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1.
An improved means of isolating zein is needed to develop new uses for corn zein. We have measured the yield of zein and evaluated the ability of acetic acid to remove zein from corn gluten meal, distillers dried grains, and ground corn using acetic acid as solvent. Acetic acid removed zein more quickly, at lower temperatures, and in higher yields when compared with alcoholic solvents. After 60 min at 25°C, ≈50% of the zein in corn gluten meal was removed. A step change in yield from 43 to 50% occurs as the extraction temperature is increased from 40 to 55°C after mixing for 30 min at 25% solids. The protein composition of the zein removed from corn gluten meal using acetic acid is very similar to that of commercial zein by SDS‐PAGE. The zein obtained from corn gluten meal using acetic acid had higher amounts of fatty acids and esters according to IR analysis, leading to slightly lower protein content. Films made from zein extracted from corn gluten meal using acetic acid had lower tensile strength (≈60% lower) than films produced from commercial zein. Fibers with very small diameter (0.4–1.6 μm) can be produced by electrospinning using the AcOH solution obtained after corn gluten meal extraction.  相似文献   

2.
Water sorption, water vapor permeability, and tensile properties were evaluated for zein films plasticized with oleic acid. The effect of relative humidity on water vapor permeability and tensile properties of films was investigated. Samples were produced by two different methods: casting from a zein solution and stretching from a zein-fatty acid resin. Films were also coated with linseed oil. Results indicated that preparation method affected water sorption and permeability of zein films. Resin films showed lower water sorption than cast films, especially at high Aw values. Water vapor permeability was also lower for resin films. Coating with linseed oil further improved water vapor barrier ability of resin films. Permeability was affected by environmental relative humidity; higher relative humidity resulted in increased permeability. Environmental relative humidity also affected tensile properties of resin films. Toughness and elongation were improved when relative humidity increased from 50 to 85% rh. Tensile strength showed a maximum at 75% rh. Coating improved elongation and toughness of films. Maximum elongation and toughness were observed for coated samples at 85% rh. Zein resin films showed good tensile and water barrier properties that were maintained through environmental humidity levels from 50 to 98% rh.  相似文献   

3.
Corn is one of the most important food and industrial crops in the United States. Zein constitutes about half of the endosperm proteins in corn. Potential applications of zein include use in fibers, adhesives, inks, cosmetics, textiles, and chewing gum. Recently, attempts have been made to utilize zein for food coatings and biodegradable materials. The new applications of zein require it to be resistant to water. Thus, we are interested in new routes for chemical modification of zein (Biswas et al, unpublished). 2‐Octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) is extensively used in modifying food starches. Our objective was to take advantage of OSA hydophobicity, flexibility, and compatibility with nonpolar groups and incorporate OSA onto zein. This OSA‐modified zein would possess the best of both OSA and zein. A zein solution in dimethyl formamide (DMF) was reacted with various levels of OSA to give modified zein. In a microwave reactor, the reactions proceeded tremendously fast and they were over in 5 min. The anhydride group of OSA reacted with the hydroxyl/amine group of zein to form ester/amide of zein. The reaction of OSA‐modified zein was confirmed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and IR spectroscopy. The preliminary evaluation showed that zein and OSA‐modified zein had comparable mechanical properties.  相似文献   

4.
为制备纳米级孔径的大豆蛋白多孔材料,研究了冰箱和液氮冷冻处理的醛交联大豆蛋白多孔材料的结构及吸附性能。结果表明:戊二醛对大豆蛋白的交联效果优于甲醛和乙二醛。液氮冷冻处理的多孔材料比表面积和孔容均较大,而平均孔径较小;纳米级孔的孔径都分布在80 nm以内,介孔总孔容占比超过50%,大孔次之,微孔占比最小;冰箱冷冻样品纳米级孔的孔径主要分布在70 nm以内,且微孔和介孔孔容都小于采用液氮冷冻处理的样品。场发射扫描电镜分析表明,大豆蛋白多孔材料的孔形态为微米级圆孔和纳米级狭缝孔。冷冻处理比醛类交联剂对孔结构的影响大,合适的冷冻方式能替代或超过交联剂种类变化取得的效果。热重分析表明液氮冷冻处理的戊二醛交联大豆蛋白多孔材料热稳定性好;该多孔材料对对硝基苯酚和六价铬离子具有一定的吸附效果,是制备大豆蛋白多孔材料较合适的方法。研究结果为植物蛋白多孔材料的制备提供参考。  相似文献   

