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1.
Diamonds with delta(13)C values of -2 per mil and less than 50 parts per million (by mass) nitrogen have been isolated from the Abee enstatite chondrite by the same procedure used for concentrating Cdelta, the putative interstellar diamond found ubiquitously in primitive meteorites and characterized by delta(13)C values of -32 to -38 per mil, nitrogen concentrations of 2,000 to 12,500 parts per million, and delta(15)N values of -340 per mil. Because the Abee diamonds have typical solar system isotopic compositions for carbon, nitrogen, and xenon, they are presumably nebular in origin rather than presolar. Their discovery in an unshocked meteorite eliminates the possibility of origins normally invoked to account for diamonds in ureilites and iron meteorites and suggests a low-pressure synthesis. The diamond crystals are approximately 100 nanometers in size, are of an unusual lath shape, and represent approximately 100 parts per million of Abee by mass. 相似文献
2.
AB Verchovsky AV Fisenko LF Semjonova IP Wright MR Lee CT Pillinger 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1998,281(5380):1165-1168
Nanometer-size presolar diamonds from the Efremovka CV3 chondrite were physically separated into several grain size fractions by ultracentrifugation. The coarsest size fraction is the most enriched in carbon-12; the others have broadly similar carbon isotopic compositions. Measurement of noble gases shows that their concentration decreases with decreasing grain size. This effect is attributed to ion implantation. Such an episode could occur in the envelope of a supernova that produced the diamonds, or in interstellar space; in either case, ions with energies above a certain threshold pass completely through the smaller diamond grains without being captured. Concentrations of nitrogen show only minor variations with grain size, indicating a different mechanism of incorporation into the diamonds. 相似文献
3.
(40)Ar/(39)Ar dating of tektites discovered recently in Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary marine sedimentary rocks on Haiti indicates that the K-T boundary and impact event are coeval at 64.5 +/- 0.1 million years ago. Sanidine from a bentonite that lies directly above the K-T boundary in continental, coal-bearing, sedimentary rocks of Montana was also dated and has a (40)Ar/(39)Ar age of 64.6 +/- 0.2 million years ago, which is indistinguishable statistically from the age of the tektites. 相似文献
4.
Fine-grained diamonds, the most abundant form of circumstellar dust isolated from primitive meteorites, have elemental and isotopic characteristics that are dependent on the host meteorite type. Carbon isotopic compositions vary from -32 to -38 per mil, and nitrogen associated with the diamond changes in overall abundance by over a factor of four from 0.2 to 0.9 weight percent, between ordinary and CM2-type chondrites. Although the ratio of carbon to nitrogen evolves in a distinctive way during combustion of diamond separates, metamorphic degassing of nitrogen is not the main cause of the differences in nitrogen content. The data suggest that intrinsic differences must have been inherited by the diamonds at the time of their formation and that the diamonds were distributed heterogeneously in the solar nebula during condensation. However, the hypothesis that a distinct nitrogen carrier remains hidden within the diamond cannot be ruled out. 相似文献
5.
Heymann D Chibante LP Brooks RR Wolbach WS Smalley RE 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1994,265(5172):645-647
High-pressure liquid chromatography with ultraviolet-visible spectral analysis of toluene extracts of samples from two Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary sites in New Zealand has revealed the presence of C(60) at concentrations of 0.1 to 0.2 parts per million of the associated soot. This technique verified also that fullerenes are produced in similar amounts in the soots of common flames under ambient atmospheric conditions. Therefore, the C(60) in the K-T boundary layer may have originated in the extensive wildfires that were associated with the cataclysmic impact event that terminated the Mezozoic era about 65 million years ago. 相似文献
6.
Eclogitic diamonds have a large range of delta13C values, whereas peridotitic diamonds do not. Paired delta15N-delta13C-N variations in 40 eclogitic diamonds from the Jwaneng kimberlite in Botswana show that neither the influence of recycled biogenic carbon nor the global and primordial heterogeneity of mantle carbon are likely for the origin of the large delta13C range; the data instead support a fractionation process. It is proposed that carbonatitic mantle melts from which diamonds crystallize undergo different evolutions before diamond precipitation, when percolating through either a peridotite or an eclogite. These different evolutions, reflecting the presence or absence of olivine, can account for their respective delta13C distributions. 相似文献
7.
