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1.
Amina Sirag Saied Jens Gebauer Karl Hammer Andreas Buerkert 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2008,55(7):929-937
Neglected and underutilized species often play a vital role in securing food and livestock feed, income generation and energy
needs of rural populations. In spite of their great potential little attention has been given to these species. This increases
the possibility of genetic erosion which would further restrict the survival strategies of people in rural areas. Ziziphus spina-christi is a plant species that has edible fruits and a number of other beneficial applications that include the use of leaves as
fodder, branches for fencing, wood as fuel, for construction and furniture making, and the utilization of different parts
e.g. Fruits, leaves, roots and bark in folk medicine. Moreover, the plant is adapted to dry and hot climates which make it
suitable for cultivation in an environment characterized by increasing degradation of land and water resources. Lack of research
in Z. spina-christi hinders its successful improvement and promotion. Therefore, studies are needed to fully exploit this species. This article
aims at summarizing information on different aspects of Z. spina-christi to stimulate interest in this crop which is of importance in Sudan and other countries of the semi-arid tropics.
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| Amina Sirag SaiedEmail: |
2.
Foxtail millet, Setaria italica is still cultivated in Mazandaran (N-Iran). It is used for the preparation of local food and for feeding cage-birds. The
cultivated race is convar. moharia, formerly widely grown from Europe to SW Asia. The newly found material allows conclusion with respect to evolution and distribution
of this old crop.
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| Korous KhoshbakhtEmail: |
3.
Charles B. Heiser 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2008,55(1):9-13
I have concluded that my initial verification of a specimen recovered from the San Andrés archaeological site in Mexico as
domesticated sunflower was incorrect. The specimen in question is most likely the seed of a bottle gourd. As yet there is
no compelling evidence that the sunflower was grown as a food crop in Mexico prior to European contact. In addition, the complete
absence of any early historical record for the sunflower in Mexico argues against its presence in pre-Columbian times. Although
no dates or boundaries can be set, the wild sunflower may have grown in northernmost Mexico in early times. A southward range
expansion for the species is probably very recent, perhaps in the last few hundred years with the development of a modern
road system. The widely used common names of the sunflower in Mexico are in Spanish or with Spanish words in them, which suggests
that the sunflower is a post-contact arrival.
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| Charles B. HeiserEmail: |
4.
5.
Root colonization and mitigation of NaCl stress on wheat seedlings were studied by inoculating seeds with Azospirillum lipoferum JA4ngfp15 tagged with the green fluorescent protein gene (gfp). Colonization of wheat roots under 80 and 160 mM NaCl stress was similar to root colonization with this bacterial species under non-saline conditions, that is, single cells and small aggregates were mainly located in the root hair zone. These salt concentrations had significant inhibitory effects on development of seedlings, but not on growth in culture of gfp-A. lipoferum JA4ngfp15. Reduced plant growth (height and dry weight of leaves and roots) under continuous irrigation with 160 mM NaCl was ameliorated by bacterial inoculation with gfp-A. lipoferum JA4ngfp15. Inoculation of plants subjected to continuous irrigation with 80 mM NaCl or to a single application of either NaCl concentration (80 or 160 mM NaCl) did not mitigate salt stress. This study indicates that, under high NaCl concentration, inoculation with modified A. lipoferum
reduced the deleterious effects of NaCl; colonization patterns on roots were unaffected and the genetic marker did not induce undesirable effects on the interaction between the bacterium and the plants. 相似文献
6.
The genus Arachis is divided into nine taxonomic sections. Section Arachis is composed of annual and perennial species, while section Heteranthae has only annual species. The objective of this study was to investigate the genetic relationships among 15 Brazilian annual
accessions from Arachis and Heteranthae using RAPD markers. Twenty-seven primers were tested, of which nine produced unique fingerprintings for all the accessions
studied. A total of 88 polymorphic fragments were scored and the number of fragments per primer varied from 6 to 17 with a
mean of 9.8. Two specific markers were identified for species with 2n = 18 chromosomes. The phenogram derived from the RAPD data corroborated the morphological classification. The bootstrap analysis
divided the genotypes into two significant clusters. The first cluster contained all the section Arachis species, and the accessions within it were grouped based upon the presence or absence of the ‘A’ pair and the number of chromosomes.