5.
This study was conducted to improve yields and qualities of corn protein co‐products produced by the sequential extraction process (SEP), a process using ethanol to fractionate corn in producing fuel ethanol. A two‐stage extraction protocol was evaluated to recover zein and subsequently recover a glutelin‐rich fraction (GRF). After the simultaneous oil‐extraction and ethanol‐drying step of SEP, zein was extracted from the anhydrous‐ethanol‐defatted, flaked corn by using 70% (v/v) ethanol at 60°C for 1.5 hr in a shaking water bath. Zein was recovered by ultrafiltering and then drying in a vacuum‐oven. Zein yield was 65% of the available zein in the flaked corn. SDS‐PAGE band patterns of the recovered zein closely resembled that of commercial zein. After zein extraction, the GRF was extracted using 45% ethanol and 55% 0.1M NaOH at 55°C for 2 hr. The extract was concentrated by ultrafiltration and then freeze‐dried. GRF yield was ≈65% of the available protein. Freeze‐dried GRF contained 90% crude protein (db), which classified the protein as a protein isolate. As with the protein concentrate from the original SEP, the GRF isolate was highly soluble in water at pH ≥ 7, had good emulsifying and foaming properties, formed stable emulsions, and was heat‐stable.  相似文献   

6.
An acidic method of zein extraction from DDGS   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
Zein with a higher intrinsic viscosity and phosphorus content, similar protein content, lower yellowness, and at potentially much lower cost than commercially available zein was obtained from distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). A novel extraction method using acidic conditions in the presence of a reducing agent has been used to obtain about 10% aqueous ethanol soluble zein from DDGS. The optimum pH, time, temperature, and amount of reducing agent that can produce zein with high quality and yield have been developed. In addition to the zein, about 17% oil based on the dry weight of DDGS has also been obtained during zein extraction. The zein obtained from this research is expected to be suitable for use as fibers, films, and binders and in paints.  相似文献   

7.
Traditionally, zein is isolated and recovered from corn gluten meal (GCM) using aqueous alcohol as the solvent. Recovery of zein from this solvent is inconvenient and costly. Zein is insoluble in 100% ethanol at room temperature, but it is soluble at 120°C in ethanol. Absolute ethanol effectively extracted zein from CGM, distillers dried grains (DDG), and ground corn. Zein was extracted from CGM with absolute ethanol in a high‐pressure reactor at 130°C. After extracting at 130°C for 45 min, the solution was pumped out of the extractor and allowed to cool. Upon cooling, the zein precipitated from solution. The precipitate was removed from the solution and air‐dried, resulting in 14% recovery of the starting material. The recovered precipitate had an average protein content of >90% on a dry basis, accounting for ≈20% of the CGM protein and recovered ≈35% of its zein. No differences were seen in the amount of zein extracted from CGM samples that were hand‐collected off the dewatering screen and gently dried, versus commercial CGM samples. The commercial CGM did produce a greater amount of solubles. The extraction procedure also worked at temperatures as low as 90°C. The lower temperature did produce lower yields of extracted zein. The zein extracted at the lower temperatures was less brown, but zein extracted at either temperature was almost fully soluble in traditional zein solvents.  相似文献   

