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1.
Direct measurements of the xylem sap flow by the stem heat balance technique can be a valuable aid for determining the irrigation demand of field crops. In the present study, soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) sap flow was evaluated under well-watered and water-stressed conditions using Dynamax SGA10 sap flow gauges. Solar radiation was measured continuously throughout the growing season. Soil water content was measured before and after each irrigation. There was a close relationship between solar radiation and xylem sap flow. The water flux in the soybean stems responded realistically to changes in the soil water content. However, the absolute values of sap flow were highly questionable. Calculating crop transpiration from sap flow measurements, the results were up to 4 times as high as calculated transpiration from soil moisture data and simulated transpiration using the locally calibrated soybean crop growth model SOYGRO. A sensitivity analysis of the stem heat balance technique gave no indications of technique or input errors. The gauge design was possibly not appropriate for the outdoor installation on soybeans.  相似文献   

2.
Vine water use was measured in a Vitis vinifera cv. Riesling vineyard located in New York. Vines were fully irrigated and were trained via vertical shoot positioning giving a narrow curtain intercepting about 30% of the incident light during the sunlight hours. Vine water use was estimated on six vines by sap flow gauges directly calibrated with whole canopy transpiration measurements. The regression analysis between estimates of transpiration showed that there were large differences between vines in the calibration values obtained. Sap flow monitoring started late in June, about 2 weeks after bloom, when the canopy already filled the trellis system, and continued until October. Results showed that vine water use during most of the summer days was between 1.0 and 2.0 mm day−1, with peak values around 2.5 mm. The basal (e.g. vine transpiration/reference evapotranspiration) crop coefficient (K cb) varied somewhat between days, but it was quite stable during the whole season. Averaged over the entire experimental period, the K cb was 0.49. Some of the day-to-day variation in the K cb was negatively related with daily average air vapour pressure deficit. This suggests that reference evapotranspiration models on grass may not be fully accurate for vines under these experimental conditions.  相似文献   

3.
Using the Shuttleworth and Wallace (S–W) model, evapotranspiration (ET); transpiration ratio (T/ET), which is the ratio of transpiration (T) to ET; and water-use efficiency (WUE) were estimated for a sparsely planted sorghum canopy that was well irrigated. That model is designed to estimate separately the evaporation from soil and transpiration from crops.The evapotranspiration estimates for both short- and long-term measurement periods coincided closely with the Bowen ratio energy balance (BREB) measurements. The transpiration ratios were affected by the canopy resistances and the soil surface resistances during the day. The regression curve between leaf area index (LAI) and transpiration ratio suggests that LAI, less than 1.6, determined the transpiration ratio in the absence of water stresses by soil water drought and extreme weather condition. The WUEs for transpiration (WUEt) and evapotranspiration (WUEet), which are the total dry matter (TDM) production for 1 kg T and ET, reached the peaks of 9.0 and 4.5 g kg−1 H2O, respectively, in the end of July when the total dry matter increasing rate was greatest. These two WUEs degraded to less than zero in the end of August when the plant biomass decreased due to drying and death. The WUEs are largely affected by the TDM seasonal increment rate.Thus, in a sparse crop, the crop growth properties (i.e. LAI and TDM increment) mainly determine the crop water uses (i.e. the transpiration ratio and water-use efficiency) in the absence of water stresses.  相似文献   

4.
Granier type sap flow gauges were used to estimate canopy transpiration from a 7-year-old sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) orchard in Ghana, West Africa. The aim of the study was to use sap flow based transpiration estimates in modelling the stomatal control of water transport under rain-fed and subhumid tropical conditions. Canopy conductance (gc) of the sweet orange was calculated by inverting the Penman–Monteith equation. Both multiple linear regression and a Jarvis-type model, based on a set of environmental control functions, have been used to simulate half-hourly citrus canopy conductance. Both methods could adequately predict bulk stomatal conductance of the orchard and were suitable for use in the Penman–Monteith equation to estimate transpiration rates. In both models, the vapour pressure deficit was the dominant regulator of canopy transpiration as it explained about 80% of the variations in canopy conductance. A simple envelop function of canopy conductance as a function of the solar radiation and vapour pressure deficit was equally suitable for gc prediction. However, the Jarvis formulation provided the best estimation of conductance compared to other models. Validation with separate data sets confirmed the good performance of these models to investigate the response of citrus to changing environmental conditions.  相似文献   

