous oxide (N2O) from soils may be large, but its regulation is not well understood. The soil pH appears to play a central role for controlling N2O emissions from soil, partly by affecting the N2O product ratios of both denitrification (N2O/(N2+N2O)) and nitrification (N2O/(NO2−+NO3−). Mechanisms responsible for apparently high N2O product ratios of nitrification in acid soils are uncertain. We have investigated the pH regulation of the N2O product ratio of nitrification in a series of experiments with slurries of soils from long-term liming experiments, spanning a pH range from 4.1 to 7.8. 15N labelled nitrate (NO3−) was added to assess nitrification rates by pool dilution and to distinguish between N2O from NO3− reduction and NH3 oxidation. Sterilized soil slurries were used to determine the rates of chemodenitrification (i.e. the production of nitric oxide (NO) and N2O from the chemical decomposition of nitrite (NO2−)) as a function of NO2− concentrations. Additions of NO2− to aerobic soil slurries (with 15N labelled NO3− added) were used to assess its potential for inducing denitrification at aerobic conditions. For soils with pH?5, we found that the N2O product ratios for nitrification were low (0.2-0.9‰) and comparable to values found in pure cultures of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. In mineral soils we found only a minor increase in the N2O product ratio with increasing soil pH, but the effect was so weak that it justifies a constant N2O product ratio of nitrification for N2O emission models. For the soils with pH 4.1 and 4.2, the apparent N2O product ratio of nitrification was 2 orders of magnitude higher than above pH 5 (76‰ and 14‰). This could partly be accounted for by the rates of chemodenitrification of NO2−. We further found convincing evidence for NO2−-induction of aerobic denitrification in acid soils. The study underlines the role of NO2−, both for regulating denitrification and for the apparent nitrifier-derived N2O emission. 相似文献
12.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(19):2264-2278
To understand the contribution of key microbial processes to nitrous oxide (N2O) emission in intensively cultivated black soil, laboratory incubation were conducted at 70% water-holding capacity (WHC) and 25 °C, using different gases (air, oxygen, or argon) within the headspace of the incubation chambers to evaluate gas inhibition effects. Arable black soil was sampled from an experimental field that has received urea since October 1979. Nitrification contributed to 57% of total N2O emission, of which as much as 67% resulted from heterotrophic nitrification. These data strongly suggest that high soil organic carbon concentrations and low pH values are more favorable to N2O production through heterotrophic, rather than autotrophic, nitrification. Nitrous oxide produced by denitrification accounted for 28% of the total N2O emission, and the nitrifier denitrification accounted for 15% of the N2O emitted from the tested soil. These findings indicate that heterotrophic nitrification was the primary N2O production process in the tested soil. 相似文献
13.
Soils are the major source of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O) to our atmosphere. A thorough understanding of terrestrial N2O production is therefore essential. N2O can be produced by nitrifiers, denitrifiers, and by nitrifiers paradoxically denitrifying. The latter pathway, though well-known in pure culture, has only recently been demonstrated in soils. Moreover, nitrifier denitrification appeared to be much less important than classical nitrate-driven denitrification. Here we studied a poor sandy soil, and show that when moisture conditions are sub-optimal for denitrification, nitrifier denitrification can be a major contributor to N2O emission from this soil. We conclude that the relative importance of classical and nitrifier denitrification in N2O emitted from soil is a function of the soil moisture content, and likely of other environmental conditions as well. Accordingly, we suggest that nitrifier denitrification should be routinely considered as a major source of N2O from soil. 相似文献
14.
We used the inhibitor acetylene (C2H2) at partial pressures of 10 Pa and 10 kPa to inhibit autotrophic nitrification and the reduction of nitrous oxide (N2O) to N2, respectively. Soils (Andosol) from a Coffea arabica plantation shaded by Inga densiflora in Costa Rica were adjusted to 39, 58, 76 and 87% water-filled pore space (WFPS) and incubated for 6 days in the absence
or presence of C2H2. Soil respiration, nitrification rates and N2O emissions by both processes were measured in relation to soil moisture conditions. At all WFPS studied, rates of N2O and N2 productions were small (4.8; 14.7; 23 and 239.6 ng N–N2O g−1 d.w. d−1 at 39, 58, 76 and 87% WFPS, respectively), and despite a low soil pH (4.7), N2O was mainly produced by nitrification, which was responsible for 85, 91, 84 and 87% of the total N2O emissions at 39, 58, 76 and 87% WFPS, respectively. At the three smaller values of WFPS, a linear relationship was established
between WFPS, soil respiration, nitrification and N2O released by nitrification; no N2 was produced by denitrification. At more anaerobic conditions achieved by a WFPS of 87%, a large rate of N2O production was measured during nitrification, and N2 production accounted for 84% of the gaseous N fluxes caused by denitrification. 相似文献
15.
Experiments were conducted to study the effects of a range of CO2 concentrations (ambient to 100%) on nitrification, denitrification and associated nitrous oxide (N2O) production in a silt loam soil. It was found that increase in CO2 concentration from 0.3 to 100% CO2 increasingly retarded the rate of nitrification. No nitrification occurred at 100% CO2. Nitrous oxide production associated with nitrification increased as CO2 increased from 0.3 to 2.6% and tended to be greater as CO2 concentration increased to 73%. At 100% CO2, no N2O was produced during 7 days at 25°C.Carbon dioxide did not affect N2O production or reduction in a saturated NO3?amended soil or the rate of N2O reduction in anaerobic environments. 相似文献
16.