8.
A new method for preparation of zein films involving plasticization of zein with oleic acid to form an intermediate moldable resin was presented. The resin was stretched over rigid frames to form thin membranes that were set in flexible films. The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of film preparation method on film properties. Tensile properties, microstructure, and thermal behavior of zein films plasticized with oleic acid were investigated for films prepared by conventional casting from ethanol solutions and by stretching of plasticized resins. Cast films were stiff and brittle, whereas resin films showed more flexibility and toughness. Differential scanning calorimetry thermograms of cast films indicated phase separations were generated when heated that were not observed for resin films. Microstructure images showed a higher degree of structure development and orientation in resin than in cast films. Glass-transition temperatures of resin films were measured at -94 and 104.4° C, indicating the film remained flexible through a wide temperature range. Resin film flexibility and toughness were attributed to effective plasticization that led to fiber formation and orientation.  相似文献   

9.
Circular dichroism studies were performed on zein to determine how the secondary and tertiary structure changes with different solvents, temperatures, or pH. Alcoholic solvent type and common denaturants such as SDS and low amounts of urea had little effect on the secondary structure of zein. Utilization of dimethylformamide or acetic acid as solvent gave changes in tertiary structure. Solutions of zein in 8M urea produced solutions with large changes in tertiary structure. The dissolution of zein in 50 mM sodium hydroxide produces a zein with large changes in secondary and tertiary structure and little loss in primary structure. Increasing the temperature of zein to 70°C in 80% ethanol-water gave reversible changes in the primary structure (20% reduction in absolute magnitude of [θ]λ at 208 and 222 nm) and tertiary structure (40% reduction in absolute magnitude of [θ]λ at 268 nm).  相似文献   

10.
The Sequential Extraction Process (SEP), a process that uses ethanol to fractionate corn into high‐value co‐products when producing fuel ethanol, was evaluated using high‐oil corn (HOC). Oil and protein recoveries, ethanol‐drying capability, and oil and protein properties were compared with those produced from normal soft dent corn (SDC) using SEP. Moisture adsorption capacities (≈24 g of water/kg of corn) and oil recoveries (>95%) were nearly identical for both corn types. However, oil yield from HOC (7.1 g of oil/100 g of corn) was 65% more than that of SDC (4.3 g of oil/100 g of corn). HOC crude oil was less red and contained lower free fatty acid and phosphatide contents than did SDC oil. HOC zein contained higher crude protein content (86% db) than did SDC zein (79% db). The freeze‐dried glutelin‐rich fractions (GRF) from both types of corn contained >90% (db) crude protein, which meet the criteria of protein isolates. SEP GRF protein isolates had >85% protein soluble in water at pH ≥ 7. Both GRF protein isolates from HOC and SDC were heat‐stable, had good emulsifying capacities, and produced highly stable emulsions. They also had substantial foaming capacities, but the foam from HOC GRF protein isolate was significantly more stable than the foam from SDC GRF protein isolate. SEP is a suitable process for recovering oil and protein products from HOC corn when producing fuel ethanol and, if competitively priced, HOC is a preferred feedstock to SDC because of higher yields and qualities of valuable co‐products when using HOC.  相似文献   

11.
Corn zein was cross-linked with glutaraldehyde (GDA) using glacial acetic acid (HAc) as catalyst. The objectives are to evaluate the swelling characteristics of GDA cross-linked zein gels in water, ethanol, and their combinations. Similar formulations, upon solvent evaporation, form films. The mechanical properties of the films are compared to compression molded tensile bars from GDA melt-processed zein as a second objective. Chemistry of the cross-linking reaction was based on the aldehyde binding characteristics defined by use of fluorescence spectroscopy; sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) to demonstrate the cross-linking reaction; FTIR to observe absorption differences of the cross-linked product; differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis and thermogravimetric analysis to assess thermal properties; and the use of Instron Universal Testing Machine to evaluate mechanical properties. A reaction mechanism for acid catalyzed GDA cross-linking of zein is proposed. Thermal and mechanical properties of tensile bars cut from either film or formed by compression molding were similar, where both showed increased tensile strengths, ductility and stiffness when compared with unmodified controls. Samples that were reacted with 8% GDA by weight based on weight of zein from either process retained their integrity when tensile bars from each were subjected to boiling water for 10 min or soaking in either water or HAc for 24 h. The melt-processed, cross-linked zein is a more environmentally friendly method that would eliminate the need for HAc recovery.  相似文献   