5.
The dual crop coefficient approach accounts separately for plant transpiration and soil evaporation by using the basal crop coefficient and the evaporation coefficient, respectively. The SIMDualKc model, which performs the soil water balance simulation with estimation of the actual crop evapotranspiration (ET) with the dual crop coefficient approach, was applied to a drip-irrigated peach orchard under Mediterranean conditions. Orchard ET was obtained with the eddy covariance technique, which was subsequently correlated with tree transpiration estimated from sap flow measurements and soil evaporation determined with microlysimeters, thus providing ET for the whole irrigation season. Two years of field observations were used for model calibration and validation using those ET measurements and taking into account the fraction of ground covered by trees through a density factor which adjusts the basal crop coefficient. Model fitting relative to ET observations during calibration and validation provided indices of agreement averaging 0.90, coefficients of regression close to 1.0, root mean square errors around 0.41 mm and average absolute errors of 0.32 mm. Model fitting relative to transpiration and to soil evaporation produced similar results, so showing the adequateness of modelling.  相似文献   

6.
The compensation heat-pulse method for measuring sap flow is tested here in olive trees (Olea europaea L.). We describe a rigorous three-way examination of the robustness of the technique for this species, and examine the potential of the technique for an automatic control of the irrigation system. Two tests were carried out using heat-pulse gear inserted into the stem of 12-year-old ‘Manzanilla’ olive trees. One test used forced-flow through a stem section, and the other involved measured water uptake by an excised tree. The measured sap flow in these two tests was in agreement with calculations from heat-pulse velocities when using a standard ‘wound correction’ to account for the presence of the probes and the disruption to the sap flow. Thus, this technique for monitoring transpiration can, we feel, be used with confidence in olives.The third experiment was carried out in the field, where we analysed sap flow data from two 29-year-old olive trees — one tree was under regular drip irrigation and the other was from dry-farming conditions. We use measurements of sap flow in the trunk to examine the hydraulic functioning of the tree, and to explore some diagnostics of water stress. Our heat-pulse measurements in the irrigated olive tree exhibited a profile of sap flow that was weighted towards the outer xylem of the tree trunk while the water-stressed trees in the field showed a profile of sap flow weighted towards the centre of the trunk. The loss of hydraulic functioning in the outermost section of the vascular system, as a result of water stress, we consider to be due both to stomatal control and to embolisms in the xylem vessels.The fourth experiment was also carried out in the field, in which sap flow measurements were made at three locations in the trunk as well as in two roots of another 29-year-old olive tree. The soil explored by each root, on opposite sides of the trunk, was differentially wetted by separate irrigation of each side. Our data showed that the surface roots were able to absorb water immediately after wetting, despite a reasonably prolonged period of moderate drought. Root activity quickly shifted to the regions where the soil had been wetted. A root in dry soil exhibited no flow at night, whereas sap flows of about 0.02 l h−1 were measured around midnight in the root drawing water from the wetter soil. Our observations suggest that the hydraulic behaviour of the trunk and surface roots might be used as a diagnostic of the onset, or severity, of water stress. Here there is not the imperative to replicate, for the prime goal is not transpiration estimation. Rather interpretation of the diurnal dynamics is used to infer the onset, or severity of water stress.The compensation heat-pulse seems a suitable technique for automatically controlling the irrigation system of olives, and probably other trees, based either on the estimation of the short-time dynamics of transpiration, or on changes in the hydraulic behaviour of the trees.  相似文献   

