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Sarah E. Lingle Ryan P. Viator Richard M. Johnson Thomas L. Tew Deborah L. Boykin 《Field Crops Research》2009,113(3):306-311
Sucrose content is one of the main factors sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids) breeders use in selecting new cultivars. To determine how growth and sugar content have been altered by six cycles of recurrent selection for sucrose, five cultivars from the first generation (released from 1924 to 1933) were compared with five cultivars from the seventh generation (released from 2003 to 2007). In July of 2006 and 2007, we flagged 20 stalks per plot and marked the top internode that was just beginning to elongate. We then sampled one stalk per plot at weekly to biweekly intervals for 12 weeks. We measured stalk length and internode number, and the length, fresh weight, dry weight, water content, and sugar content of the marked internode. Stalks from the Generation 7 cultivars were taller, and had more internodes than those from Generation 1 cultivars. The marked internodes of Generation 7 and Generation 1 cultivars had similar elongation rates during early development, but elongation ended earlier in Generation 7 cultivars so that internodes of Generation 7 cultivars were shorter when fully elongated than those of Generation 1 cultivars. These shorter internodes had lower fresh weights, but similar dry weights as the longer Generation 1 internodes. Water content also decreased faster in Generation 7 than Generation 1 internodes. Generation 7 internodes had more total sugar and more sucrose throughout development. Generation 7 internodes also maintained a higher sucrose:total sugar ratio until the end of the sampling period. We conclude that recurrent selection for sucrose content in sugarcane has altered the allocation of photosynthate from growth to storage within the internode. This is possibly due to a change in the regulation of sucrose metabolism within the internode. 相似文献
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种植密度对不同耐密夏玉米品种茎秆性状与抗倒伏能力的影响 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
以耐密性不同玉米品种为材料,调查吐丝期暴雨大风后玉米倒伏情况,分析增密过程中不同夏玉米群体植株形态与茎秆力学变化规律。结果表明,随密度增加,大风后根倒率和茎折率显著增加,登海618的根倒率和茎折率显著低于浚单20。随着密度增加,玉米株高和穗位高增加,基部3~7节间均表现为节间伸长、变细,茎粗系数、穿刺强度、抗折力、压碎强度显著降低,两个品种表现一致。相关分析表明,根倒率和茎折率与节间长度、株高、穗位高和穗位系数正相关,与茎粗、茎粗系数和茎秆力学负相关。站秆率与倒伏率均与基部第3节间性状的相关性达显著水平。与浚单20相比,登海618具有较低的节间长度、株高、穗位高、穗位系数和较高的茎粗、茎粗系数和茎秆力学,抗倒性能较强。 相似文献
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《Field Crops Research》1996,48(1):11-25
There is little detailed information on yield accumulation in sugarcane under high-input conditions, which can be used to quantify the key physiological parameters contributing to yield variation. Sugarcane is grown under plant and ratoon crop conditions. This study analysed canopy development, radiation interception and biomass accumulation of two contrasting cultivars of sugarcane under irrigation during the same season under plant and ratoon crop conditions. Over the 15 month season, 11 crop samplings were conducted. Biomass partitioning to stalk was also measured to determine to what extent differences in partitioning between