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1.
The levels of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn were determined in the leaves of young apple plants over a four-year period. The treatments were three root-stocks, MM 111, MM 106 and M 9; three interstocks, Red Delicious (cv Red Prince) (RD), MM 106 and M 9; and four interstock lengths, 2·5, 7·5, 12·5 and 18 cm. The level of Ca was lower in the leaves of plants with an MM 111 rootstock than in those on MM 106 or M 9. The level of K in the leaves was lower on plants with an M 9 than with an MM 106 or RD interstock. Only lengths of M 9 inter-stock differentially affected the nutrient level, and these effects were not consistent. Nutrient levels of leaves from rootstock and interstock treatments were similar over the four-year period. A small differential effect was shown only on the level of Ca. Rootstock treatments differentially affected the levels of N and Ca in the leaves over the four-year period, whereas the interstock treatments differentially affected the level of Cu over the same period. The effects of interstock lengths on leaf nutrient levels over the four years were few and inconsistent.  相似文献   

2.
砧穗组合选配是苹果矮砧集约栽培模式的关键环节之一,幼树的早果性和易成形性是评判砧穗组合优劣的重要指标,这与幼树根系分布密切相关。以中国苹果生产上8种常见砧穗组合的3年生幼树为试材,采用壕沟法对幼树根系分布特征进行了调查分析。结果表明:8种砧穗组合幼树根构型可以分为M系自根砧、SH系自根砧、乔化实生砧木、M系中间砧和SH系中间砧等5大类。3年生幼树根系在水平和垂直方向分布的主要区域,均为0~60 cm范围,且随着距树干距离的增大而减少。不同砧穗组合,根系长度以直径2 mm级别的根系最长,其次是直径2~5 mm的,10 mm以上的最短。乔化实生砧木较无性系矮化砧木粗根多,而须根少;矮化砧木中,M系砧木根系构成以须根为主,而SH系和青砧系砧木须根均较少。砧穗组合幼树的地上分枝数、短枝比例和花芽数等早果性指标与细根(直径2 mm)根系数量、根长密度和根表面积密度呈显著正相关关系。通过对各砧穗组合易成花和易成形的综合评价,认为在渭北黄土高原有灌溉条件的地区,M系自根砧和中间砧组合早果性好和易成形较好,而SH系组合较易成形,但早果性较差,乔化组合早果性最差,这与它们的根系分布特征密切相关。  相似文献   

3.
苹果矮化砧木新品种‘青矮1号’   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  
 苹果矮化砧木‘青矮1号’是以‘M2’为母本,‘M9’为父本杂交选育而成。树冠较小,节间长1.6 cm。嫁接基砧的成活率84.0%,嫁接品种的成活率87.8%,3年生矮化中间砧果苗出圃率73.8%。嫁接的‘红富士’盛果期树高2.93 m,冠径3.10 m;嫁接口无肿大,不发生气根,品种/中间砧的干周比值0.95;2年生结果株率61.5%,7 ~ 14年生树平均产量43 380 kg · hm-2,果实可溶性固形物14.9%,硬度8.3 kg · cm-2,果形指数0.86。适宜在山东、河北、山西、陕西等矮化苹果主产区应用。  相似文献   