Plano MA Landstrass MI Pan LS Han S Kania DR McWilliams S Ager JW 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1993,260(5112):1310-1312
Advances in the deposition process have led to dramatic improvements in the electronic properties of polycrystalline diamond films produced by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). It is now possible to produce CVD diamond with properties approaching those of IIa natural diamonds. The combined electron-hole mobility, as measured by transient photoconductivity at low carrier density, is 4000 square centimeters per volt per second at an electric field of 200 volts per centimeter and is comparable to that of the best single-crystal IIa natural diamonds. Carrier lifetimes measured under the same conditions are 150 picoseconds for the CVD diamond and 300 picoseconds for single-crystal diamond. The collection distance at a field of 10 kilovolts per centimeter is 15 micrometers for the CVD diamond as compared to 30 micrometers for natural diamonds. The electrical qualities appear to correlate with the width of the diamond Raman peak. Also, although the collection distance at the highest fields in the films nearly equals the average grain size, there is no evidence of deleterious grain boundary effects. 相似文献
8.
Shirey SB Harris JW Richardson SH Fouch MJ James DE Cartigny P Deines P Viljoen F 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,297(5587):1683-1686
The lithospheric mantle beneath the Kaapvaal-Zimbabwe craton of southern Africa shows variations in seismic P-wave velocity at depths within the diamond stability field that correlate with differences in the composition of diamonds and their syngenetic inclusions. Middle Archean mantle depletion events initiated craton keel formation and early harzburgitic diamond formation. Late Archean accretionary events involving an oceanic lithosphere component stabilized the craton and contributed a younger Archean generation of eclogitic diamonds. Subsequent Proterozoic tectonic and magmatic events altered the composition of the continental lithosphere and added new lherzolitic and eclogitic diamonds to the Archean diamond suite. 相似文献
9.
Trace element, isotopic, and mineralogic studies indicate that the proposed impact at the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary occurred in an ocean basin, although a minor component of continental material is required. The size and abundance of shocked minerals and the restricted geographic occurrence of the ejecta layer and impact-wave deposits suggest an impact between the Americas. Coarse boundary sediments at sites 151 and 153 in the Colombian Basin and 5- to 450-meter-thick boundary sediments in Cuba may be deposits of a giant wave produced by a nearby oceanic impact. On the southern peninsula of Haiti, a approximately 50-centimeter-thick ejecta layer occurs at the K-T boundary. This ejecta layer is approximately 25 times as thick as that at any known K-T site and suggests an impact site within approximately 1000 kilometers. Seismic reflection profiles suggest that a buried approximately 300-km-diameter candidate structure occurs in the Colombian Basin. 相似文献
10.
The mineralogy of shocked mineral and lithic grains in the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary claystone worldwide is most consistent with a bolide impact on a continent. Both the concentrations and sizes of these shocked grains are greatest in the western interior of North America. These data suggest that the Manson impact structure in north-central Iowa is a viable candidate for the K-T boundary impact event. Argon-40-argon-39 age spectrum dating of shocked microcline from the crystalline central uplift of the Manson impact structure indicates that there was severe argon-40 loss at 65.7 +/- 1.0 million years ago, an age that is indistinguishable from that of the K-T boundary, within the limits of analytical precision. 相似文献
11.
Ion microprobe analyses show that solar wind nitrogen associated with solar wind hydrogen implanted in the first tens of nanometers of lunar regolith grains is depleted in 15N by at least 24% relative to terrestrial atmosphere, whereas a nonsolar component associated with deuterium-rich hydrogen, detected in silicon-bearing coatings at the surface of some ilmenite grains, is enriched in 15N. Systematic enrichment of 15N in terrestrial planets and bulk meteorites relative to the protosolar gas cannot be explained by isotopic fractionation in nebular or planetary environments but requires the contribution of 15N-rich compounds to the total nitrogen in planetary materials. Most of these compounds are possibly of an interstellar origin and never equilibrated with the 15N-depleted protosolar nebula. 相似文献
12.
非共生固氮是自然生态系统外源氮输入的重要途径,对生态系统结构、过程和功能均具有重要影响。然而,目前对非共生固氮速率随生态演替变化特征及其主控因素的认识非常欠缺。本研究采用乙炔还原法分别在生长季和非生长季测定了桂西北喀斯特山区不同演替阶段生态系统,即草丛、灌丛和次生林中不同组分(土壤、凋落物和苔藓)的非共生固氮速率。结果表明,不同生态系统组分非共生固氮速率随生态演替变化趋势不一。总体来看,土壤和凋落物的非共生固氮速率表现为随生态演替先降低后升高的趋势,而苔藓的非共生固氮速率在演替早期和中期无显著(p 0.05)变化,后期显著(p 0.05)升高。非共生固氮年通量在草丛阶段为(1.21±0.06) kg N/(hm~2·a),显著高于灌丛((0.23±0.03) kg N/(hm~2·a))和次生林((0.65±0.04) kg N/(hm~2·a))。多元线性回归分析结果表明,生态系统各组分含水率、有机碳、全氮和C∶N比的变化是控制非共生固氮速率随生态演替变化的主要因素。研究结果有助于深入认识喀斯特生态系统氮循环特征,并为生态恢复过程中氮累积提供了一种机理解释。 相似文献
13.