cultivars under ratoon and plant crop conditions contribute to differential productivity. The key findings were: (1) The ratoon crop accumulated biomass more quickly than the plant crop during the first 100 days of growth due to higher stalk number, faster canopy development and greater radiation interception. For similar reasons, cultivar Q138 had higher early biomass production than cultivar Q117 in the plant crop. (2) Early differences in biomass accumulation due to crop class became negligible at about 220 days because maximum RUE of the plant crop (1.72 ± 0.01 g MJ−1) was 8% higher than in the first ratoon crop (1.59 ± 0.08 g MJ−1). The higher maximum RUE in the plant crop was consistent with a higher crop growth rate (35.1 ± 2.3 versus 31.0 ± 3.4 g m−2 d−1) during the linear phase of biomass accumulation. (3) Biomass accumulation, which ceased about 300 days after planting/ratooning and 140 days before final harvest, attained similar levels of 53–58 t ha−1 in all four crops. (4) The plateau in biomass was associated with loss of live millable stalks, and not a cessation in the growth rate of individual stalks. The crops continued to intercept radiation while on the biomass plateau, so that average RUEs at final harvest were much lower than the maximum values. (5) There was no effect of crop class or cultivar on the fraction of biomass in the leaf and millable stalk components. This study emphasizes that maximising early radiation interception and biomass accumulation will not necessarily lead to higher yield in an environment where biomass production reaches a plateau well before final harvest. Loss of live millable stalks late in the crop cycle results in poor utilisation of intercepted radiation. 相似文献
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以34个玉米品种为试材,在青贮收获期调查田间倒伏率、株高、穗位高、茎粗等农艺性状,测定茎秆穿刺强度及压碎强度,比较分析不同玉米品种的茎秆力学特性、品种差异性和指标相关性,为筛选抗倒能力强、适宜机械化收获的青贮玉米品种提供理论依据。结果表明,茎秆基部节间的穿刺强度及压碎强度随节间的上升逐渐降低,且与株高存在显著正相关关系。茎折是玉米青贮收获期倒伏的关键因素,参试的34个玉米品种中,32D22、先玉1692、东单606和KXA4574综合抗倒能力较强。 相似文献
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设置两年灌溉量和种植密度互作试验，研究不同密度下，随灌溉量增加，玉米茎秆抗折断力、植株高度、基部节间形态及机械强度等的变化趋势，明确覆膜滴灌条件下灌溉量对密植玉米茎秆抗倒伏能力的影响。结果表明，随密度增加，茎秆抗倒能力呈下降趋势。不同密度下，滴灌量变化对茎秆抗倒能力的影响不完全一致。密植条件下，适当增加灌量（480～540 mm）可提高基部节间的物质积累和茎粗，增强茎秆的机械强度；继续增加滴灌量对茎秆的抗倒能力提升效果不显著。 相似文献
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《Field Crops Research》2002,76(1):71-84
Partitioning of dry matter (DM) in sugarcane is of interest for two fundamental reasons. Firstly, sugar production depends directly on partitioning of crop biomass to the stalk and then to sucrose stored largely in stalk parenchyma. Secondly, various DM components of the stalk and particularly sucrose concentration are used to calculate the value of cane consignments delivered to the mill. In this study we review data from serial harvesting experiments in South Africa and Australia to discover similarities and differences in DM partitioning of sugarcane grown in a wide range of conditions and to gain a better understanding of the factors influencing DM partitioning as a basis for improving functional responses in sugarcane simulation models. Firstly, climatic and genetic variations