4.
We propose the utilization of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) interspecific hybrids derived from crosses with closely related species as an approach for developing new improved rootstocks for eggplant. Here we investigate rootstock effects on fruit yield, apparent quality and proximate and mineral composition of S. melongena ‘Black Beauty’ (BB) scions grafted on interspecific hybrid rootstocks developed from crosses of S. melongena with Solanum incanum L. (SI × SM) and Solanum aethiopicum L. (SM × SA). The results are compared with non-grafted (BB control) and self-grafted (BB/BB) controls and with S. melongena ‘Black Beauty’ scions grafted onto Solanum torvum Sw. (STO) and Solanum macrocarpon L. (SMA) rootstocks. All treatments were grown in a soil naturally infested with root-knot nematodes (mostly Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood). SI × SM and SM × SA interspecific hybrids had high germination (≥90%) and total graft success (100%). Contrary to what occurred with all other treatments, no plants from scions grafted onto these hybrid rootstocks died during the experiment. In particular, the SI × SM hybrid rootstock conferred the highest vigour to the scion, which resulted in the highest values for fruit earliness and early and total yield. Little difference was observed among treatments for apparent fruit quality traits, except for a greater fruit calyx length and prickliness of fruit grafted onto SMA rootstocks. A similar result was obtained for fruit composition where phenolics content was higher in fruit from plants grafted onto SMA rootstocks. Grafting eggplant onto interspecific eggplant hybrids, especially on the SI × SM hybrid, has proved advantageous for eggplant production, as the high vigour and good compatibility of the rootstock with scion results in improved early and total yield without negative effects on apparent fruit quality or composition. Interspecific hybrids represent an alternative to the commonly used STO rootstock, which is a wild species with irregular germination.  相似文献   

5.
苹果半矮化砧木新品种‘青矮2号’   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
 ‘青矮2号’是由M9自然实生后代中选育而成的苹果半矮化砧木。树冠中等,长势中庸,节间长2.3 cm。嫁接基砧（平邑甜茶）成活率88.2%,嫁接品种成活率100%。3年生矮化中间砧幼苗生长量278 cm,出圃率88.2%。作中间砧嫁接红富士,基砧/中间砧干周比为1.18,品种/中间砧干周比为0.81,接口无肿瘤,无气生根,亲和力强;嫁接红富士盛果期树,树高3.80 m,冠径3.63 m,矮化性与砧木M7相近,属半矮化砧木;嫁接红富士树,2年生树结果株率为26.7%,7 ~ 14年生树平均产量43 140 kg · hm-2;果实可溶性固形物为14.3%,硬度为8.1 kg · cm-2,果形指数为0.85。适宜在山东、陕西、山西、河南、河北等苹果主产区应用。  相似文献   

6.
The effect of temperature on the ability of 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon), when applied at 20 mm stage of fruit development, to induce ethylene evolution of fruit and leaves and abscission of fruit and leaves was determined using 9-year-old root-bagged ‘Golden Delicious’/M.27 apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees in environment-controlled growth rooms. Ethephon at 400 μL L−1 effectively thinned apples, and its thinning effect was not affected by increasing day/night temperature from 21.1/10 to 32.2/21.1 °C. Fruit ethylene evolution was enhanced by application of ethephon. Peak fruit ethylene evolution occurred 1 day after application of ethephon when day/night temperature was 32.2/21.1 °C whereas it occurred 2 days after application of ethephon at a day/night temperature of 21.1/10 or 26.7/15.6 °C. Ethephon increased leaf ethylene evolution drastically but it did not induce leaf abscission regardless of temperature.  相似文献   

7.
 以基砧为八棱海棠的4 种不同中间砧嫁接的苹果幼苗长富2 号/八棱海棠、长富2 号/M9、长 富2 号/M26、长富2 号/SH6 为试验材料,研究干旱胁迫对其导水特性的影响。结果表明：在干旱胁迫下, 4 种中间砧木嫁接苗的整体、冠层、茎干、根系叶比导水率均有减小,各器官叶比导水率基本趋势是乔 化 > 半矮化 > 矮化,其中矮化中间砧的变化幅度最大,乔化中间砧的变化最小。中间砧嫁接口导水阻 力表现为矮化砧比半矮化、乔化砧高,在正常水分条件下,八棱海棠、M9、M26 和SH6 中间砧嫁接区域 导水阻力在植株总体导水阻力中所占的比率分别为4.07%、6.60%、4.97%和5.11%,当受到干旱胁迫后, 嫁接区域所占比率均有不同程度减小。由于矮化苗有效导水率长期低下,根系吸水和运输水分的能力下 降,导致地上部分水分供给减少,从而影响树体的生长。  相似文献   

