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1.
不同施肥条件下冬小麦氮素吸收、转运及累积的研究 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
为给陕西关中地区冬小麦合理施用氮肥提供理论基础,以小偃22为材料,通过田间试验研究了不同施肥条件下冬小麦产量、氮素吸收、转运和累积特点.结果表明,氮磷钾和有机肥配合施用可明显提高小麦籽粒产量,其中在基施有机氮150 kg·hm-2的基础上,施氮量为150～225 kg·hm-2时小麦籽粒产量接近或达到9 000 kg·hm-2的超高产水平,显著高于农民习惯施肥处理(基施纯氮300 kg·hm-2和P2O5 75 kg·hm-2);在不施有机肥、施氮量为270～300 kg·hm-2时,小麦籽粒产量与农民习惯施肥处理差异不明显,说明有机肥具有明显的增产作用.施肥处理时小麦氮素累积有显著影响,氮磷钾配施可显著提高小麦氮素累积量,有机肥和化肥配合施用氮素累积量最高,达到249.3～283.0 kg·hm-2.与农民习惯施肥处理相比,氮磷钾配施条件下小麦生育中期和后期氮素累积量增加,开花后营养器官氮素转运量也随着增加,但施肥处理间氮素转运效率差异不明显.综合来看,陕西关中地区冬小麦在氮磷钾和有机肥配合施用的情况下,氮肥用量应控制在150～225 kg·hm-2. 相似文献
2.
为了解水分和氮素调控对冬小麦产量及土壤肥力的影响,通过长期定位试验,设置0、150和225kg N·hm-2 3个施氮水平以及不灌水(CK)、越冬期灌水80mm(WF)、越冬期灌水40mm(WS)、秸秆覆盖+越冬期灌水40mm(MWS)、秸秆覆盖+拔节期灌水40mm(MJS)和拔节期灌水40mm(JS)6个水分调控模式,比较分析了不同水氮处理间小麦产量和土壤肥力的差异。结果表明,施氮可增加冬小麦产量,施氮量150与225kg N·hm-2的产量差异不显著(P0.05);水分调控模式中JS的产量最高,但与MJS差异不明显;水氮处理中,以施氮150kg N·hm-2条件下JS的产量最高。施氮降低了土壤速效磷和速效钾含量,但提高了速效氮、全氮和有机质含量;不同水分调控模式中MJS改善耕层土壤肥力的效果最佳;以施氮150kg N·hm-2水平下MJS处理的综合效应最好。 相似文献
3.
密度和施氮量对超高产冬小麦群体质量和产量形成的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为明确种植密度和施氮量对超高产冬小麦群体质量和产量形成的影响,以冬小麦品种石麦18为材料,于2013-2014年度在河北省藁城市进行了密度(基本苗150万、225万、300万和375万·hm-2)和施氮量(180、240和300kg·hm-2)的二因素裂区试验。结果表明,小麦各生育时期群体总茎(穗)数随密度的增加而增加,但4种密度下都取得了较高的穗数。越冬前至开花期叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均随密度的增加而增加,但基本苗为150万和225万·hm-2时开花后LAI和干物质积累量都高于基本苗300万和375万·hm-2。各生育时期(除起身期外)不同施氮量之间总茎数差异不显著。干物质积累量随着施氮量增加呈增加趋势,高施氮量下开花后LAI衰减较慢。密度对产量及其构成因素的影响均显著,施氮量仅对千粒重和产量的影响显著;密度与施氮量对千粒重和产量有显著的交互效应。基本苗150万·hm-2、施氮量240~300kg·hm-2处理的小麦产量最高,分别为10 308.65和10 221.98kg·hm-2。因此,建议在低密度下适当增施氮肥。而从节本增效考虑,在高密度下应适当减少氮肥投入,以实现小麦的高产高效。 相似文献
4.
水肥运筹对滴灌春小麦保护酶活性及产量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了解水肥运筹对滴灌春小麦旗叶保护酶活性及产量的影响,通过大田调查和小区控制试验,测定和分析了不同水肥条件下滴灌春小麦分蘖期、拔节期、灌浆期的保护酶活性、丙二醛含量及产量差异.结果表明,从分蘖期到灌浆期,适宜的水肥条件能增加滴灌春小麦叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性.重度水分胁迫和低氮条件下,丙二醛(MDA)含量较高.水肥对产量互作效应显著,增施氮肥可提高产量.说明水肥合理配施对小麦的抗旱性具有一定的调控作用,灌水量和施肥量过高或过低均不利于小麦相关生理过程.综合考虑不同指标,全生育期灌水量为2 800～4 400 m3·hm-2、氮肥施用量为450～750 kg·hm-2、磷肥施用量为225～375 kg·hm-2时,滴灌小麦膜脂抗氧化能力和产量表现最佳. 相似文献
5.