The second cluster grouped all accessions belonging to section Heteranthae. 相似文献
7.
Perilla (Lamiaceae) contains one tetraploid species, P. frutescens (L.) Britt. and three diploid species, P. citriodora (Makino) Nakai, P. hirtella Nakai and P. setoyensis G. Honda. Tetraploid species have been traditionally cultivated in Asia for their seed oil and for their fragrant leaves
that are used as medicine or as a garnish for fish. The center of diversity is still obscure. To conserve the genetic resources,
it is important to know the diversity of the tetraploid species. The three diploid species, which are possible parents of
the tetraploid species, are all believed to be indigenous to Japan. Their distribution in China and Korea was clarified on
the basis of herbarium and field surveys. The tetraploid species is assumed to have originated somewhere around the mid-to
downstream area of the Changjiang River. Though Perilla is not cultivated as often in these areas as in northern China, Korea, the Himalayan region, or Myanmar, these areas should
also be important for the conservation of genetic resources of tetraploid Perilla crops because of the expected high genetic diversity. 相似文献
8.
Taxonomic understanding is a necessary prerequisite for intelligent germplasm maintenance and evaluation. Here, we use molecular
evidence to address the generic position of the poorly known and morphologically unusual taxon Gossypium trifurcatum Vollesen. This species possesses dentate leaves, a feature not otherwise found in Gossypium L. but one that is common in Cienfuegosia Cav., a related genus in the small Malvaceous tribe Gossypieae. G. trifurcatum is a rare plant, restricted to deserts of Eastern Somalia and known from only two collections, the last in 1980. Using DNA
extracted from an herbarium specimen, we amplified and sequenced the chloroplast gene ndhF. Phylogenetic analysis reveals G. trifurcatum to be cladistically nested within Gossypium. These data diagnose dentate leaves as an autapomorphy within a genetically diverse assemblage of African–Arabian species,
which remain the least well-represented cottons in germplasm collections. 相似文献
9.
Using Tn5 mutagenesis of lysogenic Sinorhizobium meliloti strain L5–30 (L54), three neomycin-resistant transconjugants differing in phage-resistance profiles were isolated. Two of them increased the dry weight of plants and were capable of establishing root nodules, whereas the third one was ineffective. The bacterium-phage interaction did not have observable consequences in the Medicago sativa - S. meliloti symbiosis because it did not affect the number of nodules on M. sativa or plant dry weight. 相似文献
10.
The present study was conducted to isolate and characterize rhizobial strains from root nodules of cultivated legumes, i.e. chickpea, mungbean, pea and siratro. Preliminary characterization of these isolates was done on the basis of plant infectivity test, acetylene reduction assay, C-source utilization, phosphate solubilization, phytohormones and polysaccharide production. The plant infectivity test and acetylene reduction assay showed effective root nodule formation by all the isolates on their respective hosts, except for chickpea isolate Ca-18 that failed to infect its original host. All strains showed homology to a typical Rhizobium strain on the basis of growth pattern, C-source utilization and polysaccharide production. The strain Ca-18 was characterized by its phosphate solubilization and indole acetic acid (IAA) production. The genetic relationship of the six rhizobial strains was carried out by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) including a reference strain of Bradyrhizobium japonicum TAL-102. Analysis conducted with 60 primers discriminated between the strains of Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium in two different clusters. One of the primers, OPB-5, yielded a unique RAPD pattern for the six strains and well discriminated the non-nodulating chickpea isolate Ca-18 from all the other nodulating rhizobial strains. Isolate Ca-18 showed the least homology of 15% and 18% with Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium, respectively, and was probably not a (Brady)rhizobium strain. Partial 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis for MN-S, TAL-102 and Ca-18 strains showed 97% homology between MN-S and TAL-102 strains, supporting the view that they were strains of B. japonicum species. The non-infective isolate Ca-18 was 67% different from the other two strains and probably was an Agrobacterium strain. 相似文献
11.
Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton is a traditional crop of East Asia and sporadically cultivated in different parts of the Himalayas. The Western
and the Eastern Himalayan regions of India exhibit rich variability in oilseed Perilla, Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton var. frutescens. The present communication deals with the distribution pattern of diversity and survey, exploration and germplasm collection
and its uses in India. Brief information on botanical characterization on the basis of systematic study of cultivated and
weedy types and thrust on areas for germplasm collection from diverse habitats have been discussed. 相似文献
12.
In a Robinia-pseudoacacia-dominated coastal forest in Tottori prefecture Japan, the growth and survival of Pinus thunbergii seedlings and the natural regeneration of P. thunbergii was disturbed by R. pseudoacacia. In order to improve the growth of P. thunbergii seedling in the Tottori sand dune, we tried to find a mycorrhiza helper bacteria (MHB) from P. thunbergii mycorrhizosphere in a Tottori sand dune. Two MHB, Ralstonia sp. and Bacillus subtilis, were selected from the nine bacterial species isolated from the mycorrhizosphere of P. thunbergii. The bacterial effect on the ectomycorrhizal fungus Suillus granulatus was investigated by confrontation assay and a microcosm experiment. The confrontation assay showed that Ralstonia sp. promoted the hyphal growth of S. granulatus. Moreover, the S. granulatus–P. thunbergii symbiosis was significantly stimulated by Ralstonia sp. and B. subtilis. Ralstonia sp. and B. subtilis were regarded as MHB associated with P. thunbergii. This is the first report of Ralstonia sp. as an MHB. 相似文献
13.
Oryza officinalis complex is the largest and the most complicated group in the genus Oryza L., consisting of about ten species with the B, C, BC, CD, and E genomes. Taxonomy and identification of the species, particularly those with the B, C and BC genomes, are difficult due to the similar morphology and overlapping distribution of some species. The difference in ploidy levels of some species adds more complexity. In the present study, we surveyed 64 accessions of rice germplasm in the O. officinalis complex using RFLP analysis of PCR-amplified Adh genes in addition to chromosome counting. The results confirmed that all O. rhizomatis accessions are diploids with the C genome, whereas all O. minuta accessions are tetraploids having the BC genome. However, both diploid and tetraploid forms were found for the accessions identified in the genebank as O. officinalis, O. punctata and O. eichingeri. The tetraploid form of O. officinalis with the BC genome is exclusively distributed in India and has been described as O. malampuzhaensis. The tetraploid form of O. punctata which has been called O. schweinfurthiana by some workers was found to be as widely distributed as its diploid form in Africa. It is noteworthy that two accessions that had been determined as tetraploid O. officinalis were actually belonging to a species with the CD genome (O. latifolia). Our results promote a better understanding of the genomic constitutions of many accessions in the O. officinalis complex and correct determination of the genebank material, which serves as an important basis of germplasm cataloguing for further research and utilization. 相似文献
14.
In this study we found that Penicillium spp. exhibiting P-solubilizing activity are common both on and in the roots of wheat plants grown in southern Australian agricultural soils. From 2,500 segments of washed and surface-disinfested root pieces, 608 and 223 fungi were isolated on a selective medium, respectively. All isolates were screened for P solubilization on solid medium containing hydroxyapatite (HA); 47 isolates (5.7%) solubilized HA and were identified as isolates of Penicillium or its teleomorphs. These isolates were evaluated for solubilization of Idaho rock phosphate (RP) in liquid culture. Penicillium bilaiae strain RS7B-SD1 was the most effective, mobilizing 101.7 mg P l–1 after 7 days. Other effective isolates included Penicillium simplicissimum (58.8 mg P l–1), five strains of Penicillium griseofulvum (56.1–47.6 mg P l–1), Talaromyces flavus (48.6 mg P l–1) and two unidentified Penicillium spp. (50.7 and 50 mg P l–1). A newly isolated strain of Penicillium radicum (KC1-SD1) mobilized 43.3 mg P l–1. RP solubilization, biomass production and solution pH for P. bilaiae RS7B-SD1, P. radicum FRR4718 or Penicillium sp. 1 KC6-W2 was determined over time. P. bilaiae RS7B-SD1 solubilized the greatest amount of RP (112.7 mg P l–1) and had the highest RP-solubilizing activity per unit of biomass produced (up to 603.2 g P l–1 mg biomass–1 at 7 days growth). This study has identified new isolates of Penicillium fungi with high mineral phosphate solubilizing activity. These fungi are being investigated for the ability to increase crop production on strong P-retaining soils in Australia. 相似文献
15.
