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1.
木材横纹压缩大变形应力—应变关系的定量表征 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
在１００－１３００ｋｇ／ｍ＾３的密度变范围选取１７种阔叶树试材，采用典型的６种木木材压缩加工条件（气干，２０℃饱水２０℃；饱水１００℃３种条件与约束条件相结合），进行横纹大变形压缩试验和数字化数据采集，经数据分析处理，建立了定量描述木材横纹压缩大米表全领域应力－应变关系的数学表达式。该式的适用性对本试验范围内的各树种、压缩工艺有效，计算值与实测值十分吻合。 相似文献
2.
为了改善杉木木材表层质软、强度低、耐磨性差等力学性能及其视觉特性,通过在不同温度和压力条件下,对绝干、气干、纤维饱和点和饱水状态的杉木表层染料水溶液渗透规律,应力－应变曲线,以及杉木细胞形态变形的电镜观察,确定了杉木表层软化处理工艺中染料水溶液渗透的最适条件,探讨了不同含水率状态下杉木表层径向压缩特性。结果表明：１）温度９０℃,常压－减压交替循环,试材含水率在气干与纤维饱和点之间时,是染料水溶液渗透的最适条件;２）径向压缩大变形区域Ⅱ是杉木早材部分变形的堆积;３）与２０℃,９０℃饱水状态杉木试材相反,气干状态试材在卸载时不发生瞬间变形恢复现象。 相似文献
3.
研究了常压下温度对五树种饱水试件压缩变形恢复率的影响及对压缩时木材力学性能的影响，并探讨了该条件下影响压缩木材变形固定的主要因素。 相似文献
4.
以锯切大青杨、旋切白桦、刨切紫椴3种木材薄板为研究对象,用常温水浸泡至饱水状态后不经热软化预处理进行横纹压缩强化,通过扫描电镜观察分析横纹压缩强化前后3种木材的未压缩材和压缩材横、纵切面上的微观结构变化,从微观层面探讨此方法强化3种木材薄板的可行性和有待改进、完善之处.结果表明:3种木材的压缩材横切面上整体变形较均匀,横、纵切面上均未发现压缩裂纹或破坏,纵切面上导管壁均有因压缩产生顺纤维方向的横向挤压折皱条纹;横切面上,大青杨、紫椴压缩材管孔沿压缩方向变形最大,白桦压缩材管孔沿其长轴方向变形最大,并使两侧沿压缩方向、径向排列的木射线细胞和木纤维细胞发生侧向扭曲变形. 相似文献
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6.
以黑龙江产大青(Populus ussuriensis)木材薄板为研究对象,经常温水浸泡至饱水状态后进行横纹压缩强化,通过分析横纹压缩强化前、后薄板试件及相近厚度规格胶合板和纤维板试件的物理力学性能,探讨该方法对薄木板性能的影响,并对薄木板与其他木质材料进行比较.结果表明:横纹压缩强化后的木材薄板相对结晶度变化趋势不明显,气干密度、表面硬度、表面粗糙度质量均有所提高,力学强度大幅度提高,热能消耗下降. 相似文献
7.
木材横纹压缩过程中径向,弦向加载差异性分析 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
利用我国东北地区的11个树种为试材，采用先进的测试及计算手段，揭示木材横纹压缩大变形的全过程，比较分析了不同测试条件、不同树种的试材在径向、弦向加载条件下的差异性． 相似文献
8.
《林产工业》2018,(11)
木材横向压缩下应力-应变关系对压缩材料热压工艺的设计和最终产品的物理力学性能有着重要的影响。从木材横纹压缩应力-应变关系和屈服点的确定入手,重点阐述从微观到宏观角度的木材自身组织构造特性,以及压缩工艺参数中温度、含水率等因素对木材横纹压缩应力-应变关系的影响,并对今后木材横纹压缩技术研究方向提出了建议。目前木材横纹压缩变形机制的研究多是围绕木材整体压缩开展,缺乏木材应力-应变关系随木材自身特性及含水率、温度交互作用变化规律的系统研究,以及湿热状态下层状压缩木材内部屈服应力差形成机制的研究。要实现层状压缩木材压缩层位置和厚度的可控性,需要在准确确定木材屈服点和掌握木材应力-应变关系的湿热响应规律的前提下,科学构建适用于湿热条件下木材层状压缩应力-应变关系模型。 相似文献
9.
水蒸汽处理对五树种压缩变形恢复率力学性能影响的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用180℃水蒸汽、处理时间1—12min对五树种压缩试件进行处理，考察处理时间对压缩变形恢复率及对木材试件力学性能的影响，并探讨了该条件下影响压缩木材变形固定的主要因素。 相似文献
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11.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):427-435
In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads. 相似文献
12.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(3):206-217
The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage. 相似文献
13.
Astra Zaluma Lauma Bruna Darta Klavina Natalija Burnevica Kristine Kenigsvalde Andis Lazdins Talis Gaitnieks 《Forest Pathology》2019,49(6)
Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered. 相似文献
14.
Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and
also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the
amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter
bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K
was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed
significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week−1 for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week−1 for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed
during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly
between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species
provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient
enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
15.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(2):118-130
The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions. 相似文献
16.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):53-61
This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland. 相似文献
17.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):15-27
The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. 相似文献
18.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(2):139-149
Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated. 相似文献
19.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(2):150-157
An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation. 相似文献
20.
本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。 相似文献