共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 250 毫秒
1.
Ewa Matyjaszczyk 《Pest management science》2018,74(3):505-510
Following the obligatory implementation of integrated pest management in the European Union (EU), the plant protection means suitable for application in organic agriculture attracted the attention of quite a wide group of potential users. In spite of the common rules of organic production, as well as the uniform principles of placing plant protection products on the market, the availability of products that can be legally used in organic crop protection differs significantly among the Member States. There is a uniform list of 10 basic substances that can be used in the protection of organic crops throughout the entire EU. Twelve Member States have official registers of plant protection products for use in organic agriculture, and the total number of qualified products per country varies from 11 in Lithuania to 576 in Italy. Some products that improve plant vigour or resistance and may be of use in protection of organic crops are placed on the market as biostimulants. They fall under the law that governs fertilisers and the systems of their registration vary widely among the Member States. In addition, there exist a number of products that have been legally introduced onto the markets of some Member States without registration as a consequence of a loophole in the law. The use of unregistered products in organic agriculture raises some doubts, but currently it seems that there is no legal basis on which to explicitly prohibit the practice. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
2.
F. BIGLER 《EPPO Bulletin》1997,27(1):95-102
The use of macroorganisms (insects, mites and entomopathogenic nematodes) for biological pest control is increasing worldwide. Out of 281 products based on bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa, nematodes and insects available for crop protection in 1992, 151 products (53.8%) consisted of macroorganisms. In Switzerland, 65.5% of the 58 products registered for biological pest control in 1995 are macroorganisms. According to published literature and personal information, it is estimated that at least 150 species of entomophagous insects and mites are mass-produced and released worldwide for biological control. While microorganisms are registered similarly to plant protection products, macroorganisms need registration only in a few countries. An increasing tendency towards regulation of macroorganisms for biological control is obvious. Based on the plant protection act of 1986, Switzerland was the first country where registration of macroorganisms became compulsory. The evaluation criteria for registration include a set of information on the bioecology of the organism, experimental data on efficacy, a simple risk assessment for environmental and human hazards and information on evaluation/registration in neighbouring countries. Positive effects of the registration are: (1) inefficacious products are kept away from the market, (2) quality control rules are respected, and (3) environmental risks and possible human hazards are assessed. Disadvantages are higher costs and sometimes delayed implementation of products. Indirect and direct costs for registration can be a serious problem for small producers and for products with minor markets. Therefore, authorities should consider the development of pragmatic and simplified registration procedures for macroorganisms that support efficacious and high-quality products on the market, minimize environmental risks and yet do not hamper the implementation of new biological products. 相似文献
3.
近5年来, 我国在害虫变态发育与生殖调控、害虫滞育调控、害虫迁飞、害虫与共生微生物互作、害虫对杀虫剂的抗性、害虫与寄主植物的化学通讯、害虫对植物抗虫性的适应、害虫对作物种植结构调整的响应、害虫对全球气候变化的响应等农业害虫发生新规律新机制解析方面取得了系列重要进展, 同时推进了抗虫作物、RNA农药、行为调控和生态调控等害虫防控新技术与新产品的研发; 提出迁飞性草地贪夜蛾分区治理、多食性盲蝽区域防控、地下害虫韭蛆绿色防控和抗性麦蚜精准化学防控等害虫绿色防控新模式新体系。根据国内外农业害虫综合防治科技发展趋势和中国农业高质量发展现实需求, 我国需进一步重视农业昆虫交叉学科前沿和新兴技术领域, 以产业需求为导向, 强化害虫防控基础理论创新, 创制智能监测预警和绿色防控新技术、新产品, 创新集成区域绿色防控和跨区协同治理技术体系, 为保障国家粮食安全、助力乡村全面振兴提供强有力的植保科技支撑。 相似文献
4.