8.
烟砧一号是从鸡冠自然杂交实生苗中选育出的实生种.经过14 a田间调查和区试鉴定,以其作中间砧的富士枝干和果实的苹果轮纹病的发病率比没有嫁接中间砧的富士降低59.3%和12.77%.而且可显著提高富士果实的可溶性固形物.与基砧八棱海棠、平邑甜茶和生产上主栽的富士系亲和性良好,无大小脚现象,适宜在富士产区推广应用.  相似文献   

9.
【目的】为探索根际注射施肥在苹果生产中应用。【方法】以10 a生红富士/M26/基砧为试材,利用施肥枪注射施肥,研究了不同浓度注射液对注肥点0～60 cm土层土壤理化特性、土壤酶、果实产量及品质的影响。【结果】随注射液浓度增加,各土层土壤pH值减小,电导率、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量增加,各养分含量均为中层(20～40 cm)>表层(0～20 cm)>底层(40～60 cm);转化酶逐渐增大,过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性以10%浓度最高,磷酸酶活性以5%浓度最高。注射液浓度与中层土壤转化酶活性和碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾及电导率呈正相关。果实产量和单果质量分别以15%和10%浓度最高(2者无差异),硬度、可溶性固形物分别在0～10%和0～15%内逐渐增加,可滴定酸含量在0～10%内逐渐减小。【结论】综合分析以10%注射液浓度较适宜。  相似文献   

10.
Summary

The apple rootstocks M.9, M.26, and MM.106 were evaluated for their efficiency in bringing ‘Discovery’ apple trees into production. The experiment, carried out over a ten- year period compared two planting densities at 1666 and 3333 trees per ha. Tree vigour differences between rootstocks were measured in term of trunk growth, tree volume, weight of branches pruned off and final weight of the above-ground parts of the trees. Fruit production is presented both as total yield and as the weight of first class fruit. Fruit colour development is also shown. Cropping efficiency is calculated and presented in relation to the different vigour measurements. The results confirm that ‘Discovery’ is slow to come into production. M.9 was the most productive rootstock, but due to vigour differences MM.106 gave the same yields per tree, although the latter had the lower yield efficiency. M.26 performed poorly; its vigour was similar to M.9 but it produced the lowest yields.  相似文献   

11.
Covering apple orchards with nets protects them from hailstorms but this changes the amount and quality of the light supplied to the trees. This study was carried out to assess the effects of shade provided by white protection net on yield and fruit quality of apple orchards in Southern Brazil, along three growing seasons (2002/2003, 2003/2004, and 2004/2005). ‘Gala’ and ‘Fuji’ apple trees (on MM111 rootstock, raised as slender spindles, with a spacing of 5.5 m × 3 m) were left uncovered (control trees) or covered with white net. The white net reduced the photosynthetically active radiation (λ = 400–700 nm) accumulated over the trees’ canopy along a day by 18.4%, leading to a higher leaf chlorophyll content in both cultivars, and a higher specific leaf area in ‘Gala’. The shade provided by the net did not affect yield and increased fruit average weight in both cultivars. At harvest, the number of seeds per fruit and severity of russet were not affected by netting in both cultivars, as well as the incidence of watercore in ‘Fuji’. The main beneficial effects of the white net were the reduced incidence of sunburn on ‘Gala’, reduced incidence of bitter pit during cold storage in both cultivars, and reduced incidence of apple scab at harvest and of decay after cold storage in ‘Fuji’. Fruit fly damage in ‘Gala’ (assessed in one season) was reduced by netting. However, netting affected negatively some fruit quality attributes. ‘Gala’ and ‘Fuji’ apples from trees protected by the net had a poor skin color (pale blush and a more intense green background color) at harvest. The net reduced flesh firmness and SSC, and increased the starch index of ‘Gala’ apples at harvest, and reduced flesh firmness and SSC, assessed after cold storage and shelf life, in fruits of both cultivars.  相似文献   

