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1.
Mavrogianni VS Fthenakis GC Brooks H Papaioannou N Cripps PJ Taitzoglou I Brellou G Saratsis P 《Veterinary research》2005,36(1):13-25
The objectives of the work described in this paper were: (i) to study the outcome of challenging ewes with Mannheimia haemolytica, at different sites of their teats, (ii) to compare the effects of two different isolates of the organism and (iii) to describe the features of the resulting lesions. Thirty-two ewes were used in the study and allocated into one of two groups (A or B, n = 16); they were challenged with one of two isolates of M. haemolytica, respectively, strain ES26L of known pathogenicity or strain VSM08L from the teat duct of a healthy ewe. Each group was further divided into four equal subgroups: the ewes in the A1/B1 subgroups were intramammarily challenged; one teat of the ewes in the A2/B2 subgroups was immersed into a broth-culture of the organisms; one teat of the ewes in the A3/B3 subgroups was inoculated 2 mm-deep, whilst one teat of the ewes in the A4/B4 subgroups was inoculated 6 mm-deep. The animals were monitored clinically, bacteriologically and cytologically before and after challenge; one animal in each subgroup was euthanised 2, 4, 7 and 11 days after challenge. All ewes in the A1/B1 subgroups developed clinical mastitis, whilst of the other animals, only one ewe in each of the A4/B4 subgroups did. Neither of the two strains used was associated with more positive bacteriological or CMT results; the A2/B2 subgroups were associated with less positive results than the A3/B3 and A4/B4 subgroups. In some ewes of the A2/B2 subgroups, mild leucocytic infiltration in the teat was evident; in the ewes of the A3/B3 subgroups, leucocytic infiltration (neutrophils, lymphocytes, plasma cells) was seen, as well as a lymphoid hyperplasia at the border between the teat duct and teat cistern; in ewes of the A4/B4 subgroups, intense subepithelial leucocytic infiltration was the salient feature. No differences were found in the severity of lesions between the two strains used or the three treatments carried out. Although strain VSM08L had been isolated from the teat duct of a healthy ewe, it caused mastitis when inoculated intramammarily; although strain ES26L is of known pathogenicity for the mammary gland, it did not cause clinical mastitis when deposited 2 mm-deep into the teat. These findings point to a protective role of the teat of ewes, which appear to limit bacterial penetration from the teat duct or cistern to the mammary gland. The lymphoid tissue, at the border between the teat duct--teat cistern, may play a significant protective role. 相似文献
2.
Mavrogianni VS Cripps PJ Brooks H Taitzoglou IA Fthenakis GC 《Anatomia, histologia, embryologia》2007,36(3):168-171
A total of 87 clinically healthy ovine teats were examined bacteriologically (by scraping the mucosa) and histologically. Teats examined were those of lactating mammary glands with no bacteria isolated (n = 23); of mammary glands after cessation of lactation with no bacteria isolated (n = 25); of lactating mammary glands with bacteria isolated (n = 22); and of mammary glands after cessation of lactation with bacteria isolated (n = 17). The salient histological feature was subepithelial leucocytic infiltration. In teat cisterns, lymphocytes were the predominant cell type and in teat ducts, lymphocytes and neutrophils were seen in equal proportions. Subepithelial lymphoid nodules, some with germinal centres, were detected in 43 (49%) teats. The majority of lymphoid nodules was observed at the border between teat duct and teat cistern. Presence of bacteria was significantly associated with the presence of leucocytic activity (P < 0.001) and with the presence of lymphoid nodules (P = 0.032). We conclude that the presence of induced subepithelial lymphoid tissue at the border between teat duct and teat cistern appears to be important in protecting the mammary gland during the early stages of bacterial invasion. The findings call for further investigations into the lymphoid structures of the teat; these should elucidate the role and development of mammary mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues and may lead to strategies for enhancing non-specific defence mechanisms of the mammary gland. 相似文献
3.