RNA interference technology in crop protection against arthropod pests,pathogens and nematodes 
下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Moises Zotti Ericmar Avila dos Santos Deise Cagliari Olivier Christiaens Clauvis Nji Tizi Taning Guy Smagghe 《Pest management science》2018,74(6):1239-1250
Scientists have made significant progress in understanding and unraveling several aspects of double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA)‐mediated gene silencing during the last two decades. Now that the RNA interference (RNAi) mechanism is well understood, it is time to consider how to apply the acquired knowledge to agriculture and crop protection. Some RNAi‐based products are already available for farmers and more are expected to reach the market soon. Tailor‐made dsRNA as an active ingredient for biopesticide formulations is considered a raw material that can be used for diverse purposes, from pest control and bee protection against viruses to pesticide resistance management. The RNAi mechanism works at the messenger RNA (mRNA) level, exploiting a sequence‐dependent mode of action, which makes it unique in potency and selectivity compared with conventional agrochemicals. Furthermore, the use of RNAi in crop protection can be achieved by employing plant‐incorporated protectants through plant transformation, but also by non‐transformative strategies such as the use of formulations of sprayable RNAs as direct control agents, resistance factor repressors or developmental disruptors. In this review, RNAi is presented in an agricultural context (discussing products that have been launched on the market or will soon be available), and we go beyond the classical presentation of successful examples of RNAi in pest‐insect control and comprehensively explore its potential for the control of plant pathogens, nematodes and mites, and to fight against diseases and parasites in beneficial insects. Moreover, we also discuss its use as a repressor for the management of pesticide‐resistant weeds and insects. Finally, this review reports on the advances in non‐transformative dsRNA delivery and the production costs of dsRNA, and discusses environmental considerations. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
5.
O. Coulibaly D. Mbila D.J. Sonwa Akin Adesina J. Bakala 《Integrated Pest Management Reviews》2002,7(3):165-172
Cocoa is a key or source of income and poverty reduction in the humid forest of Southern Cameroon. Cameroon like other African countries went through a major economic crisis in the early 1980s with a decline in international commodity prices and significant changes in macroeconomic policies. Structural adjustment reforms following the economic crisis led to removal of fertilizers and pesticides subsidies, cocoa price liberalization and the overall withdraw of Government interventions from the cocoa sub-sector. Cocoa input price increases have been compounded by the devaluation of the CFA Franc, which doubled the prices of the imported pesticides which were considered key to the control of cocoa pests. This overall economic shock led to changes in cocoa producer's production decisions as a response to minimize cost. Among the changes the use of alternatives to imported chemicals for cocoa pest control. Farmers responded to the high prices of pesticides by developing, from local botanical knowledge and pest management strategies, which include plant extracts and plant extracts mixed with pesticides at different proportions. This is a major decision given the importance of imported chemical in the cost of production of cocoa. Valuable indigenous knowledge from farmers could be used also as an effective support system for communicating and diffusing modern knowledge and technologies to farmers. The paper describes the farmer knowledge-based alternatives to chemical pesticides for pest control in cocoa fields as a response to high pest control costs. Pest management specialists are urged to take advantage of this shift in practice and assess their effectiveness for further use. Two sets of questions are posed: (1) were the conventional insecticides, with all their problems, really necessary? and (2) are the materials derived from locally grown plants effective pest management agents or are they, in some way, placebos? 相似文献
6.
Ewa Matyjaszczyk 《Pest management science》2019,75(8):2063-2067
Compulsory integrated pest management poses a number of challenges and issues for debate. Some of are discussed with reference to European Union requirements set out in Annex III of Directive 128/2009. Requirements on the use of plant protection products bring with them problems with dose reduction in the light of a resistance prevention strategy, the lack of threshold levels, the necessity of chemical treatments and the limited availability of effective products of biological origin. Use of preventive measures of pest control faces barriers related to profitability and a lack of knowledge on the part of farmers. Challenges to control the system, as well as the fact that some legally enforced rules are not suitable for all crops, seem also to be an issue. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
7.