12.
From 2001 to 2005 the influence of the dwarfed apple rootstocks M?9 (clone: Burgmer 984), Fleuren 56, Supporter 1, P?16, P?22, J-TE-F, J-TE-E and M?27 on growth, yield and fruit size of the apple varieties ‘Elstar, Elshof’, ‘Boskoop, Herr’ and ‘Jonagored’ was investigated on the locations Auweiler, Dresden-Pillnitz, Osnabrück and Wurzen in Germany.All rootstocks induced a less vegetative growth as the rootstock M?9. In comparison with M?9 the crown volume of the trees ranged from 92% (Supporter 1) to 52% (M?27). The highest yield potential showed the rootstock P?16. Her specific yield (kg/m3) was 17% higher than the specific yield of M?9. All rootstocks produced a lower individual fruit size as M?9. J-TE-E and J-TE-F produced the lowest specific yield.  相似文献   

13.
The vegetative and reproductive performances of ‘Coscia’ pear (Pyrus communis L.) grown on nine rootstocks [OHF 69, OHF 97, OHF 217, OHF 333, OHF 513 and BP 1 (P. communis), clonal seedling (Davis AxB) of Pyrus betulifolia and quince BA 29 and EMA (Cydonia oblonga)] were compared during a 9-year period. The trial was conducted at the Experimental Station ‘Avnei Eitan’ in northern Israel (elevation 400 m above sea level, a.s.l.), on a well-drained soil with pH 7.1. Trees were planted in December 1998, spaced at 4.0 m × 2.0 m and trained with a central axis. The most vigorous trees were on P. betulifolia seedlings, followed by the four OHF rootstock (69, 97, 333, 513) and BP 1 (with no significant difference between them). All the above rootstocks demonstrated greater vigor than OHF 217 and quince BA 29 or EMA. The highest cumulative yields per tree were harvested from trees on the four OHF rootstocks (69, 97, 333, 513) and P. betulifolia followed by the BP 1. The two quince rootstocks, as well as OHF 217, had the lowest cumulative yield and the lowest yield of large fruit. A positive correlation was found between the vigor of the tree, as affected by the rootstock, and both the total yield and the fruit size. We conclude that in a warm climate, yield efficiency is not the only parameter that should be taken into account, and building a strong tree for a weak cultivar is the first requirement for establishing an orchard.  相似文献   

14.
In autumn 2008, in the research orchard of the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences in Vienna, the apple cultivar ‘Topaz’ was planted on the rootstocks M9 (clone T337) with and without ‘Rubinola’ as interstem, M26, M7 grafted at 25?cm and at 55?cm respectively, M111 and ‘Bittenfelder seedling’, trained as spindles and tested for eight years according to organic production rules. The trees on seeding grew very vigorously, followed by MM111 and M7 normally grafted; the M7 highly grafted trees showed less vigor, comparable with M26, while the trees on M9 with and without interstem grew very weakly. Tree losses were only observed on M9 without interstem. The highest yields per hectare were found on M7 normally grafted, followed by M26, M7 highly grafted and M9 without interstem. M7 highly grafted showed the highest single fruit weights, followed by MM111, at the other end were M9 with and without interstem, and M26. The rootstock M7 grafted at 55?cm combines a medium growth with high yield and good fruit quality and therefore can be recommended for dry areas like our site. M9 without interstem showed a higher specific yield and fruit firmness after storage compared to the variant with interstem. Whether these advantages for ‘Topaz’ on M9 can be combined with a higher grafting height as effective preventive method to control Phytophthora cactorum, has to be examined in further research.  相似文献   