秸秆还田配施氮肥对冬小麦氮素吸收特性及产量的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为筛选砂姜黑土玉米秸秆全量还田条件下冬小麦生长季适宜的施氮量,通过秸秆还田定位试验,探讨了玉米秸秆还田配施氮肥(162.0、202.5、243.0、283.5和324.0kg·hm-2)对冬小麦产量、植株含氮量、氮素吸收强度及氮素利用率的影响。结果表明,玉米秸秆全量粉碎还田后,前两年小麦产量连续下降,降幅达4.1%~46.1%,从第四年开始产量增加,增幅为5.7%~12.8%,尤其以配施纯氮243.0kg·hm-2的增幅最高。在秸秆还田配施低量氮(162.0~202.5kg·hm-2)和过量氮(324.0kg·hm-2)下,小麦整个生育期植株含氮量呈单峰曲线变化,高峰期分别出现在拔节、开花和孕穗期;配施高量氮(243.0、283.5kg·hm-2)时小麦植株含氮量分别在越冬期和拔节至孕穗出现高峰。小麦植株吸氮强度在各生育时期均随施氮量的增加而增强,配施低量氮肥会导致小麦生育后期发生早衰。秸秆还田配施氮肥下,小麦达到最高产量9 860kg·hm-2时植株的适宜含氮量为3.12%~4.72%,拔节和孕穗期较高。氮肥农学效率、植株地上部氮肥吸收利用率和籽粒氮肥吸收利用率均随施氮量的增加而显著降低,而施氮处理的氮素收获指数显著高于不施氮处理。综合考虑,冬小麦生长季玉米秸秆还田适宜的配施氮量为243.0kg·hm-2,并且在连续还田4年后冬小麦才表现出较好的增产效果 相似文献
6.
雨养和灌溉条件下施氮量对小麦干物质积累和产量的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为给冀东地区小麦高产栽培提供技术参考,以高蛋白质品种京冬8号和低蛋白质品种宝麦38为材料,设置0、120、240和360kg·hm-2三个施氮水平,研究了在灌溉和雨养条件下氮素营养对冬小麦干物质积累和产量形成的调控效应。结果表明,适量施氮提高了小麦干物质积累量、结实小穗数和穗粒数,促进了叶片、茎和鞘的花前贮存干物质在花后向籽粒中的转移,但过量施氮则抑制灌溉条件下营养器官花前贮存干物质在花后向籽粒的转移。施氮量对千粒重的影响因基因型和土壤水分状况不同而差异。随施氮量的增加,在雨养和灌溉条件下京冬8号千粒重分别呈降低和增加趋势,宝麦38千粒重均呈下降趋势。适当施氮可促进分蘖和分蘖成穗。与雨养栽培相比,灌溉可促进小麦干物质积累,增加穗数和延长灌浆时间,提高籽粒产量。随着施氮量的增加,两品种的氮肥生产效率和氮肥农学效率均降低。宝麦38和京冬8号籽粒产量达到最高的施氮量在雨养条件下均为120kg·hm-2,在灌溉条件下分别为120和240kg·hm-2。从产量和氮肥利用效率综合来看,宝麦38的适宜施氮量为120kg·hm-2,京冬8号的适宜施氮量为120~240kg·hm-2。 相似文献
7.
氮肥调控对冬小麦干物质量、产量和氮素利用效率的影响 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
为了探讨河南省安阳地区冬小麦合理高效的氮肥调控模式,2008-2010年通过田间试验,比较分析了不同基追比(10∶0和6∶4)和施氮水平(100、200和300kg·hm-2)下冬小麦干物质量、产量和氮肥利用效率的差异。结果表明,增施氮肥显著促进了冬小麦的干物质积累和籽粒产量的形成,在基追比10∶0下,氮肥农学效率(NE)随着施氮量的增加呈降低趋势。在相同追施比例下,干物质量、籽粒产量、氮素生理利用效率(PNUE)和氮素利用效率(NUE)以施氮200kg·hm-2时最高。在施氮100kg·hm-2时,提高氮肥基施比例更有利于增加干物质量、产量和氮肥利用效率;伴随施氮量的增加,提高追肥比例能有效增加干物质量、籽粒产量、NE、PNUE和NUE。本试验中,在施氮200kg·hm-2、基追比为6∶4条件下,冬小麦的干物质积累、产量及氮素利用效率表现最佳。 相似文献
8.