Maria L Pappas Colette Broekgaarden George D Broufas Merijn R Kant Gerben J Messelink Anke Steppuhn Felix Wäckers Nicole M van Dam 《Pest management science》2017,73(9):1780-1788
Biological control is an important ecosystem service delivered by natural enemies. Together with breeding for plant defence, it constitutes one of the most promising alternatives to pesticides for controlling herbivores in sustainable crop production. Especially induced plant defences may be promising targets in plant breeding for resistance against arthropod pests. Because they are activated upon herbivore damage, costs are only incurred when defence is needed. Moreover, they can be more specific than constitutive defences. Nevertheless, inducible defence traits that are harming plant pest organisms may interfere with biological control agents, such as predators and parasitoids. Despite the vast fundamental knowledge on plant defence mechanisms and their effects on natural enemies, our understanding of the feasibility of combining biological control with induced plant defence in practice is relatively poor. In this review, we focus on arthropod pest control and present the most important features of biological control with natural enemies and of induced plant defence. Furthermore, we show potential synergies and conflicts among them and, finally, identify gaps and list opportunities for their combined use in crop protection. We suggest that breeders should focus on inducible resistance traits that are compatible with the natural enemies of arthropod pests, specifically traits that help communities of natural enemies to build up. © 2017 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. 相似文献
8.
L. SMEETS 《EPPO Bulletin》1997,27(1):85-88
The main principles concerning the authorization of plant protection products containing microorganisms in the European Union are explained: a positive list of microorganisms to be adopted by the Commission, authorization of individual plant protection products by the Member States according to common criteria and data requirements, obligation of mutual recognition of authorizations granted by other Member States subject to comparable conditions. Further detailed provisions are under preparation for the common criteria and data requirements as well as for the rationalization of the procedures for plant protection products containing genetically modified microorganisms. 相似文献
9.
Stephen Jess Steven Kildea Aidan Moody Gordon Rennick Archie K Murchie Louise R Cooke 《Pest management science》2014,70(11):1646-1654
European Community (EC) legislation has limited the availability of pesticide active substances used in effective plant protection products. The Pesticide Authorisation Directive 91/414/EEC introduced the principle of risk assessment for approval of pesticide active substances. This principle was modified by the introduction of Regulation (EC) 1107/2009, which applies hazard, the intrinsic toxicity of the active substance, rather than risk, the potential for hazard to occur, as the approval criterion. Potential impacts of EC pesticide legislation on agriculture in Ireland are summarised. While these will significantly impact on pesticide availability in the medium to long term, regulations associated with water quality (Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC and Drinking Water Directive 1998/83/EC) have the potential to restrict pesticide use more immediately, as concerns regarding public health and economic costs associated with removing pesticides from water increase. This rationale will further reduce the availability of effective pesticide active substances, directly affecting crop protection and increasing pesticide resistance within pest and disease populations. In addition, water quality requirements may also impact on important active substances used in plant protection in Ireland. The future challenge for agriculture in Ireland is to sustain production and profitability using reduced pesticide inputs within a framework of integrated pest management. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
10.
11.
The soil ecosystem is composed of a mixture of living organisms and non‐living matter as well as the complex interactions between them. In the past 100 years or so, agricultural soil ecosystems have been strongly affected by agricultural practices such as tillage and the use of pesticides and fertilizers, which strongly affect soil nutrient composition, pH and biodiversity. In modern pest management, however, the focus is gradually shifting from crop production through agricultural practices to soil ecosystem protection. In this review we discuss how the underground chemical signals secreted by plant roots play a role in keeping the soil ecosystem in balance and how they affect plant fitness by shaping the root biome, increasing nutrient availability, promoting symbiosis, and attracting beneficial organisms and repelling harmful ones, including other plants. We review a number of fascinating cases, such as signaling molecules with dual, positive and negative, functions and bacterial quorum sensing mimicking molecules. Finally, examples of how these compounds can be exploited in modern pest management are reviewed, and the prospects for future developments discussed. © 2019 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. 相似文献
12.
13.
生物防治——害虫综合防治的重要内容 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文阐述了生物防治在综合防治中的重要性和如何全面正确认识生物防治技术。指出生物防治技术在生产上的成功应用,必须要注意与其他植保技术协调。文章还介绍了国内外成功的生防实例和生防必须遵循的基本原则。 相似文献
14.