16.
This study aimed to investigate the effect of inoculation with plant growth-promoting Rhizobium and Pseudomonas species on NaCl-affected maize. Two cultivars of maize (cv. Agaiti 2002 and cv. Av 4001) selected on the basis of their yield
potential were grown in pots outdoors under natural conditions during July. Microorganisms were applied at seedling stage
and salt stress was induced 21 days after sowing and maintained up to 50% flowering after 120 days of stress. The salt treatment
caused a detrimental effect on growth and development of plants. Co-inoculation resulted in some positive adaptative responses
of maize plants under salinity. The salt tolerance from inoculation was generally mediated by decreases in electrolyte leakage
and in osmotic potential, an increase in osmoregulant (proline) production, maintenance of relative water content of leaves,
and selective uptake of K ions. Generally, the microbial strain acted synergistically. However, under unstressed conditions,
Rhizobium was more effective than Pseudomonas but under salt stress the favorable effect was observed even if some exceptions were also observed. The maize cv. Agaiti
2002 appeared to be more responsive to inoculation and was relatively less tolerant to salt compared to that of cv. Av 4001. 相似文献
17.
Nidhi Rawat Vijay K. Tiwari Neelam Singh Gursharn S. Randhawa Kuldeep Singh Parveen Chhuneja Harcharan S. Dhaliwal 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2009,56(1):53-64
Grains of 80 accessions of nine species of wild Triticum and Aegilops along with 15 semi-dwarf cultivars of bread and durum wheat grown over 2 years at Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee,
were analyzed for grain iron and zinc content. The bread and durum cultivars had very low content and little variability for
both of these micronutrients. The related non-progenitor wild species with S, U and M genomes showed up to 3–4 folds higher
iron and zinc content in their grains as compared to bread and durum wheat. For confirmation, two Ae. kotschyi Boiss. accessions were analyzed after ashing and were found to have more than 30% higher grain ash content than the wheat
cultivars containing more than 75% higher iron and 60% higher zinc than that of wheat. There were highly significant differences
for iron and zinc contents among various cultivars and wild relatives over both the years with very high broad sense heritability.
There was a significantly high positive correlation between flag leaf iron and grain iron (r = 0.82) and flag leaf zinc and grain zinc (r = 0.92) content of the selected donors suggesting that the leaf analysis could be used for early selection for high iron
and zinc content. ‘Chinese Spring’ (Ph
I
) was used for inducing homoeologous chromosome pairing between Aegilops and wheat genomes and transferring these useful traits from the wild species to the elite wheat cultivars. A majority of
the interspecific hybrids had higher leaf iron and zinc content than their wheat parents and equivalent or higher content
than their Aegilops parents suggesting that the parental Aegilops donors possess a more efficient system for uptake and translocation of the micronutrients which could ultimately be utilized
for wheat grain biofortification. Partially fertile to sterile BC1 derivatives with variable chromosomes of Aegilops species had also higher leaf iron and zinc content confirming the possibility of transfer of required variability. Some of
the fertile BC1F3 and BC2F2 derivatives had as high grain ash and grain ash iron and zinc content as that of the donor Aegilops parent. Further work on backcrossing, selfing, selection of fertile derivatives, leaf and grain analyses for iron and zinc
for developing biofortified bread and durum wheat cultivars is in progress.
Nidhi Rawat, Vijay K. Tiwari, and Neelam Singh have contributed equally to the work. 相似文献
18.