in DM partitioning to various above ground plant components of sugarcane and to sucrose within the stalk component, are examined at a broad level. We then assess the robustness of sucrose partitioning rules used in the two international sugarcane models (APSIM and CANEGRO) and provide enhancements on predictions of sucrose content (SC) on a DM basis in sugarcane stalks.Well-adapted cultivars in widely different climatic conditions were similar with respect to partitioning of biomass to various above ground organs. The trash component (dead leaves and dead stalks) was one that varied most between cultivars and growing conditions. The stalk fraction of green biomass (biomass less trash) reached a maximum of about 0.85 when green biomass yield exceeded 60 t ha−1 regardless of cultivar or extremes of water regime. Opportunities for further improvements of this trait through breeding were not obvious but harvesting could be delayed to ensure that stalk fraction is as high as possible.Variations in SC with respect to age, biomass and seasonal variation in climate, were explained by a simple conceptual model of cane stalk segments which are rapidly filled with sucrose when young and may remobilise sucrose when carbohydrate is required for rapid expansive growth. Season and age effects on whole stalk SC are due to varying proportions of young segments with low SC and older segments with high SC. A mechanistic model capturing these concepts is required but as an interim measure an empirical model based on stalk mass, leaf number per stalk, leaf area index and temperature accounted for a large proportion of the variation in SC across Australian and South African cultivars and conditions. Uses for this model together with CANEGRO or APSIM include improved SC through manipulating irrigation and the harvest schedule and more realistic targets for cane quality. 相似文献
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植物生长调节剂对再生稻头季抗倒伏能力和两季产量的影响 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
【目的】为了探明植物生长调节剂对再生稻头季抗倒伏能力及两季产量的影响,【方法】以佳辐占、天优华占和甬优2640为试验材料,于拔节初期叶面喷施多效唑、乙烯利和抗倒酯,研究不同植物生长调节剂对水稻头季茎秆特性、力学指标及两季产量形成的影响。【结果】甬优2640基部节间抗折力和植株抗推力最大,抗倒伏能力强;佳辐占基部节间最长,株高最高,倒伏指数高,抗倒伏能力最差;天优华占基部倒伏指数小,抗倒伏能力介于前二者中间。与喷施清水对照相比,多效唑处理植株节间长、株高、茎壁厚与对照差异较小,增加了倒3节间(N3)茎粗和倒4节间(N4)和N3的抗折力,降低了N4和N3的倒伏指数;乙烯利处理则显著增加了N4长度,N3茎粗和株高,对茎壁厚没有明显影响, 增强了N3抗折力,降低了N3倒伏指数;抗倒酯处理缩短了N4、倒2节间(N2)长,降低株高,增加N3茎粗和N3、N2的茎壁厚度,增强了N4、N3的抗折力,降低了各节间的倒伏指数。3种植物生长调节剂处理均降低了头季产量,多效唑和抗倒酯处理增加了再生季产量,乙烯利降低了再生季产量。分析产量构成因素,植物生长调节剂处理主要影响了总穗粒数,头季总穗粒数减少,再生季总穗粒数增加。天优华占和甬优2640两季总产量均较对照降低,佳辐占总产量多效唑和抗倒酯处理较对照增加,乙烯利处理较对照降低。【结论】抗倒酯处理增强了再生稻头季茎秆的抗倒伏能力,而对两季总产量无显著影响,对再生稻头季抗倒伏栽培具有现实意义。 相似文献
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基于因子分析和聚类分析的甘蔗品种抗螟性评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为明确甘蔗品种（系）抗螟性评价指标,建立甘蔗品种（系）抗螟性综合评价体系。在田间自然虫源条件下,以螟害株率、螟害节率、螟害指数、枯梢率、蛀道数、蛀道长度和羽化率为甘蔗生长中后期抗螟性评价候选指标,对19个甘蔗新品种（系）的抗螟性进行因子分析和聚类分析。结果表明：除螟害株率外,其余6个候选指标均有望作为抗螟性评价指标,其中螟害指数与单茎重损失量、蔗糖分损失量间同时具有显著正相关,是评价甘蔗受害程度的最佳指标。因子分析结果表明,6个抗性相关指标可简化为3个公因子,即植株受害因子、蛀道解剖因子和螟虫生长发育因子。根据品种因子得分,对19个甘蔗新品种（系）抗螟性进行系统聚类分析,结果显示,粤甘42号对螟虫抗性最高,福农38号、桂糖29号、柳城03-1137和桂糖31号对螟虫抗性最低。本研究结果不仅提供了甘蔗抗螟性评价指标与综合抗性评价方法,还明确了19个甘蔗新品种（系）对甘蔗螟虫的抗性。 相似文献