7.
The emergence of intensively managed olive plantations in arid, northwestern Argentina requires the efficient use of irrigation water. We evaluated whole tree daily transpiration and soil evaporation throughout the year to better understand the relative importance of these water use components and to calculate actual crop coefficient (Kc) values. Plots in a 7-year-old ‘Manzanilla fina’ olive grove with 23% canopy cover were either moderately (MI) or highly irrigated (HI) using the FAO method where potential evapotranspiration over grass is multiplied by a given Kc and a coefficient of reduction (Kr). The Kc values employed for the MI and HI treatments were 0.5 and 1.1, respectively, and the Kr was 0.46. Transpiration was estimated by measuring main trunk sap flow using the heat balance method for three trees per treatment. Soil evaporation was measured using six microlysimeters in one plot per treatment. Both parameters were evaluated for 7-10 consecutive days in the fall, winter, mid-spring, summer, and early fall of 2006-2007. Maximum soil evaporation was observed in the summer when maximum demand was combined with maximum surface wetted by the drips and evaporation from the inter-row occurred due to rainfall. Similarly, maximum daily transpiration was observed in mid-spring and summer. Transpiration of MI trees was 30% lower than in HI trees during the summer period. However, this difference in transpiration disappeared when values were adjusted for total leaf area per tree because leaf area was 28% less in the MI trees. Transpiration represented about 70-80% of total crop evapotranspiration (ETc) except when soil evaporation increased due to rainfall events or over-irrigation occurred. We found that daily transpiration per unit leaf area had a positive linear relationship with daily potential evapotranspiration (r2 = 0.84) when considering both treatments together. But, a strong relationship was also observed between transpiration per unit leaf area and mean air temperature (r2 = 0.93). Thus, it is possible to predict optimum irrigation requirements for olive groves if tree leaf area and temperature are known. Calculated crop coefficients during the growing season based on the transpiration and soil evaporation values were about 0.65-0.70 and 0.85-0.90 for the MI and HI treatments, respectively.  相似文献   

8.
Large areas of vineyards have been established in recent years in arid region of northwest China, despite limited water resources. Water to support these vineyards is mainly supplied by irrigation. Accurate estimation of vineyard evapotranspiration (ET) can provide a scientific basis for developing irrigation management. Transpiration and soil evaporation, as two main components of ET, were measured separately in a vineyard in this region by heat balance sap flow system and micro-lysimeters during the growing season of 2009. Diurnal and seasonal dynamics of sap flow and its environmental controls were analyzed. Daily sap flow rate (SRl) increased linearly with solar radiation (Rs), but showed an exponential increase to its maximum curve as a function of vapor pressure deficit (VPD). Residuals of the two regressions both depended on volumetric soil water content to a depth of 1.0 m (VWC). VWC also significantly influenced SRl. The relationship of them could be expressed by a piecewise regression with the turnover point of VWC = 0.188 cm3 cm−3, which was ∼60% of the field capacity. Conversely, soil evaporation (Es) increased exponentially with VWC. Thus, we recommended keeping VWC in such vineyards slightly above ∼60% of the field capacity to maintain transpiration while reducing soil evaporation. Vineyard transpiration (Ts) was scaled from sap flow by using leaf area (Al) as it explained 60% of the spatial variability of sap flow. Vine transpiration was 202.0 mm during the period from April 28 to October 5; while that of Es was 181.0 mm. The sum of these two components was very close to ET estimated by the Bowen ratio energy balance method (386.9 mm), demonstrating the applicability of sap flow for measuring grape water use in this region.  相似文献   

9.
温室作物需水信息指标及湿度控制   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2  
在温室土壤－作物－环境连续体中，作物水分损耗、吸收和水分利用一直是研究的热点。在温室内，作物精量灌溉必须要考虑何时灌和灌多少两个方面的问题。从冠层蒸腾速率、茎流、水势、叶温和作物水分胁迫系数、茎秆果的直径微变化、根源信号、作物生长器官的电特性及图像特征技术方面，回顾和评价了作物水分状况诊断方法中作物需水信息指标的研究进展及存在的问题。同时，为防止过量灌溉带来的高湿矛盾，讨论了温室湿度控制的不同策略，以指导灌溉。最后，初步提出了进一步研究的建议。  相似文献   