Hong-sheng Wu Yang Wang Wei Bao Dong-yang Liu Waseem Raza Qi-wei Huang Ze-sheng Mao Qi-rong Shen 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2009,45(4):443-447
To assess the influence of phenolic acids from plant root exudates on soil pathogens, we studied the effect of sinapic acid
added to chemically defined media on the growth and virulence factors of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum. Sinapic acid inhibited the growth and conidial formation and germination of F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum by 6.7–8.8% and 11.2–37.3%, respectively. Mycotoxin production by F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum was stimulated by 81.6–230.7%. Pectinase, proteinase, cellulase, and amylase activities were stimulated at a lower concentration
of sinapic acid, while they were inhibited at a higher concentration. It is concluded that sinapic acid inhibited the growth
and conidial germination of F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum and decreased the pathogenic enzymes’ activity at higher doses. 相似文献
19.
E. E. Radchenko T. L. Kuznetsova M. A. Chumakov I. G. Loskutov 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2018,65(2):571-576
Among 371 oat accessions from the world collection of the Vavilov Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR) mostly represented by the landraces from Asia (Maritime Territory of Russian Federation, Mongolia, China, Japan, North Korea, India, Iran, Afghanistan, and Bhutan) ninety five were heterogeneous for resistance to the North Caucasus populations of the greenbug (Schizaphis graminum Rondani). Damage ratings of resistance in 47 accessions were high, low level of resistance was identified in 48 genotypes. Higher frequency of greenbug resistant accessions (60.5%) was found among landraces from Mongolia. Lines with high expression of the resistance were selected from seven landraces with wide range of damage ratings. North Caucasus populations of S. graminum from Krasnodar area and Dagestan significantly differ by the frequencies of virulence to host plant. Seven virulence phenotypes differentially interacting with oat genotypes were found in the Krasnodar population and 10 phenotypes were revealed in the Dagestan population. Results of the experiments with the greenbug test clones revealed that all the lines selected from the accessions VIR-2490, VIR-2539, VIR-4074, VIR-12213, VIR-12214 (Mongolia), VIR-6688 (India) and VIR-13624 (North Korea) are protected by diverse alleles of resistance genes which differ from the earlier identified gene Grb3. These lines are supposed to have aphid resistance genes nonidentical to the Grb1 and Grb2. The accessions VIR-6688, VIR-4074 and VIR-12214 possess high resistance to Krasnodar and Dagestan greenbug populations and the accession VIR-13624 is protected by the most effective gene (genes) of resistance to the both populations from North Caucasus. 相似文献
20.
Kamal K. Panda Anath B. Das Brahma B. Panda 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2009,56(5):629-637
Pandanus tectorius Parkinson (
P. fascicularis Lam.) of the family Pandanaceae constitutes one of the major bioresources of Ganjam coast, Orissa; used mainly in small scale
perfume industry for aromatic compound extracted from the male inflorescences. In order to establish genetic diversity, if
any related to perfume yield, samples of P. tectorius representing male populations from seven locations representing populations I–VII along the coastline of Orissa, India, were
analysed for somatic chromosome number, 4C genomic DNA content, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) as well as phytochemicals.
The somatic chromosome number in all the populations I–VII was 2n = 60. The chromosomes were of minute size without showing any remarkable structural variation. Like wise the average 4C DNA
content was 5.09 pg (≅4,912 Mbp) that showed no intra- or inter-population differences. Out of 54 decamer primers tested,
a total of 1,260 amplicons were obtained from 34 primers accounting 43.49% polymorphism. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of
the seven populations revealed two distinct branches, with populations II and III in one and the rest populations in the other
branch of the phylogenetic tree. It was important to note that the unique populations II and III confined to the Ganjam coast
of Orissa having RAPD markers: OPA 09–940 bp, OPA 09–705 bp, OPC 14–1,500 bp, OPC 14–700 bp, OPC 20–1,475 bp, OPC 20–1,350 bp,
OPC 20–920 bp and OPC 20–700 bp, were distinguished form the rest of the populations. The aforesaid populations (II and III)
are well known to produce aroma of high quality and yield, composed of primarily phenyl ethyl methyl ether (66.8–83%) and
terpinen-4-ol (5–12%) along with a number of other phyto-chemical compounds that support the flourishing perfume industry
and livelihood of the local people in the region. The findings underscored the possible role of local eco-geography in contributing
to the micro-evolution of unique high perfume yielding genotypes of P. tectorius that represented populations II and III at Ganjam coast, which were genetically distinct from the rest of the populations
revealed by RAPD analysis. 相似文献