Fragkou IA Mavrogianni VS Cripps PJ Gougoulis DA Fthenakis GC 《Veterinary research》2007,38(4):525-545
We studied the possible effects of bacterial populations within the teat duct, in the pathogenesis of ovine mastitis. In experiment I, 32 ewes were allocated into group A (ewes from which we isolated (+++ growth) coagulase-negative staphylococci), B (ewes from whose duct we isolated (+ growth) coagulase-negative staphylococci) or C (ewes from which we isolated Bacillus spp.) and subdivided into A1, B1, C1 (n=4; challenged by deposition of 1.250 cfu of Mannheimia haemolytica into the teat duct) or A2, B2, C2 (n=4; used as uninoculated controls); group D (n=8) contained ewes with no bacteria in their teat ducts and were challenged as above. There were less bacteriological isolations of flora (P = 0.018) and challenge (P<0.05) organisms from A1 than from A2 and D ewes; the severity of pathological findings in A1 (summed up score: 27) ewes was smaller than in D (summed up score: 36) ewes (P = 0.038). No such findings were evident with B1 or C1 ewes (P>0.4). In experiment II, ewes (groups E and F, n=6) from whose duct we isolated coagulase-negative staphylococci (+ growth) were used; in group G (n=6) ewes with no bacteria in their teat ducts were included. Teat chapping was applied in E and G ewes. All E ewes developed acute clinical mastitis within 24 h after teat chapping, although we had carried out no challenge; there were more bacteriological isolations of flora organisms from E than from F and G ewes (P < 0.001); the severity of pathological findings in E (score: 28) was greater than in F (score: 3) or G (score: 14) ewes. In experiment III, eight ewes with no bacteria in their teat ducts were allocated into group H or I (n=4) and challenged into the teat (group H) or into the gland (group I) with 10(6) cfu of a Staphylococcus simulans recovered from the teat duct of a group E ewe. Group H ewes developed transiently clinical followed by subclinical mastitis (based on bacteriological and cytological evidence), whilst group I ewes developed severe clinical disease. We conclude that staphylococcal flora present in high numbers within the teat duct of ewes can afford some protection against invading microorganisms. However with impeded defence mechanisms of the teat, the same flora may invade the mammary parenchyma and cause clinical mastitis. 相似文献
4.
Mavrogianni VS Fthenakis GC 《Journal of veterinary medicine. A, Physiology, pathology, clinical medicine》2007,54(4):219-223
We describe the features of 13 cases of teat disorders in ewes, as follows: lengthy teats (one case), papilloma infection (two), staphylococcal dermatitis (one), nodules and abscesses (two), teat bites (three), stenosis (one), orf (two), compressed teat (one). Mannheimia haemolytica, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus simulans or Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from samples. Sub-epithelial leucocytic infiltration at the teat duct-teat cistern border, but not lymphoid nodules, was the salient histological finding in the teat. Leucocytic infiltration and destruction of parenchyma were evident in the mammary gland. The results provide field evidence suggesting that teat lesions predispose ewes to mastitis. 相似文献
5.
I.A. Fragkou D.A. Gougoulis C. Billinis V.S. Mavrogianni M.J. Bushnell P.J. Cripps A. Tzora G.C. Fthenakis 《Veterinary microbiology》2011
Objective of the work was to study whether Mannheimia haemolytica may be transmitted from the mouth of the lambs into the teat of the dam during sucking. We compared bacterial populations within the teat duct and milk of ewes immediately before and immediately after sucking by the lambs. Tonsils of lambs of the ewes were swabbed. M. haemolytica strain DAG21T recovered from a teat duct of a ewe was compared to strain DAG21R recovered from the tonsils of her lamb by using 16s rRNA sequencing. We used those two isolates and another one of known pathogenicity, for challenging ewes: (i) 2-mm deep into healthy teats, (ii) 2-mm deep into teats with chapping lesions or (iii) into the cistern of healthy mammary glands. Of samples collected before suckling, 20/792 were bacteriologically positive, and of those after, 50/792 were bacteriologically positive (P < 0.001); in 37 cases, a negative sample became positive. One M. haemolytica (DAG21T) was recovered after suckling from a teat duct of a ewe. The organism was isolated from 57/90 tonsillar swabs from lambs. Risk of infection of ewe’ teats was 0.004 throughout lactation, being greatest (0.021) during the 3rd week of lactation. The 16s rRNA sequences of strains DAG21T and DAG21R were identical over 1450 nucleotides. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the two isolates clustered together with isolates of M. haemolytica. Organism deposition into healthy teats caused subclinical mastitis; deposition into teats with lesions or directly into mammary gland caused clinical mastitis. When results of inoculation of the three strains were compared between them, statistical significance was always P > 0.9. Results provide clear evidence that suckling by lambs can lead to transmission of M. haemolytica into the teats of the ewes; the bacteria have the potential to cause mastitis if circumstances are favourable. 相似文献
6.
