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1.
拖拉机加速行驶时,破坏了严格意义上的液压机械无级变速器等速换段条件,加之惯性负载的影响,需要对拖拉机加速过程中液压机械无级变速器的换段过程及其影响因素进行研究。首先,在Simulation X下构建了现有试验台架的传动系统模型,包括发动机、变速器、负载以及离合器控制油路,并对其进行了试验验证。考虑到拖拉机加速过程中惯性质量对换段过程的影响,在前述模型的基础上,进一步构建了包括后桥在内的完整拖拉机模型。而后,基于换段期间拖拉机的峰值加速度与离合器摩擦损耗2项指标,对5组可能对换段过程构成影响的拖拉机或变速器工作参数进行了仿真分析。结果表明,在变速器理论换段点之前开始换段（该研究取?0.65 s）,延迟待分离离合器的卸油时间（该研究取0.2 s）,提升待接合离合器的流量水平（该研究取6 L/min）,使用一体式泵控液压马达以及限制换段时的发动机最高转速,均可提升拖拉机在加速换段过程中的换段品质。此外,拖拉机的设计质量应当综合考虑速度冲击与动载冲击的影响。该研究可为拖拉机无级变速器及其控制系统的研究提供参考。 相似文献
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《农业工程学报》2016,(9)
拖拉机加速行驶时,破坏了严格意义上的液压机械无级变速器等速换段条件,加之惯性负载的影响,需要对拖拉机加速过程中液压机械无级变速器的换段过程及其影响因素进行研究。首先,在Simulation X下构建了现有试验台架的传动系统模型,包括发动机、变速器、负载以及离合器控制油路,并对其进行了试验验证。考虑到拖拉机加速过程中惯性质量对换段过程的影响,在前述模型的基础上,进一步构建了包括后桥在内的完整拖拉机模型。而后,基于换段期间拖拉机的峰值加速度与离合器摩擦损耗2项指标,对5组可能对换段过程构成影响的拖拉机或变速器工作参数进行了仿真分析。结果表明,在变速器理论换段点之前开始换段(该研究取-0.65 s),延迟待分离离合器的卸油时间(该研究取0.2 s),提升待接合离合器的流量水平(该研究取6 L/min),使用一体式泵控液压马达以及限制换段时的发动机最高转速,均可提升拖拉机在加速换段过程中的换段品质。此外,拖拉机的设计质量应当综合考虑速度冲击与动载冲击的影响。该研究可为拖拉机无级变速器及其控制系统的研究提供参考。 相似文献
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针对液压机械无级变速器在换段过程中的动力中断和换段冲击问题,该研究以三段式液压机械无级变速器第二段切换第三段为例,通过建立动力学模型分析理论换段点下两段位的液压路功率方向变化规律,提出基于液压路功率方向的两阶段换段离合器转矩交接方法,并使用分段函数对两阶段离合器转矩交接轨迹进行优化,通过仿真对转矩交接方法正确性进行了验证。为了实现转矩的跟踪控制,基于终端滑模控制的方法设计了离合器控制器,通过对油压的跟踪控制实现转矩的跟踪控制,通过试验验证了控制器有效性。仿真和试验结果表明：在负载换段过程中,所提换段离合器转矩交接方法能够实现动力的平稳过渡,终端滑模控制器能够实现离合器油压的跟踪控制,从而实现转矩控制。在输入轴转速1 000 r/min,负载700 N·m工况下,使用终端滑模控制器控制两换段离合器进行换段,输出轴转速的波动范围为-20.6～7.4 r/min,输出轴转矩波动范围为-117.4～107.9 N·m,换段过程中最大冲击度为-6.16 m/s3,换段离合器的最大滑摩功为508.45 J,换段过程中无动力中断。该研究可为液压机械段变速器的换段控制提供参考。 相似文献
4.
油电混合机械液压式拖拉机动力系统节能性 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
针对大马力拖拉机在道路运输与田间作业过程中由于工况复杂、作业环境恶劣导致油耗高、节能效果差的问题,该研究采用油电混合动力匹配液压机械无级变速器（Hydro-Mechanical Continuously Variable Transmission, HMCVT）的方式,设计了一种油电混合-机液复合拖拉机动力系统,探讨了该系统的驱动模式与传动方式的实现原理并得到液压机械无级变速器的调速曲线;建立了动力系统的数学模型。为实现动力系统最佳性能,制定了整车控制架构,在此基础上提出HMCVT经济性速比控制策略、基于规则的工作模式划分策略和基于自适应等效因子的燃油消耗最小功率分配策略。为验证所提控制策略的可行性,在SimulationX仿真软件中建立系统动力学仿真模型,并基于测功机搭建试验台架进行测试,分别对拖拉机在犁耕、收获和运输3个典型工况下进行仿真与试验。结果表明,所设计的控制策略能够兼顾混合动力源的最佳扭矩分配与电池电量平衡,且动力系统能保持较高的系统效率（40%以上）,犁耕、收获和运输3个工况下油耗仿真值（2.59、6.56和1.69 L）与试验值（2.72、6.80和1.77 L）的误差均不超过5%,模型可靠。与德国农业协会公布的相近功率动力换挡拖拉机和无级变速拖拉机油耗数据相对比,本文所提的控制策略在3种工况下节油9%～20%。研究结果可为多工况作业条件下降低拖拉机能耗提供解决方案。 相似文献
5.