豫北高地力条件下施氮量对冬小麦花后氮代谢特征及产量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为探讨施氮量对高地力条件下冬小麦花后氮代谢特征及产量的影响,以矮抗58为供试材料,采用大田试验法,研究了0、150、200、250和300 kg.hm-2施氮水平对小麦花后旗叶和籽粒GS活性、游离氨基酸含量、籽粒产量和蛋白质含量及小麦成熟后0-100 cm土壤各层硝态氮积累量的影响。结果表明,施氮量达200 kg.hm-2时能够显著提高旗叶和籽粒中GS活性及游离氨基酸含量,但与250和300 kg.hm-2的施氮量处理间差异不显著;小麦成熟后随着施氮量的增加,0~100 cm土层内硝态氮的残留量上升,小麦成穗数增加,千粒重下降,籽粒蛋白质含量提高;小麦产量在施氮200 kg.hm-2时为最高,在施氮300 kg.hm-2时最低,说明在高地力条件下,小麦实现高产的适宜施氮量为200 kg.hm-2。 相似文献
9.
黄土高原长期施肥对小麦产量及肥料利用率的影响 总被引：22，自引：3，他引：19
为给旱地小麦合理施肥提供依据,在20年长期定位试验的基础上,研究了不同施肥处理对小麦产量及肥料利用率的影响。结果表明,化肥能显著提高小麦产量,单施磷肥产量增加85．8kg／ha,增幅6．8％;单施氮肥增产352．8kg／ha,增幅28．0％;氮磷配施增产2262．2kg／ha,增幅179．7％。有机肥处理增产显著,单施有机肥增产1954．2kg／ha;在施有机肥的基础上,施氮肥增产9．8％,施磷肥增产17．1％,施氮磷肥增产15．5％。长期化肥单施肥料利用率较低,单施氮肥的氮肥利用率为16．0％,单施磷肥的磷肥利用为7．0％。氮磷配合施用,小麦吸氮、磷、钾量显著增加,氮、磷肥利用率分别增加21．2和6．9个百分点。氮、磷和有机肥处理的小麦吸氮量比氮磷处理增加18.2kg/ha,吸磷量增加4.1kg/ha,吸钾量增加8.3kg/ha。 相似文献
10.
长期施肥对冬小麦产量、养分吸收利用的影响 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
为了解黄土高原黄绵土区长期施肥的效应,以1981年设置于甘肃天水黄绵土上的长期定位试验为基础,研究了长期(1981-2013年)施肥对冬小麦产量、养分吸收和肥料表观利用率的影响.结果表明,单施氮肥或有机肥对冬小麦的增产作用不明显,化肥配施或化肥与有机肥配施的增产作用显著.氮磷钾配施有机肥(MNPK)下,冬小麦平均产量最高,达到5 069 kg· hm-2,较对照(不施任何肥料)提高了173.41％,对冬小麦产量的贡献率为62.60％;地上部氮、磷、钾携出量均最多,分别为141.13、16.86和123.69 kg· hm-2,较对照分别提高了239.42％、218.11％和237.31％;氮、钾肥表观利用率最高,分别为55.68％和76.43％.磷肥表观利用率以氮肥配施有机肥最高,为19.57％.肥料单施不利于提高其利用效率,化肥配施有机肥后氮、钾表观利用率较不配施有机肥降低.因此,农业生产中肥料合理配施才是提高作物产量和肥料利用率的有效措施. 相似文献
11.
12.
《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):81-114
Summary The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices. 相似文献
13.
Lakshman Lal 《Potato Research》1987,30(2):329-334
Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong
(1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage,
sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over
45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield
of a subsequent crop. 相似文献
14.
15.
Joseph E. Laferriere Charles W. Weber Edwin A. Kohlhepp 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1991,41(3):277-282
Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described. 相似文献
16.
Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity. 相似文献
17.
M. I. Siri P. Villanueva M. J. Pianzzola L. Franco Fraguas G. Galván M. Acosta F. Ferreira 《Potato Research》2004,47(3-4):127-138
Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results
for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin
presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear
relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins
and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds. 相似文献
18.
Alejandro Carlos Tozzini María Fernanda Ceriani María Verónica Saladrigas H. Esteban Hopp 《Potato Research》1991,34(3):317-324
Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets
that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and
slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging
toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta.
Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X1 (also called RXact). 相似文献
19.
Rita Favas Janaína Morone Rosrio Martins Vitor Vasconcelos Graciliana Lopes 《Marine drugs》2022,20(3)
The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O2•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O2•− scavenging, (IC50 = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC25 = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC50 = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC50 = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O2•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms. 相似文献
20.
Alejandro M. S. Mayer Abimael D. Rodríguez Orazio Taglialatela-Scafati Nobuhiro Fusetani 《Marine drugs》2013,11(7):2510-2573
The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories. 相似文献