10.
Many models for water flow in cropped soil contain parameters such as rooting density, root permeability, and root water potential. Usually these parameters are chosen by trial-and-error method and direct measurements are difficult and impractical in some cases. This study presents a simulation model capable of analyzing water transport dynamics in a soil–plant–atmosphere continuum (SPAC). This model is developed by combining an existing mathematical model for soil water flow, a modified transpiration model taking into account of the air pressure and diurnal changes of the extinction coefficient of crop canopies, and a new simple model for root water uptake. Using data from lysimeters in a field experiment carried out on a wheat crop, we also developed two new empirical equations for the estimation of total canopy resistance and soil evaporation.We then applied the model for 2 years (1990–1991, 1991–1992) on winter wheat in a semiarid area of northwest China. Required parameters, particularly soil hydraulic and crop parameters, were determined by field and laboratory tests. Outputs from the simulation were in good agreement with the independent field measurements of seasonal changes in soil water content, canopy transpiration, surface evaporation, and root water uptake along the soil profile. In addition, this simulation agreed well with the actual measurements of seasonal crop water consumption and soil water balance among the treatments for different irrigation amounts.  相似文献   

11.
This paper evaluates the sensitivity of two different methods of water stress detection in a simulated patch of pasture grown in a greenhouse. The performance of two indices, based respectively on canopy temperature and soil water content values — the latter gauged by means of a time domain reflectometry (TDR) system, was assessed against actual evapotranspiration, measured by a very accurate weighing system. Both methods were able to detect water shortage by the time transpiration was reduced to some 80% of its potential value. The soil-based index, however, relied on the estimate of root water extraction rate, which may not be known. It is concluded that detection of water shortage by means of a canopy temperature-based stress index is to be preferred to measuring soil water deficits by time domain reflectometry, despite the accuracy of the TDR-based soil water content estimate.  相似文献   

12.
Transpiration of well-watered and regulated deficit irrigated (RDI) citrus trees was determined by sap flow (SF) measurements using the compensation heat-pulse method. Its potential for detection of plant water stress was evaluated in comparison with measurements of midday stem water potential (ψstem). The study was carried out during 2 years in two commercial groves of Clementina de Nules (CN) and Navel Lane Late (NLL). SF measurements were taken in two trees per treatment instrumented with two identical gauges per tree in NLL and two different types of gauges (type 1 shorter than type 2) in CN. The absolute SF values underestimated the tree water use. Averaged over the entire period of water restrictions, a reduction of about 50 % in water application in the RDI trees of both species decreased tree transpiration compared to the control trees only by a 15 %. Both the nocturnal-to-diurnal SF ratio and the relative transpiration were in good agreement with differences in ψstem. Overall, results suggest that SF measurements should be preferentially used in relative terms. Sap flow sensors are useful for detecting plant water stress, but they also highlight some of the problems for accurately measuring transpiration.  相似文献   

13.
为探明滴灌条件下温室番茄植株茎流速率变化规律及其影响因素,本文采用Dynamax公司开发的包裹式茎流计观测日光温室番茄植株的茎流变化,研究茎流速率的变化规律及茎流速率监测结果的标准化处理技术,探索植株茎流与气象因子的相互关系,分析水分胁迫对番茄植株茎流速率的影响。研究表明,采用单位叶面积上的茎流速率表征茎流变化规律可在一定程度上降低因探头安装位置不同对监测结果的影响;在充分供水条件下,影响番茄植株茎流速率的主要因子是太阳辐射和饱和水气压差,番茄植株的日茎流速率与太阳辐射呈线性关系,与饱和差呈对数关系（R2＞0.90,P＜0.01）;土壤水分状况会明显影响番茄植株茎流状况,茎流速率随水分胁迫加剧而骤减。研究结果证明番茄植株茎流速率经标准化处理后可以真实的反映植株蒸腾规律。  相似文献   

14.
Sprinkler irrigation efficiency declines when applied water intercepted by the crop foliage, or gross interception (Igross), as well as airborne droplets and ponded water at the soil surface evaporate before use by the crop. However, evaporation of applied water can also supply some of the atmospheric demands usually met by plant transpiration. Any suppression of crop transpiration from the irrigated area as compared to a non-irrigated area can be subtracted from Igross irrigation application losses for a reduced, or net, interception (Inet) loss. This study was conducted to determine the extent in which transpiration suppression due to microclimatic modification resulting from evaporation of plant-intercepted water and/or of applied water can reduce total sprinkler irrigation application losses of impact sprinkler and low energy precision application (LEPA) irrigation systems. Fully irrigated corn (Zea Mays L.) was grown on 0.75 m wide east-west rows in 1990 at Bushland, TX in two contiguous 5-ha fields, each containing a weighing lysimeter and micrometeorological instrumentation. Transpiration (Tr) was measured using heat balance sap flow gauges. During and following an impact sprinkler irrigation, within-canopy vapor pressure deficit and canopy temperature declined sharply due to canopyintercepted water and microclimatic modification from evaporation. For an average day time impact irrigation application of 21 mm, estimated average Igross loss was 10.7%, but the resulting suppression of measured Tr by 50% or more during the irrigation reduced Igross loss by 3.9%. On days of high solar radiation, continued transpiration suppression following the irrigation reduced Igross loss an additional 1.2%. Further 4–6% reductions in Igross losses were predicted when aerodynamic and canopy resistances were considered. Irrigation water applied only at the soil surface by LEPA irrigation had little effect on the microclimate within the canopy and consequently on Tr or ET, or irrigation application efficiency.  相似文献   