基于同步信号的液压机械无级传动控制器硬件在环仿真 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
液压机械无级传动仿真模型含有非线性换段过程,模型实时求解困难,致使传统控制器硬件在环仿真难以实现。该文提出基于同步信号的控制器硬件在环仿真方法,定义了基于同步信号的硬件在环仿真时钟、同步信号周期,分析了基于同步信号的控制器硬件在环仿真时序误差,建立了基于同步信号的液压机械无级传动控制器硬件在环仿真系统,两段液压机械无级传动控制器硬件在环仿真试验表明,发动机节气门变化时,采用相同控制策略的在环控制器与控制器模型的控制效果基本一致。 相似文献
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液压机械全功率换段方法及功率过渡特性 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
为了解决液压机械无级传动换段过程中存在的动力中断和换段冲击等问题,基于当前段与目标段双制动器结合重叠,提出全新的液压机械全功率换段方法,并深入探究全功率换段过程功率过渡机理及控制方法。该文以两段等差式液压机械为研究对象,在双制动器结合重叠的动力换段方式的基础上,提出了五阶段液压机械全功率换段方法,通过理论分析与试验相结合的方法,研究了换段过程中液压机械转矩特性和功率特性随液压回路压差的变化规律,液压回路压差随变排量液压元件排量的变化规律。结果表明,在双制动器结合重叠的动力换段中,通过调节变排量液压元件的排量比,能够控制液压回路的高低压侧压差改变、互换,进而控制当前段制动器转矩向目标制动器有序转移,在双制动器结合重叠中完成换段,实现换段过程传递全功率。输入转速保持1 000 r/min不变,进出换段时定排量液压元件转速无波动,输出扭矩波动量约为5 N·m(负载扭矩为60 N·m和150 N·m)。该研究揭示了液压机械全功率换段的功率过渡机理,可为全功率换段的后续研究及液压机械应用提供了参考。 相似文献
9.
提高燃油经济性的拖拉机变速控制策略 总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0
为实现对液压机械无级变速拖拉机的最佳燃油经济性控制,分析发动机及液压机械无级变速器(hydro-mechanical continuously variable transmission, HMCVT)对拖拉机燃油经济性的影响,研究拖拉机最佳燃油经济性无级变速控制策略,该文针对发动机和HMCVT二元调节无级变速拖拉机,分析了发动机燃油消耗率和变速器的效率变化特性,提出了以发动机有效燃油消耗率g_e与HMCVT传动效率η_b的比值g_e/η_b为指标的最佳燃油经济性无级变速控制策略及拖拉机负载反馈控制原理。采用参数循环算法,求算出拖拉机在负载特性场内任意工作点下的最佳发动机转速、转矩、HMCVT的最佳变速比,保证了二元协同调节下拖拉机最佳燃油经济性变速控制策略的工程实现。计算结果显示:最佳变速比的分布呈现梯田状,平台部分的最佳变速比对应HMCVT纯机械传动时的工作状态,此时HMCVT处于传动效率最高点,并且在变速器传动效率高于0.92的工作区,最佳变速比的分布比例高达72.84%。相比较一元调节下分别以g_e、g_e/η_b为指标、二元调节下以g_e为指标的3种变速控制策略,明显降低了拖拉机燃油消耗率。牵引功率范围内,当拖拉机在某一目标车速下稳定工作时,在基于g_e/η_b最小化的二元调节变速控制策略调控下,拖拉机更可能在较低油耗状态下工作。表明以g_e/η_b为指标的二元调节拖拉机最佳燃油经济性变速控制策略能够提高拖拉机在任意工况下的燃油经济性。 相似文献
10.
为了解决液压机械换段过程中存在的转速波动和瞬时动力中断等问题,该文以两离合器结合重叠的五阶段全功率动力换段方法为基础,分析了液压机械全功率换段过程变排量液压元件排量比调节规律。以某等差两段式液压机械为研究对象,建立了液压机械全功率换段过程变排量液压元件排量比调节模型,通过仿真分析和全功率换段过程试验,获得了换段过程液压回路压力从当前段到目标段随排量比变化的动态响应过程。结果表明,排量比变化量的仿真与试验结果基本一致,最大偏差为8.93%,验证了模型的正确性;排量比调节模型能够根据当前段状态参量和目标段压力预测出目标段排量值;阶跃排量比调节规律能有效缩短液压回路建压时间,建压时间为0.93 s,压力波动量较小,为0.64 MPa;按阶跃调节排量比至目标值,能在换段过程完成液压回路高低压侧压力平稳互换,换段前后输出转速几乎无波动、转矩连续传递。经增速机后的输出转矩为100和150N·m时,换段时间分别为1.00和1.10s,该转矩的最大波动量分别为6.80和6.84N·m,换段过程中功率连续且平稳传递。研究结果可为实现液压机械无级传动全功率换段控制及后续研究提供参考。 相似文献
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【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
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《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
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M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
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Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
16.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献
17.
Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells. 相似文献
18.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
19.
Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico
and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria
(Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite
amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation.
Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured
as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions. 相似文献
20.
Y. Bashan J. J. Bustillos L. A. Leyva J.-P. Hernandez M. Bacilio 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2006,42(4):279-285
Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several
photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene.
This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments
for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference
in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless
of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots.
Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production
or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation. 相似文献