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群体密度对夏玉米穗下茎秆性状及抗倒伏力学特性的影响 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
设置5个密度处理,2015～2016年研究种植密度对川中丘区夏玉米穗下茎节性状和抗倒伏力学特性的影响。结果表明,随群体密度增加,穗下由基部向上第2～5节节长增长;第3、5节7.50万株/hm~2密度处理较4.50万株/hm~2分别增加了19.04%、13.93%(2015)和22.84%和26.76%(2016);第6～8节变化不显著,穗下各节节粗变细。节干重、单位茎长干物质重、穿刺强度和压碎强度均随密度的增加而降低。相关分析结果表明,茎秆倒伏率与茎秆节间直径、茎秆干重、单位茎长干物质重呈极显著负相关,与种植密度、节间长度呈显著正相关;与第3～5节和第8节(穗下第1节)穿刺强度和压碎强度均呈极显著负相关,茎秆压碎强度和外皮穿刺强度相关系数为r=0.96**。 相似文献
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种植密度对3个紧凑型玉米品种抗倒伏性和产量的影响 总被引：10，自引：2，他引：8
以郑单958、先玉335、浚单20为材料,研究不同密度下3个紧凑型玉米品种抗倒伏性和产量的影响。结果表明,随着密度增加,3个玉米品种的倒伏率逐渐升高,平均倒伏率浚单20先玉335郑单958。随着密度增加,玉米株高、穗位高、穗高系数均逐渐升高,玉米倒伏率与穗位高呈极显著正相关,与株高和穗高系数相关性不显著。玉米茎秆穿刺强度随着节位的上升呈下降趋势,随着密度增加,茎秆穿刺强度逐渐降低,不同密度下每一节的穿刺强度均为先玉335郑单958浚单20,不同节间的穿刺强度表现为第二节第三节第四节第五节第六节。随着密度增加,玉米穗行数、穗粒数和百粒重均呈降低趋势,行粒数在不同品种间表现不同,郑单958和先玉335均呈下降趋势,浚单20则先升后降。随着密度增加,郑单958、先玉335的产量表现为先升高后降低的趋势,在7.5万株/hm2时达最高值,分别为13 141.5、14 324.2 kg/hm~2,浚单20呈下降趋势。因此,与郑单958和浚单20相比,先玉335在冀西北地区种植抗倒伏且获得高产。 相似文献
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《Field Crops Research》1996,48(1):27-36
Information on the processes controlling the accumulation of sucrose over time can be used to assess the physiological basis of yield variation and consequently the scope for yield improvement in sugarcane. As commercial yield is commonly expressed on a fresh weight basis, and dry weight measures of sucrose accumulation aid biological interpretation, there is a need to study yield accumulation on both a fresh and dry weight basis. This study analysed the pattern of sucrose accumulation in the stalk in relation to crop biomass, and the concentration of sucrose in the stalk on a fresh and dry weight basis of two contrasting cultivars (Q117 and Q138) of sugarcane during the same season in tropical Australia, with irrigation and under plant and ratoon crop conditions. Over the 15 month season, 11 crop samplings were conducted. The key findings were that (1) greater than 95% of the aboveground sucrose accumulation is in the stalk; (2) a logistic relationship described the time trend in stalk sucrose accumulation, with maximum sucrose yield occurring 100 days before final harvest; (3) stalk biomass rather than stalk sucrose concentration was the major determinant of stalk sucrose accumulation; (4) maximum stalk sucrose concentration was stable across cultivars and crop classes at a value of 0.48 g g−1 stalk dry weight; (5) commercial yield expressed as the fresh millable stalk yield plateaued up to 230 days before final harvest and well before the attainment of maximum stalk biomass and sucrose yield due to increases in dry matter content during growth; (6) maximum stalk sucrose concentration on a fresh weight basis was obtained at a later crop age and was more variable across crops than maximum stalk sucrose concentration on a dry weight basis. The study highlighted the major influence that stalk dry matter content has on the relationship between sucrose yield and commercial yield, and that biological interpretation of crop response to climatic and management factors is difficult based on commonly available fresh weight measures of productivity. Optimising economic return from commercial sugarcane production requires further understanding on the factors controlling the dynamics of stalk dry matter content. 相似文献