玉米是全球播种面积最大的粮食作物,事关世界粮食安全。鳞翅目和鞘翅目害虫是影响玉米产量和品质的重要因素,长期以来多数国家采取以喷施化学农药为主的防控策略,但存在较高的使用成本和环境风险等问题。作为新一代的害虫防控技术,转基因抗虫玉米于1996年开始在美国商业化种植,并迅速推广到巴西等主要玉米生产国家,成为防控草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda和欧洲玉米螟Ostrinia nubilalis等重大害虫的核心技术。该文综述了全球转基因抗虫玉米商业化的历史和防控害虫的作用,分析了美国对欧洲玉米螟和草地贪夜蛾等靶标害虫抗性治理的成功经验以及巴西等南美国家草地贪夜蛾对多种转基因抗虫玉米产生抗性的成因与教训。基于中国转基因抗虫玉米转化事件的研发现状、玉米生产模式、玉米害虫的区域发生特点和迁飞生物学等特性,提出在南方和西南山地丘陵玉米区种植包含Vip3A的多基因叠加抗虫玉米从源头防控草地贪夜蛾,在黄淮海夏玉米区种植包含Cry2A的多基因叠加抗虫玉米从源头防控棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera,在北方春玉米区种植包含Cry1A的多基因叠加抗虫玉米从源头防控亚洲玉米螟Ostr... 相似文献
15.
16.
《EPPO Bulletin》2012,42(3):348-352
Specific scope
This standard describes the principles for determining the requirements for an efficacy evaluation (effectiveness and crop safety) of plant protection products containing micro‐organisms in a registration procedure.Specific approval and amendment
First approved in 2012–09. 相似文献17.
《EPPO Bulletin》2017,47(3):297-304
Specific scope
This Standard describes the principles for determining the requirements for an efficacy evaluation of low‐risk plant protection products in a registration procedure. Low‐risk plant protection products are products with low risk to human and animal health and the environment.Specific approval and amendment
First approved in 2017‐09. 相似文献18.
落叶果树是指秋末落叶的一类果树,是我国重要的农林作物之一。近年来,随着果树种植结构的调整和种植面积的扩大,虫害对果树产业的影响越来越严重,越来越多的科研工作者加入到果园害虫防治的队伍中,并在果园害虫绿色防控方面获得了一批新技术,取得了一些新成果。为持续推动果树虫害防治新理念的落实,该文统计了20世纪60年代至今落叶果树虫害防治相关研究论文的发表情况,综述了落叶果树主要害虫的演变,总结了60年来落叶果树害虫防治理念及技术的转变。展望未来,害虫智能化精准识别与种群动态监测、害虫生态调控、害虫遗传调控以及基于纳米材料的RNA杀虫剂等新技术正推动果园害虫监测防控体系的不断创新。 相似文献
19.
E. BODE 《EPPO Bulletin》1997,27(1):113-118
In Germany, as in other countries around the world, plant protection products need to be authorized before being placed on the market. This is true not only for chemicals but also for biological products, which, in Germany, cover microorganisms (including fungi) and viruses. Therefore, an importer or manufacturer of a plant protection product must apply for authorization and submit detailed data and information to prove conformity with the authorization requirements. Beside other important subjects, it must be clearly demonstrated that a plant protection product fulfils the demands of its user as far as its intended fields of use are concerned, and that there are no adverse effects on human and animal (livestock) health, on groundwater or on other aspects of the environment. Although there is an agreement between responsible applicants, authorization holders and competent authorities that such facts should be known, it must be admitted that there are problems with details. Nevertheless, instead of being resistant to official demands for efficacy and safety of biological plant protection products, it would be better to accept them as a guide for the development of good products for the market and as a means of preventing others from being distributed, which could spoil the reputation of biological control. 相似文献
20.
"绿色"农产品已经成为当今人类的主要关注点,而"绿色"的关键在于植物保护的思想、技术和策略。本文总结了农业生产模式的4个阶段:原始农业、传统农业、化学农业和物理农业,论述了农业生产模式及其与植物保护思想发展的关系,详细阐述了这4种农业生产模式下植物保护思想的产生、发展和变化的过程。同时,重新排序了IPM植保工程的5项措施:植物检疫、农业防治、物理防治、生物防治和化学防治。强调针对不同作物,制定标准化的IPM工程操作体系,以确保农产品的绿色品质。 相似文献