AIM: To compare clinical and ultrasonographic findings and assess the value of ultrasonography for evaluating the structure and condition of the teat and teat canal of sheep. METHODS: The mammary glands of 30 lactating ewes were examined clinically and using ultrasonography. The distance from the teat tip to the ground was measured and diagnostic images of the body of the gland, gland cistern and teat cistern were obtained using an 8.5 MHz frequency ultrasonic transducer. A California mastitis test (CMT) and bacteriological culture were performed on milk samples collected from each half of each udder. RESULTS: Udder parenchyma and teats were palpably normal in 27/30 (90%) ewes. Milk clots or abnormalities were evident in 4/30 (13%) udders, lesions in the glandular parenchyma and/or teats were evident by palpation in 3/30 (10%), and pathogenic bacteria were cultured from 2/30 (7%). In both of the latter cases, mastitis was diagnosed based on clotted and discoloured appearance of milk and highly positive CMT reactions. Ultrasonographic examination in these udders revealed non-homogenous regions in the glandular tissue and alternating areas of hyperechogenic and hypoechogenic tissue. Overall, highly positive CMT reactions were evident in milk from 14/30 (47%) left halves and 9/30 (30%) right halves (p=0.02). No relationship between teat-to-ground distances and CMT results was evident (p>0.05). Teat canal lengths ranged from 5.7-10.3 mm (mean=8.6; SD=1.3 mm) and the widths from 1.8-3.1 mm (mean=2.3; SD=0.4 mm). Milk sampled from ewes that had long (> or = 9 mm) or wide (> or = 2 mm) teat canals was highly positive to the CMT in 75% and 83% of cases, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasonographic measurements of the length and width of the teat canal appeared to correlate with CMT results. The use of ultrasonography in evaluating the health of the udder of small ruminants holds promise for the future. 相似文献
7.
Pathological lesions of the mammary glands were studied in 3693 randomly selected ewes in Northern Iraq between July 1988 and June 1989. The lesions were encountered in 3.9% (143/3693) of the ewes. Prevalences of mastitis, neoplasms and miscellaneous lesions were 3.5% (131/3693), 0.2% (6/3693) and 0.2% (6/3693), respectively. Five patterns of mastitis were encountered: acute suppurative, subacute suppurative, subacute non-suppurative, chronic suppurative and chronic non-suppurative. Mammary neoplasms encountered in the present study included adenocarcinoma, papilloma of the skin of the teat and haemangiopapilloma of the cistern. The miscellaneous lesions of the mammary gland included subepidermal cysts; hyperplasia, metaplasia and dysplasia of the ductal epithelium; thelitis; the presence of corpora amylacia; and blind teats. The highest prevalence of mastitis was during May and June. Significant differences were not encountered in the prevalence of mastitis in various age groups and breeds. Bacteria that were isolated from mastitic udders included Staphylococcus spp., Corynebacterium pyogenes, Pasteurella hemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and a mixture of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus spp. The staphylococci were isolated from almost all types of mastitis, C. pyogenes from chronic supparative mastitis, and the pasteurellae from the acute and subacute mastitis. Fungi were not isolated. 相似文献
8.
AIM: To compare clinical and ultrasonographic findings and assess the value of ultrasonography for evaluating the structure and condition of the teat and teat canal of sheep. METHODS: The mammary glands of 30 lactating ewes were examined clinically and using ultrasonography. The distance from the teat tip to the ground was measured and diagnostic images of the body of the gland, gland cistern and teat cistern were obtained using an 8.5 MHz frequency ultrasonic transducer. A California mastitis test (CMT) and bacteriological culture were performed on milk samples collected from each half of each udder. RESULTS: Udder parenchyma and teats were palpably normal in 27/30 (90%) ewes. Milk clots or abnormalities were evident in 4/30 (13%) udders, lesions in the glandular parenchyma and/or teats were evident by palpation in 3/30 (10%), and pathogenic bacteria were cultured from 2/30 (7%). In both of the latter cases, mastitis was diagnosed based on clotted and discoloured appearance of milk and highly positive CMT reactions. Ultrasonographic examination in these udders revealed non-homogenous regions in the glandular tissue and alternating areas of hyperechogenic and hypoechogenic tissue. Overall, highly positive CMT reactions were evident in milk from 14/30 (47%) left halves and 9/30 (30%) right halves (p=0.02). No relationship between teat-to-ground distances and CMT results was evident (p>0.05). Teat canal lengths ranged from 5.7–10.3 mm (mean=8.6; SD=1.3 mm) and the widths from 1.8–3.1 mm (mean=2.3; SD=0.4 mm). Milk sampled from ewes that had long (≥9 mm) or wide (≥2 mm) teat canals was highly positive to the CMT in 75% and 83% of cases, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasonographic measurements of the length and width of the teat canal appeared to correlate with CMT results. The use of ultrasonography in evaluating the health of the udder of small ruminants holds promise for the future. 相似文献
9.