15.
Quantifying the soil water deficit (SWD) and its relation to canopy or leaf conductance is essential for application of the Penman–Monteith equation to water-stressed plants. As the water uptake of a single root depends on the water content of the soil in its immediate vicinity, the non-uniform distribution of water and roots in the soil profile does not allow simple quantification of SWD from soil-based measurements. Using measurements of stem sap flux (with a heat pulse technique), soil evaporation (with micro-lysimeters) and meteorological parameters the canopy conductance was obtained through inversion of the Penman–Monteith equation. SWD was evaluated by averaging the soil water content profile of the root zone (monitored by layers with the TDR sensors) weighted by root distribution of the layers. The average canopy conductance at midday (11:00–15:00, Israel Summer Time), denoted as Gnoon, was computed for each day of the experimental period. Stable summer weather, typical of the Mediterranean region, and the fully developed crop canopy, made water stress the only plausible cause of a Gnoon decline. However, the daily decline of Gnoon did not occur at the same weighted average soil water content during the successive drying cycles. For the cycle with less irrigation, the decline in Gnoon occurred at higher soil moisture levels. Alternatively, when SWD was determined from the water balance, i.e., by defining water deficit as irrigation minus accumulated evapotranspiration, the Gnoon decline occurred at the same value of water deficit for all irrigation cycles. We conclude that a climate-based soil water balance model is a better means of quantifying SWD than a solely soil-based measurement.  相似文献   

16.
采用美国生产的DeTransfer 3.27茎流测定系统监测一年生的桃树幼苗树干液流变化.分析了不同水分、氮肥处理下桃树苗树干液流日变化和连日变化特征及茎流与蒸腾的变化关系.结果表明,桃树苗茎液流速率存在明显的日周期和连日变化规律.水分对桃树苗茎流的影响:在相同的氮素水平下茎液流速随土壤水分含量的增加依次增加,无氮处理下,茎液流流速在充分灌水条件下最大峰值为11 g/h左右,较低水条件下增加了15.8%,高氮处理下,茎液流流速最大峰值为23.5 g/h左右.氮肥对桃树苗茎流的影响:施氮肥明显地增加桃树苗茎液流速,在土壤水分供应充足条件下,茎液流流速分别为N1 11g/h、N2 16.5 g/h、N323.5 g/h;茎液流速和蒸腾速率动态曲线有着相似的变化趋势.  相似文献   

17.
Summary Traditional meteorological estimates of evapotranspiration include empirical crop factors which are inadequate for scheduling high frequency irrigation. The performance of a transpiration model was tested and adapted to suit the operational requirements of automated irrigation systems. Hourly measurements of global solar radiation, air temperature, humidity and wind speed, obtained from an automatic weather station are inputs to the model. Additional inputs include daily updated data of plant height and leaf area index. This information is processed to determine the active coupling surface between the crop and the atmosphere. The model takes into account the resistance of the leaf to diffusion of water vapor.Calculated transpiration, based on the model, matched very closely measurements of latent heat flux in an irrigated cotton field. It was also in good agreement with water uptake measured in stems of the cotton plants using a heat pulse technique. The test also showed that implementation of the model in the field under study would have improved the efficiency of water application.Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel, No. 1855-E, 1986 series  相似文献   