15.
The aim of the study was to examine the effect of boron (B) fertilization on the vegetative and the reproductive responses of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees grown at low soil B availability. The experiment was carried out in 2005 under a greenhouse on 5-year-old ‘Jonagold’ apple trees/M.9 EMLA planted singly in 50-L containers filled with a sandy loam soil with hot water-soluble B concentration of 0.32 mg kg−1. The trees were fertilized with B as foliar or soil application. Foliar B sprays were applied at the stage of pink bud, beginning of flowering, petal fall, and 10 days after flowering, at a solution concentration of 0.03%. Soil B fertilization was done at the bud break stage at a rate of 2 g per tree (27 mg B kg−1 soil). The trees untreated with B served as the control. The results showed that soil B fertilization improved root development and tree vigor. Leaves of trees supplied with B to the soil had higher B concentration and chlorophyll, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and activity of catalase and glutathione reductase than those of the control plants. Boron fertilization, regardless of application mode, increased fruit yield; the efficiency of foliar B sprays was higher than soil B application. Apple fruits of trees fertilized with B to the soil were bigger, more colored, richer in B, and had higher soluble solids concentration, and titratable acidity compared to those of the control trees.  相似文献   

16.
 以陕西杨凌试验区大田栽培的3 年生‘长富2 号’苹果为材料,结合凤翔、永寿和蒲城等 试验区的调查,研究比较矮化中间砧（M26）入土深度对富士苹果树基砧根系生长分布、根系激素含量和 果实产量品质的影响。结果表明,矮化中间砧入土深度为15 cm 时,树体细根（＜ 2 mm）主要分布在0 ~ 40 cm 土层,细根数比其他处理多13.6% ~ 41.5%,总根数多18.2% ~ 33.3%,根系干质量多11.2% ~ 68.4%, 果实产量高,单果质量大,可溶性固形物含量高,硬度大,可滴定酸含量少,着色率高,品质较好。矮 化中间砧入土深度为15 cm,树体根系中促进生长的IAA、ZR、GA 含量较高,抑制生长的ABA 含量较 少,（IAA + GA + ZR）/ABA 比值较大,有利于刺激根系的生长。研究表明矮化中间砧入土深度为15 cm 时,根系生长旺盛,细根数量较多,能够为果树生长发育提供较多养分,果实品质较好。  相似文献   

17.
 以2 年生大田栽培矮化中间砧富士苹果（宫藤富士/SH6/平邑甜茶）幼树和乔砧富士苹果（宫 藤富士/平邑甜茶）幼树为试材,通过春季土施15N–尿素研究了SH6 矮化中间砧对苹果幼树N 素的吸收、 利用及贮藏的影响。结果表明：与SH6 矮化中间砧幼树相比,乔砧幼树长势强,净生长量大。树体各器 官的Ndff 值均表现为乔砧幼树大于SH6 矮化中间砧幼树;两种类型苹果幼树15N 分配率表现出一致规律, 即叶片中最高,新梢和粗根中次之,中心干最小,其中40% ~ 70%氮素分配给新生器官（新梢和叶）;秋 梢停长期,乔砧幼树地上部新生器官N 肥分配率（63.66%）明显高于SH6 矮化中间砧幼树（57.68%）, 乔砧幼树氮素利用率（14.32%）显著高于SH6 矮化中间砧幼树氮素利用率（8.55%）;秋季落叶后,乔砧 幼树叶片中有33.11%的氮素回撤到树体内,而SH6 矮化中间砧幼树叶片有36.92%回撤到树体内,除细根 外,各个器官均有氮素回流贮藏,其中粗根和皮层是苹果氮素主要的贮藏部位,乔砧幼树地下部氮素增 量为8.34%,明显大于SH6 矮化中间砧幼树的增量6.85%。SH6 中间砧对苹果幼树氮素吸收及回流上均 有显著的阻滞作用。  相似文献   