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种植密度对玉米茎秆和穗部性状的影响 总被引：20，自引：6，他引：14
以郑单958、金海5号为试验材料,研究在中密度(52 500株/hm2)、高密度(75 000株/hm2)条件下对茎秆和穗部性状的影响。结果表明：高密度条件下,两个品种株高和穗位高受影响均不显著,除第1节间茎秆长度显著增加外,其他节间受密度影响不显著,而基部(第3节间)茎的粗度显著减少;中密度条件下,金海5号各节间茎秆穿刺强度均显著大于郑单958。高密度条件下,金海5号各节间茎秆穿刺强度显著减弱,而郑单958除第3节间穿刺强度显著减弱外,其他节间没有明显变化。高密度条件下,穗长、行粒数和百粒重都显著降低。两个品种在高密度下的产量均显著高于中密度。 相似文献
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中微量元素肥料不同用量对超级稻品种倒伏及产量的影响 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
为了明确中微量元素肥料(主要成份Ca O、MgO、SiO_2和ZnO含量分别为20%、12%、10%和3%)不同用量对超级稻抗倒伏能力和产量形成的影响,于2014年早、晚季以超级稻品种天优3618为材料,设置4个用量水平(F0,对照,全生育期不施用,F1、F2和F3用量分别为25 kg/667 m~2、50 kg/667 m~2和75 kg/667 m~2)进行大田试验,研究中微量元素肥料施用对水稻的茎秆抗折力、形态结构和产量形成的影响。结果表明,中微量元素肥料的施用显著降低了早晚稻的倒伏指数和重心高度,与对照相比,F1和F2处理分别使水稻的倒伏指数和重心高度下降10.50%、8.37%和2.56%、2.22%;显著提高了水稻的单株和单茎抗折力、节间抗折力、节间的鲜质量百分比和茎壁厚度,分别较对照平均提高10.78%、13.49%、12.33%、11.93%和4.81%;同时基部不同节间对中微量元素肥料的响应存在差异,其中第2节间倒伏指数的下降幅度较第3节间多5.51个百分点,而第2节间的鲜质量百分比、鲜质量/干质量、茎壁厚度和粗度则分别多增加3.55个、2.41个、0.98个和0.19个百分点;中微量元素肥料的施用也有利于水稻产量的形成,但除成穗率和抽穗期绿叶面积外,其他指标各处理与对照的差异并未达显著水平。上述结果表明,中微量元素肥料能提高水稻的抗倒伏能力,有利于水稻产量的形成,其适宜用量为25~50 kg/667 m~2。 相似文献
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减氮对机插杂交籼稻茎秆生长及抗倒伏特性的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以宜香优2115和F优498为材料,设置4个不同氮肥用量处理,研究减氮对机插杂交籼稻产量和茎秆生长特性的影响,及其与抗倒伏能力的关系。结果表明,与对照（品种最高产施氮量,180 kg/hm2）相比,随着减氮量的增加,参试两个水稻品种的产量均逐渐降低,但N150处理（施氮量150 kg/hm2）的产量降低不显著,而N120处理（施氮量120 kg/hm2）和N0处理（不施氮）的产量降低显著;水稻株高和重心高度均降低,基部节间长度缩短,基部节间的秆型指数逐渐增加,节间充实度（节间干物质量、单位长度节间干物质量和单位体积节间干物质量）先增加后降低,弯曲力矩逐渐减小,折断弯矩逐渐增加,倒伏指数降低,抗倒伏能力增强。相关分析表明,倒伏指数与产量、株高、重心高度、弯曲力矩和节间长度整体上呈正相关;与节间粗度、折断弯矩、茎壁厚度、秆型指数和节间充实度整体上呈负相关。综上,适宜减氮（N150）能够同步实现机插杂交籼稻减氮稳产和高抗倒伏能力;而过量减氮（N120或N0）虽能大幅度提升抗倒伏能力,但难以实现高产或稳产。 相似文献
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植物生长调节剂拌种对扬麦13茎秆生长及籽粒产量的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为给高产小麦合理选用生长调节剂提供科学依据,以弱筋小麦扬麦13为试验材料,研究了不同生长调节剂(矮壮素、拌种剂、种衣剂、多效唑)拌种对不同群体小麦茎秆生长及籽粒产量的调节效应。结果表明,拌种处理均能有效降低扬麦13的株高、重心高度及基部节间长度,对茎秆粗度、茎壁厚度、茎秆干重的调节效应因生长调节剂种类不同而存在差异,其中,低密度条件下拌种剂处理的小麦茎壁厚度增加显著,而高密度条件下多效唑处理小麦的茎壁厚度增加显著。生长调节剂拌种处理提高了扬麦13的抗倒伏能力,其作用效果表现为多效唑种衣剂拌种剂矮壮素。相关分析表明,降低植株株高、基部第一节间长度,增加基部第一、二节间壁厚有利于提高植株抗倒性能。拌种处理下小麦产量均高于对照,300×104株·hm-2群体的产量高于150×104株·hm-2群体,均以种衣剂拌种处理增产最明显,平均增幅达11.68%,在倒伏年拌种处理增产效果更显著。 相似文献
20.
为解析影响小麦倒伏发生的关键因子与内在机制,基于示范样地,选择不同养分管理下实际倒伏三块样本(1个高倒伏田块和2个低倒伏田块,养分管理方式分别为普通化肥深施、普通化肥撒施和缓控释肥深施),对小麦株型、倒伏节间的形态、组分及维管束数量、根系构型、土壤养分供应等进行比较分析。结果表明,在同等氮肥施用量与相同播种密度下,化肥深施田块（D-CF）的倒伏率高于化肥撒施（M-CF）和缓控释肥深施田块（D-RCU）。茎基部节间是小麦倒伏发生的主要部位,节间越长,倒伏高度越高。高倒伏样本田块（D-CF）的株高显著高于M-CF和D-RCU田块,分别增加15.7%和15.1%,且D-CF田块的穗重与茎鞘叶重比最高。不同田块倒伏节间（茎基部节间）的外径、壁厚均无显著差异,但高倒伏田块D-CF的茎基部节间维管束面积和数量均低于低倒伏田块,较M-CF减少8.7%和9.0%,较D-RCU降低了11.8%和5.9%,且纤维素、半纤维素与木质素的含量显著低于D-RCU田块。D-CF田块的根尖数显著高于两低倒伏田块,且根系总长与表面积显著高于D-RCU田块。D-CF田块的5~10、10~15和15~20 cm土层的速效氮含量均最高。经相关性分析,倒伏率与株高呈显著正相关,与倒伏节间维管束数量及半纤维素、纤维素与木质素的总含量均呈显著负相关。株高分别与根系总根长、根尖数及5~20 cm土壤速效氮含量呈极显著或显著正相关,而维管束数量与5~10 cm土壤速效氮含量呈显著负相关,纤维素及木质素含量均与5~20 cm土壤速效氮含量呈显著负相关,半纤维素含量则与10~15 cm土壤速效氮含量呈显著负相关。受田间小麦根系构型及中下层土壤速效氮含量影响,株高和茎基部节间维管束数量及三素（半纤维素、纤维素、木质素）含量是小麦倒伏风险的主要影响因子。 相似文献