Mantle plumes and entrainment: isotopic evidence 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
Many oceanic island basalts show sublinear subparallel arrays in Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic space. The depleted upper mantle is rarely a mixing end-member of these arrays, as would be expected if mantle plumes originated at a 670-kilometer boundary layer and entrained upper mantle during ascent. Instead, the arrays are fan-shaped and appear to converge on a volume in isotopic space characterized by low (87)Sr/(86)Sr and high (143)Nd/(144)Nd, (206)Pb/(204)Pb, and (3)He/(4)He ratios. This new isotopic component may be the lower mantle, entrained into plumes originating from the core-mantle boundary layer. 相似文献
14.
兴安落叶松林细根解剖结构和化学组分对N沉降的响应 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
大气N沉降逐渐加强,可能会改变地下C循环和土壤C状态,促使细根结构及其化学组分发生变化。N沉降对细根动态和形态影响方面的研究较多,但对细根结构和组分的影响还没有系统的研究。于2012年5月,在大兴安岭北方森林统一立地条件下建立4个水平N肥处理,分别为对照(CK,0 g/(m· a))、低N处理(TL, 2.5 g/(m·a))、中N处理(TM, 5 g/(m·a))和高N处理(TH , 7.5 g/(m·a))。在2014年7月,植物生长季,利用挖掘法获取兴安落叶松完整根系,测定其1~5级细根在不同N沉降处理下皮层厚度、维管束直径、根系直径、维根比以及化学组分变化,旨在探讨不同水平N沉降对细根解剖结构和化学组分的影响。结果表明:落叶松细根直径、皮层厚度和维管束直径均随根序的增加而增加,而相同根序、不同水平N沉降处理之间细根直径、皮层厚度、维管束直径和维根比之间存在差异,不同直径等级根系化学组分差异显著。上述实验结果说明,N沉降可能通过影响细根直径、皮层厚度、维管束直径、维根比和化学组分来影响细根生理功能和活性,进而可能影响植物地上和地下C循环。 相似文献
15.
Busemann H Young AF Alexander CM Hoppe P Mukhopadhyay S Nittler LR 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,312(5774):727-730
Organic matter in extraterrestrial materials has isotopic anomalies in hydrogen and nitrogen that suggest an origin in the presolar molecular cloud or perhaps in the protoplanetary disk. Interplanetary dust particles are generally regarded as the most primitive solar system matter available, in part because until recently they exhibited the most extreme isotope anomalies. However, we show that hydrogen and nitrogen isotopic compositions in carbonaceous chondrite organic matter reach and even exceed those found in interplanetary dust particles. Hence, both meteorites (originating from the asteroid belt) and interplanetary dust particles (possibly from comets) preserve primitive organics that were a component of the original building blocks of the solar system. 相似文献
16.
17.
模拟氮沉降对五角枫幼苗生长的影响 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
为了解五角枫幼苗的生长及地上、地下生物量分配等对模拟氮沉降的响应,以北京(BJ)、山西(SX)、内蒙古(NMG)3个不同种源的五角枫幼苗为研究材料,设计5个氮水平:对照(N0,0 kg/(hm2a),以N计,下同);低氮(N1,15 kg/(hm2a));中氮(N2, 25 kg/(hm2a) );高氮(N3,50 kg/(hm2a));过饱和氮(N4, 150 kg/(hm2a))。分析不同施氮水平下五角枫幼苗的基径、苗高、月生长量、生物量及各部分生物量分配比例的差异。结果表明:1)模拟氮沉降对山西和内蒙古种源五角枫幼苗基径、北京和内蒙古种源的苗高以及北京和山西种源的苗高月生长量均产生了显著影响;2)模拟氮沉降对北京种源五角枫幼苗生物量的影响较小,而随施氮浓度升高,山西、内蒙古种源五角枫幼苗的生物量均呈先增后减的显著变化趋势,山西种源幼苗的生物量在中氮水平达到最大值,而内蒙古种源则在高氮水平达到最大值;3)模拟氮沉降对于3个种源五角枫幼苗的生物量配比均产生了显著的影响,随着施氮浓度的升高,五角枫幼苗的根质量比(RMR)、根冠比(RSR)均有下降趋势,而茎质量比(SMR)、茎叶比(SLR)显著上升,说明其对茎结构的投资明显加大了,而对根和叶结构的投资则相对减少;4)分析五角枫幼苗的变异来源发现,基径(D)、苗高(H)、各部分生物量均与模拟氮沉降处理和种源2个因素存在密切关联,而生物量配比中只有SMR、叶质量比(LMR)和SLR与模拟氮沉降处理这1个因素存在显著的相关性,说明生物量配比的变化与种源的差异关联不大,但与环境中氮的输入量有较大的关系。 相似文献
18.