12.
徐慧  陈野 《农业工程学报》2015,31(8):272-276
传统浇铸法制备的玉米醇溶蛋白薄膜表面粗糙,机械性质及耐水性较差。为了改善玉米醇溶蛋白理化性质,在传统浇铸法膜制备过程中引入平行匀强电场(1~5 A/m2)处理蛋白成膜液。经过电场处理后,玉米醇溶蛋白表面光滑、形状完整。试验结果表明:电场处理可改善薄膜力学性质、表面疏水性、水蒸气透过率等性质;随着电流密度的增大,薄膜拉伸强度、断裂伸长率、水蒸气透过率、吸水率以及表面接触角呈现规律性增加或者减小;电场处理下薄膜热特性改变,与未处理组相比变性温度略有提高,最大增幅为19.5℃。当电流密度为4 A/m2时,薄膜理化性质较佳:拉伸强度、断裂伸长率分别为73.09 MPa和9.68%,吸水率降低至14.87%,水蒸气透过率为2.55×10-8 g·m/(m2·h·Pa),静态接触角为62.18°,变性温度提高到118.39℃,热稳定性提高,薄膜表面光滑。电场可诱导成膜液中分子有序性排列,提高薄膜均一性;通过调节电流密度可得到具有一定力学强度和亲/疏水性的薄膜。试验结果为制备具有特定功能性的纯玉米醇溶蛋白薄膜材料提供了理论依据。  相似文献   

13.
Three food protein products, soy protein isolates, spray-dried egg white, and whey protein isolates, were chemically modified to varying levels with succinic anhydride, and the extent of modification of these proteins were determined by standard wet chemistry methods. Raman spectra (500-2000 cm(-1)) of the modified proteins were obtained. New C=O stretching vibrations were observed at 1420 and 1737 cm(-1) and were attributed to the carboxylate (COO-) and ester carbonyl (RCOO-) groups, respectively, which were appended to the proteins during succinylation. Two series of calibration curves were obtained by plotting the intensity ratio of the 1420 and 1737 cm(-1) to 1003 cm(-1) phenylalanine stretching band (used as an internal standard) against the extent of substituted epsilon-amino (and alpha-amino) groups and aliphatic hydroxyl groups, respectively. Linear fits were obtained with correlation coefficient r > 0.988. The Raman spectral data were also analyzed to study the effect of succinylation on the conformation of the three proteins. Some conformational changes were observed, including a transition from ordered to disordered structures, an exposure of tryptophan residues from a buried, hydrophobic microenvironment, and probably conformational shift of cystine residues.  相似文献   

14.
A modified procedure for the extraction of α‐zein from corn gluten meal was developed and compared against a commercial extraction method. The modification involved raising the concentration of alcohol in solvent and removing the precipitate by centrifugation. Five organic solvent mixtures were compared using the modified extraction procedure developed along with the reductant sodium bisulfite and NaOH. The modified procedure precipitated most of the non‐α‐zein protein solids by increasing the concentration of alcohol. The supernatant had α‐zein‐rich fraction, resulting in higher yield of α‐zein than the commercial method when cold precipitated. The commercial extraction procedure had a zein yield of 23% and protein purity of 28% using 88% 2‐propanol solvent. The three best solvents, 70% 2‐propanol, 55% 2‐propanol, and 70% ethanol, yielded ≈35% of zein at protein purity of 44% using the modified extraction procedure. Zeins extracted using the novel method were lighter in color than the commercial method. Densitometry scans of SDS‐PAGE of α‐zein‐rich solids showed relatively large quantities of α‐zein with apparent molecular weights of 19,000 and 22,000 Da. The α‐zein‐rich solids also had small amounts of δ‐zein (10,000 Da) because it shares similar solubility properties to α‐zein. A solvent mixture with 70% 2‐propanol, 22.5% glycerol, and 7.5% water extracted significantly less zein (≈33%) compared to all other solvents and had α‐zein bands that differed in appearance and contained little to no δ‐zein.  相似文献   