Summary A sandy soil amended with different forms and amounts of fertilizer nitrogen (urea, ammonium sulphate and potassium nitrate) was investigated in model experiments for N2O emission, which may be evolved during both oxidation of ammonia to nitrate and anaerobic respiration of nitrate. Since C2H2 inhibits both nitrification and the reduction of N2O to N2 during denitrification, the amount of N2O evolved in the presence and absence of C2H2 represents the nitrogen released through nitrification and denitrification.Results show that amounts of N2O-N lost from soils incubated anaerobically with 0.1% C2H2 and treated with potassium nitrate (23.1 µg N-NO
3
–
/g dry soil) exceeded those from soils incubated in the presence of 20% oxygen and treated with even larger amounts of nitrogen as urea and ammonium sulphate. This indicates that nitrogen losses by denitrification may potentially be higher than those occurring through nitrification. 相似文献
17.
《Soil biology & biochemistry》2001,33(12-13):1723-1732
Nitrifier denitrification is the pathway of nitrification in which ammonia (NH3) is oxidized to nitrite (NO2−) followed by the reduction of NO2− to nitric oxide (NO), nitrous oxide (N2O) and molecular nitrogen (N2). The transformations are carried out by autotrophic nitrifiers. Thus, nitrifier denitrification differs from coupled nitrification–denitrification, where denitrifiers reduce NO2− or nitrate (NO3−) that was produced by nitrifiers. Nitrifier denitrification contributes to the development of the greenhouse gas N2O and also causes losses of fertilizer nitrogen in agricultural soils. In this review article, present knowledge about nitrifier denitrification is summarized in order to give an exact definition, to spread awareness of its pathway and controlling factors and to identify areas of research needed to improve global N2O budgets. Due to experimental difficulties and a lack of awareness of nitrifier denitrification, not much is known about this mechanism of N2O production. The few measurements carried out so far attribute up to 30% of the total N2O production to nitrifier denitrification. Low oxygen conditions coupled with low organic carbon contents of soils favour this pathway as might low pH. As nitrifier denitrification can lead to substantial N2O emissions, there is a need to quantify this pathway in different soils under different conditions. New insights attained through quantification experiments should be used in the improvement of computer models to define sets of conditions that show where and when nitrifier denitrification is a significant source of N2O. This may subsequently render the development of guidelines for low-emission farming practices necessary. 相似文献
18.
O. Mathieu J. Lévêque C. Hénault M.-J. Milloux F. Bizouard F. Andreux 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2006,38(5):941-951
The accurate measurement of nitrous oxide (N2O) and dinitrogen (N2) during the denitrification process in soils is a challenge which will help to estimate the contribution of soil N2O emissions to global warming. Oxygen concentration, nitrate concentration and carbon availability are generally the main factors that control soil denitrification rate and the amount of N2O or N2 emitted. The aim of this paper is to present a database of the N2O mole fraction measured at the field scale, and to test hypotheses concerning its regulation. A 15N-nitrate tracer solution was added to 36 undisturbed soil cores on a 20 m×20 m cultivated field plot. Fluxes of CO2, N2O and N2 from the soil surface were monitored for 24 h. Soil moisture, bulk density, carbon, nitrogen and mineral nitrogen concentration were also measured to investigate possible spatial relationships between their variations and those of N2O, N2 and nitrous oxide mole fraction. Under high water content, nitrous oxide and N2 emissions were highly variable with variation coefficients of 70-140%. N2O emission rates were about twice as high as those of N2, with a total denitrification rate ranging from 269 to 3843 g N ha−1 d−1. After 24 h of incubation, the values of nitrous oxide mole fraction ranged from 0.15 to 0.94 and no significant decline during incubation time was observed. Spatial variability of N2O, N2 and nitrous oxide mole fraction was high and no spatial dependence was observed at the scale of the experimental plot. Only tenuous relationships between gaseous nitrogen emissions and soil properties (mainly nitrate concentration and moisture content) were found. Meanwhile, a positive correlation was observed between N2 and CO2 emissions. This result supports the hypothesis that an increase in soil available organic carbon leads to N2 emissions as the end product of denitrification. 相似文献
19.
Jan Reent Köster Mehmet Senbayram Roland Bol Mark Butler Klaus Dittert 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2011,43(8):1671-1677
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is one of the major greenhouse gases emitted from soils, where it is mainly produced by nitrification and denitrification. It is well known that rates of N2O release from soils are mainly determined by the availability of substrates and oxygen, but N2O source apportioning, highly needed to advance N2O mitigation strategies, still remains challenging. In this study, using an automated soil incubation system, the N2O site preference, i.e. the intramolecular 15N distribution, was analyzed to evaluate the progression in N2O source processes following organic soil amendment. Biogas fermentation residue (BGR; originating from food waste fermentation) was applied to repacked grassland soil cores and compared to ammonium sulfate (AS) application, both at rates equivalent to 160 kg NH4+-N ha−1, and to unamended soil (control). The soil cores were incubated in a helium-oxygen atmosphere with 20 kPa O2 for 43 days at 80% water-filled pore space. 43-day cumulative N2O emissions were highest with BGR treated soil accounting for about 1.68 kg N2O-N ha−1 while application of AS caused much lower fluxes of c. 0.23 kg N2O-N ha−1. Also, after BGR application, carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes showed a pronounced initial peak with steep decline until day 21 whereas with ammonium addition they remained at the background level. N2O dual isotope and isotopomer analysis of gas samples collected from BGR treated soil indicated bacterial denitrification to be the main N2O generating process during the first three weeks when high CO2 fluxes signified high carbon availability. In contrast, in the second half after all added labile carbon substrates had been consumed, nitrification, i.e. the generation of N2O via oxidation of hydroxylamine, gained in importance reaching roughly the same N2O production rate compared to bacterial denitrification as indicated by N2O SP. Overall in this study, bacterial denitrification seemed to be the main N2O forming process after application of biogas residues and fluxes were mainly driven by available organic carbon. 相似文献