氮添加对典型阔叶红松林净初级生产力的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
大气氮(N)浓度日益升高,N沉降对森林生态系统生产力的影响成为当前研究的热点。本研究在典型阔叶红松林内,使用尿素(CO(NH2)2)作为N源,通过向森林地表施N肥的方式对森林生态系统进行为期6年的N添加试验,探究N对森林生态系统各组分碳(C)密度及净初级生产力(NPP)的影响。施N水平分别为N0(0kg/(hm2·a))、N1(30kg/(hm2·a))、N2(60kg/(hm2·a))和N3(120kg/(hm2·a))。结果表明:N添加对森林生态系统植被C库、碎屑C库及土壤C库C密度均无显著影响(P>0.05);对整个森林生态系统的NPP无显著影响,然而对针叶NPP表现出显著抑制作用(P < 0.05),对阔叶NPP表现出显著促进作用。土壤全N含量不受施N影响,但与土壤有机C浓度呈现极显著(P < 0.01)的正相关关系,表明土壤全N含量是土壤有机C的重要影响因素。 相似文献
19.
鼎湖山主要林下层植物光合生理特性对模拟氮沉降的响应 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
通过模拟氮沉降试验,研究了南亚热带季风常绿阔叶林林下层3种优势树种光叶山黄皮、黄果厚壳桂和厚壳桂叶片的光合生理特性对氮沉降增加的响应.试验21个月后,氮沉降显著增加了林下层3种植物叶片的全氮含量,但对磷含量没有明显的影响.总体而言,中等强度水平的氮处理（100 kg/(hm2·a)）对光叶山黄皮和厚壳桂的最大净光合速率、光饱和点以及比叶重具有明显的促进作用,表现出一定的同步性.黄果厚壳桂最大净光合速率和光饱和点则在低氮处理下（50 kg/(hm 2·a)）达到最大值,而比叶重在中氮处理下达到最大值.这说明比叶重对氮沉降的敏感性远滞后于最大净光合速率.然而这些生理指标在高氮处理下普遍表现出了明显的抑制作用.氮沉降对黄果厚壳桂的光合色素有影响,其余两种植物色素随氮处理水平的变化不明显.氮处理对表观最大量子效率、光补偿点没有产生明显的影响.但光叶山黄皮和厚壳桂的表观最大量子效率表现出了低氮处理有利于植物利用光能而高氮处理不利于利用光能的变化趋势.研究结果表明,尽管季风常绿阔叶林已达到氮饱和状态,但是3种植物有一定的自我调节和适应能力.黄果厚壳桂的光合指标对氮沉降的响应比光叶山黄皮和厚壳桂敏感,在低氮条件下（50 kg/(hm2·a)）更能维持其生理优势;而其他两种植物则在中氮条件下（100 kg/(hm2·a)）生长最好.适量氮沉降在短期内还是有利于这3种植物的生长,但高氮处理（150 kg/(hm2·a)）可能已超出了植物可承受的程度,打乱了植物体内的生理进程,不利于植物的正常生长. 相似文献
20.
Diamonds and the african lithosphere 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Data and inferences drawn from studies of diamond inclusions, xenocrysts, and xenoliths in the kimberlites of southern Africa are combined to characterize the structure of that portion of the Kaapvaal craton that lies within the mantle. The craton has a root composed in large part of peridotites that are strongly depleted in basaltic components. The asthenosphere boundary shelves from depths of 170 to 190 kilometers beneath the craton to approximately 140 kilometers beneath the mobile belts bordering the craton on the south and west. The root formed earlier than 3 billion years ago, and at that time ambient temperatures in it were 900 degrees to 1200 degrees C; these temperatures are near those estimated from data for xenoliths erupted in the Late Cretaceous or from present-day heat-flow measurements. Many of the diamonds in southern Africa are believed to have crystallized in this root in Archean time and were xenocrysts in the kimberlites that brought them to the surface. 相似文献