15.
Three essential oils, oregano, red thyme, and cassia (100% pure oil), were encapsulated by phase separation into zein nanospheres. Topographical images indicated that the powders were made up of irregularly shaped particles ( approximately 50 mum) containing close-packed nanospheres. Approximately 31% of the oregano encapsulated particles had mean diameters greater than 100 nm compared to 19% for the zein alone particles. In vitro digestion of zein particles with pepsin at a concentration ratio of 10:1 was complete after 52 h in phosphate-citrate buffer, pH 3.5, at 37 degrees C by spectroscopic analysis. Nonenzymatic, aqueous in vitro release of essential oils from encapsulated zein particles was carried out in phosphate buffered saline at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees C. Release occurred at varying rates over 20 h probably from different locations within the closely packed nanospheres of different sizes. Gel electrophoresis SDS-PAGE of zein incubated with freeze-dried swine manure solids at 37 degrees C indicated that preformed microbial enzymes capable of digesting zein within minutes were present in the manure. Except for differences in size of nanospheres, no structural differences were resolved by several microscopic methods, suggesting that the oil and proteins phases were blended during phase separation.  相似文献   

16.
The effect of moisture content and film composition on biodegradability is the focus of this study. Flexible films were first characterized for the effect on water sorption isotherms of relative humidity, temperature, zein content, and the addition of the plasticizers stearic acid, poly(ethylene glycol), or etoxylated ricine oil. Zein/ethylcellulose (EC) mixture films had a behavior between that for pure zein and EC films, which had the lowest water sorption. For films with plasticizer, the lowest water sorption at 25 degrees C was observed for those with stearic acid. Biodegradability of zein/EC films, evaluated using bacterial cultures selected for their zein proteolytic activity and isolated from a local solid waste landfill and a lagoon, showed no plasticizer effect even though its effect on moisture content was significant. Large differences were observed at different film zein concentration with the highest biodegradability for 100% zein. However, biodegradability did not mimic the water sorption behavior of zein/EC mixture films.  相似文献   

17.
In this study, antimicrobial films were developed against Campylobacter jejuni by incorporation of gallic acid (GA) into zein-based films. The zein and zein-wax composite films containing GA between 2.5 and 10 mg/cm(2) were effective on different C. jejuni strains in a concentration-dependent manner. Zein and zein-wax composite films showed different release profiles in distilled water but quite similar release profiles at solid agar medium. Depending on incorporated GA concentration, 60-80% of GA released from the films, while the remaining GA was bound or trapped by film matrix. The GA at 2.5 and 5 mg/cm(2) caused a considerable increase in elongation (57-280%) of all zein films and eliminated their classical flexibility problems. The zein-wax composite films were less flexible than zein films, but the films showed similar tensile strengths and Young's modulus. Scanning electron microscopy indicated different morphologies of zein and zein-wax composite films. This study clearly showed the good potential of zein and GA to develop flexible antimicrobial films against C. jejuni.  相似文献   

18.
The aim was to identify to what extent proteins were utilized during the fermentation of bacteria-free tempe prepared with acidified soybean cotyledons and Rhizopus oligosporus NRRL 2710 at 30 degrees C. Dry matter declined continuously during the fermentation to 980 g/(kg of initial dry cotyledons) at 28 h, 910 g at 46 h (when the tempe was judged mature), and 835 g at 72 h. The decrease in dry matter was due mainly to reduction in crude lipid, amounting to 65 g/(kg of initial dry cotyledons) at 46 h and 135 g/(kg of initial dry cotyledons) at 72 h and representing approximately 70% and 80%, respectively, of the total dry matter loss. Protein oxidation (estimated from ammonia production) was 5 g at 28 h,10 g at 46 h, and 20 g/(kg of initial dry cotyledons) at 72 h. The total amount of soy protein hydrolyzed, including that incorporated into mold biomass, was estimated to be 80 g/(kg of initial dry cotyledons) at 28 h incubation, 95 g at 46 h, and 100 g at 72 h. The hydrolyzed protein at 46 h represented 25% of the initial protein. Of this hydrolyzed protein, it is suggested that approximately 65% remained in the tempe as amino acids and peptides, 25% was assimilated into mold biomass, and 10% was oxidized.  相似文献   