18.
In this paper, based on the analysis of a long-term energy balance monitoring programme, a Bowen ratio-based method (BR) was proposed to resolve the lack of closure of the eddy covariance technique to obtain reliable sensible (H) and latent heat fluxes (λE). Evapotranspiration (ET) values determined from the BR method (ETc,corr) were compared with the upscaled transpiration data determined by the sap flow heat pulse (HP) technique, evidencing the degree of correspondence between instantaneous transpirational flux at tree level and the micrometeorological measurement of ET at orchard level. Using the BR-corrected λE fluxes, a crop ET model implementing the Penman–Monteith approach, where the canopy surface resistance was determined from standard microclimatic variables, was applied to determine the crop coefficient values. The performance of the model was evaluated by comparing it with the sap flow HP data. The results of the comparison were satisfactory, and therefore, the proposed methodology may be considered valid for characterizing the ET process for orange orchards grown in a Mediterranean climate. By contrast to reports in the FAO 56 paper, the crop growth coefficient of the orange orchard being studied was not constant throughout the growing season.  相似文献   

19.
Summary A field experiment was conducted on the west side of the San Joaquin Valley in California to determine water use, crop growth, yield and water use efficiency of Acala (SJ-2) cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) grown in 0.5 m spaced rows on a Panoche clay loam soil (Typic Torriorthents). Evapotranspiration was determined by water balance techniques utilizing neutron soil moisture measurements. All neutron measurements were made within a 3 m soil profile in 0.20 m increments. The measured evapotranspiration was compared to climatic estimates of potential evapotranspiration, and to calculations using a one-dimensional soil water balance model that separately computed soil water evaporation and plant transpiration. Crop growth was determined by weekly destructive plant sampling. Leaf area was determined along with dry matter components of leaves, stems, fruiting parts (flowers and squares) and bolls. Final yield was determined by machine harvesting (brush stripper) 720 m2 from each plot. Lint yields and fiber quality were determined by sample ginning and fiber analysis at the U.S. Cotton Research Station at Shafter, California. Three irrigation regimes were established that resulted in an evapotranspiration range from a high deficit condition to full irrigation at the calculated atmospheric demand.The measured evapotranspiration of narrow row cotton under a full irrigation regime was 778 mm, 594 mm under a limited irrigation regime and 441 mm under a regime with no post-plant irrigation. The evapotranspiration from these irrigation treatments was accurately simulated by a water balance model. that used inputs of potential evapotranspiration, leaf area index, soil water holding capacity and root development.The average lint yield from narrow row cotton with a full irrigation regime was 1583 kg/ha, the average lint yield from a limited irrigation regime was 1423 kg/ha and the average lint yield from a treatment with no postplant irrigation (fully recharged soil profile at planting) was 601 kg/ha. The full irrigation regime resulted in a dry matter production of approximately 16 t/ha while the limited irrigated regime produce 11 t/ha and the no-postplant irrigation regime produced 7 t/ha of dry matter. The fiber quality results indicated significant (0.05 level) differences only in 50% span length and micronaire, with the 2.5% span length, uniformity index, elongation and strength indicating no difference.Cotton lint yield was found to be directly related to total evapotranspiration although the relationship was slightly non-linear while dry matter yield was found to be linearly related to evapotranspiration. Both lint and dry matter yield were found to have a linear relationship to estimated transpiration from the water balance model calculations.Contribution from the Unived States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Region and the University of California  相似文献   

20.
植物茎干液流量可表征其蒸腾耗水量,反映植被水分传输状况,可用于计算植被生态需水量。以玛纳斯河流域古尔班通古特沙漠南缘典型荒漠植被梭梭、柽柳为研究对象,通过数据监测,研究植被茎干液流及光合蒸腾特性,分析气象因子及土壤含水率对茎干液流的影响。结果表明：（1）梭梭、柽柳茎干液流速率呈明显的昼夜变化规律,白天液流速率远高于夜间。（2）梭梭的净光合速率日变化模式为双峰型;柽柳为单峰型。（3）梭梭蒸腾速率的日变化有明显上升和下降过程,柽柳趋势不明显,呈小幅震荡。（4）液流速率变化与相对空气湿度呈负相关,空气湿度高时液流速率低;气温、总辐射与液流速率的变化趋势基本一致,液流速率随着气温或总辐射的增强而增大。（5）随着土壤含水率降低,液流速率降低。  相似文献   

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