18.
Soil and rootstock can particularly affect the ‘Rainha Claudia Verde’ (Prunus domestica) fruit quality, mainly its firmness characteristics. To investigate the variation in fruit quality, plums were harvested at commercial maturity from trees grafted on Marianna GF8-1 (Prunus cerasifera × munsoniana) and Marianna GF10-2 (P. cerasifera × munsoniana) rootstocks on two different soils: Haplic Luvisol and Vertic Luvisol. After harvest fruits were stored at 2 °C for 3 weeks. At the harvest day a small group of fruits were analysed without cold storage. During storage fruits were tested for firmness, soluble solids content, titratable acidity and fruit mineral content. Tree vigour was evaluated from trunk cross-sectional areas values.The GF8-1 rootstock promoted the highest vegetative development, comparing to GF10-2. This rootstock promoted the largest fruits size and the higher calcium fruit level. Positive correlations were found between higher concentrations of calcium in the pulp fruits and firmness. Fruits from two different rootstocks showed the same firmness at harvest but during cold storage, fruits from GF10-2 rootstock exhibited the highest firmness pulp values. There weren’t significant differences in fruit nitrogen and potassium levels for any studied factor.At harvest solids soluble content and solids soluble content/titratable acidity ratio weren’t affected by soil type or rootstock. As expected, solids soluble content during cold storage increased and solids soluble content/titratable acidity had a slight increase.GF10-2 revealed to be a good option as a ‘Rainha Claudia Verde’ rootstock for plums growers due to its intermediate-vigour. Also GF10-2 fruits presented better quality during storage comparing with GF8-1.  相似文献   

19.
The effects of regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) and partial root-zone drying (PRD) on tomato fruit growth and cell wall peroxidase activity in tomato exocarp were investigated in growth chamber conditions. The RDI treatment was 50% of water given to fully irrigated (FI) plants and the PRD treatment was 50% of water of FI plants applied to one half of the root system while the other half dried down, with irrigation shifted when soil water content of the dry side decreased 15–20%. RDI significantly reduced fruit diameter, though PRD reduced fresh weight while having no significant effect on fruit diameter. The activity of peroxidase was significantly higher in RDI and PRD treated plants compared to those of FI. Differences between RDI and PRD were expressed on temporal basis. In the fruits of RDI treated plants peroxidase activity began to increase in the phase when fruit growth started to decline with the peak of enzyme activity of 6.1 HRPEU g−1 FW reached in the phase of mature green fruits when fruit growth rate was minimal. Increase of peroxidase activity in PRD fruits coincided with the ripening phase and the peak of enzyme activity (5.3 HRPEU g−1 FW) was measured at the end of fruit ripening. These data potentially identified contrasting and different roles of tomato exocarp cell wall peroxidase in RDI and PRD treated plants. In RDI treated plants peroxidase may have a role in restricting fruit growth rate, although the increase in enzyme activity during ripening of PRD treated fruit pointed out that peroxidase may also control fruit maturation by inducing more rapid process.  相似文献   

20.
苹果叶营养元素含量的影响因素分析   总被引：11，自引：3，他引：11  
 通过采样分析及肥料定位试验, 研究了采样时期、品种、砧木、产量、施肥等因素对苹果叶营养元素含量的影响。结果表明: 苹果叶营养元素含量的季节性变化明显; 富士、秦冠、红星、金冠、嘎拉等5个苹果品种间的叶N、P、Ca、B、Mn、Zn含量存在显著差异; M9、M26、M7、MM106矮化中间砧(新疆野苹果基砧) 和新疆野苹果乔化砧上, 苹果品种间叶营养元素含量存在差异, M9的K、Fe高而其余元素含量偏低, M26的Mg、Mn、Zn高而K、Fe低, M7的N、P、Cu、Fe、Zn较高, MM106的N、Mn高而K低, 乔化砧的Fe高而Cu、Zn低; 不同产量水平果园间叶营养元素含量不同, 高产果园较低产园N、Mg、Zn元素含量高而P、K含量低; 施肥提高叶K含量效果明显, N次之, P效果缓慢。  相似文献   

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