19.
《Cereal Chemistry》2017,94(4):693-698
The high cost of kafirin and zein restricts their use for bioplastic and food applications. Effective, simple, and rapid kafirin/zein isolation processes are required. Here a percolation‐type aqueous ethanol solvent extraction process from coarse meals (grits) and coarse sorghum distillers dried grains and solubles (DDGS) for kafirin and zein isolation employing a low ratio of extractant to meal (2.5:1) was investigated, which is potentially applicable in the grain bioethanol industry. Postextraction filtration times were more than twice as fast using coarse meals compared with fine flours. Washing the meals prior to extraction to remove starch improved protein preparation purity to 73–85% compared with 68–72% for unwashed meals. Hence, no subsequent filtration or centrifugation step is required to clean up the kafirin/zein solution prior to solvent evaporation. With a single extraction step, kafirin/zein yields were 48% (protein basis) for DDGS and 53–70% for washed sorghum/maize meals. Cast films were used as a model bioplastic system to evaluate extracted kafirin/zein functional properties. DDGS kafirin films had rough surfaces but had the lowest water uptake and in vitro digestibility, owing to heat‐induced disulfide crosslinking during DDGS processing. Extraction by percolation using coarse meal/DDGS has potential to improve kafirin/zein viability.  相似文献   

20.
为探究蛋白质和富含不饱和脂肪酸的过瘤胃脂肪对瘤胃发酵和尿嘌呤衍生物的影响,选用4头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的晋南阉牛,按照蛋白质需要量的85%、100%和115%设计3个水平,并在此基础上添加0、2.5%、5.0%和7.5%的亚麻油制作的钙皂作为过瘤胃脂肪,采用3×4两因素设计,共形成12组饲粮组合,测定瘤胃pH、氨态氮浓度(NH_3-N)浓度、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)含量以及尿嘌呤衍生物(PD)的排出量。结果表明,蛋白质和过瘤胃脂肪水平对瘤胃pH均无显著影响。蛋白质水平对NH_3-N浓度影响显著,9组NH_3-N显著高于1、2、3、4和8组,10组显著高于3和8组;对丙酸和乙酸、丁酸、乙酸/丙酸及总酸分别具有极显著和显著影响,5组的乙酸浓度较1、2、3和4组显著提高,9、10和11组瘤胃液中的丙酸浓度较1和2组显著提高,12组较2组显著提高,10组的丁酸浓度显著高于7和8组,1和2组的乙酸/丙酸比值显著高于9、10和11组;对精补料养分有效降解率影响极显著,对秸秆有机物(OM)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)分别具有极显著和显著影响,10组精补料粗蛋白质(CP)瘤胃有效降解率显著高于2、3、4、5、6、7和8组,1、9、11和12组显著高于4、5、6、7和8组;对玉米秸秆中ADF瘤胃有效降解率6、7和8组显著高于除5和12组之外的其余各组,5和12组显著高于除9和11组之外的其余各组;对尿囊素和尿嘌呤衍生物有显著影响,12组的尿囊素和尿嘌呤衍生物显著高于1和4组,11组尿酸显著高于其余组。综上,饲粮蛋白质水平对瘤胃发酵和尿嘌呤衍生物具有显著影响,饲粮蛋白质水平为饲养标准需要量前提下,过瘤胃脂肪适宜添加量为饲粮的5%。本研究结果为肉牛养殖中日粮过瘤胃脂肪添加量及蛋白质水平提供了一定的依据。  相似文献   

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