Bacterial flora and risk of infection of the ovine teat duct and mammary gland throughout lactation 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
We collected samples of teat duct material and mammary secretion from ewes in three farms (flock A, polyparous n = 7; flock B, polyparous n = 6, primiparous n = 4; flock C, polyparous n = 4): 14 samples immediately after lambing (before sucking of lambs), 244 samples during the suckling period and 156 samples during the milking period. Conventional bacteriological techniques were used. The results were modeled using survival analysis, initially by the Kaplan–Meier method and then by the Cox Proportional Hazards method. Then, we calculated the minimum true risk of an “at-risk” teat or mammary gland being infected and analyzed these data with STATA using the GLLAMM program for Generalised Linear Latent and Mixed Models. During the suckling period, bacteria were isolated from 52 (21%) duct material and 19 (8%) secretion samples; respective results for the milking period were 20 (13%) and 9 (6%). There was an increased risk of duct rather than secretion samples being infected (P < 0.001). There was a significant difference among flocks in isolating bacteria from duct (P < 0.01) or secretion (P < 0.001) samples during suckling period, but not during hand-milking period (P > 0.4 and 0.1, respectively). There were no differences between isolation of bacteria from duct (P > 0.5) or secretion (P > 0.7) samples among primiparous and polyparous animals. Most bacterial isolates were staphylococci. Persistent isolation of the same bacterial species from duct material samples obtained from a particular ewe was recorded with five Staphylococcus spp. and two Mannheimia haemolytica isolates. The results indicate that infections of the teat duct can take place easily; however, not all infections result to infection of the mammary gland. The results support experimental evidence that defence mechanisms of the healthy teat are able to limit the infection. Maintenance of healthy teats contributes to effective defence mechanisms, and coupled with minimal infections of the teat duct, would contribute to the prevention of mastitis in ewes. 相似文献
10.
Invasive teat surgery in dairy cattle: part I - surgical procedures and classification of lesions 
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下载免费PDF全文 Ducharme NG Arighi M Horney FD Livesey MA Hurtig MH Pennock P 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》1987,28(12):757-762
A prospective study was performed to identify the nature and management of teat abnormalities in cows presented to a referral teaching hospital during a three year period. All cattle (n = 60) admitted to the Ontario Veterinary College for teat problems were evaluated by physical examination; in 53 teats, contrast radiography or xeroradiography were obtained. Surgery was performed on 52 teats from 51 cows and a prosthesis was implanted in 27 teats. Short term (under two weeks) complications included intraoperative bleeding (n = 6), milk leakage through the incision (n = 4), and failure to milk by machine in 26 cases. Histopathological diagnosis of sections taken from obstructive lesions included fibrous tissue (n = 8), normal mammary tissue (n = 3), fibropapilloma, mammary polyps, and inflamed mucosa (one each). The lesion could be classified into five types: 1) focal teat cistern obstruction, 2) diffuse teat cistern obstruction, 3) membranous obstruction, 4) diffuse teat and gland cistern obstruction, or 5) leakage of milk through an abnormal route (i.e. teat fistula, webbed teat, or lacerations). 相似文献
11.
Leucocytic response to Staphylococcus aureus infection was observed in the bovine mammary teat duct using transmission electron microscopy. Leucocytes migrating across the stratified squamous epithelium were observed in close association with areas colonised by cocci. Leucocytes gained access across the epithelium to the teat duct lumen by: passage as luminal cells desquamated; migration through degenerate cell cytoplasm; and penetration of cell junctions. The results provide evidence of marked leucocytic infiltration into ductal tissue which may participate in the cellular response to mastitis. 相似文献
12.
Udder health problems and major bacterial causes of camel mastitis in Jijiga,Eastern Ethiopia: implication for impacting food security 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
One hundred and forty-five traditionally kept lactating camels (Camelus dromederius) were examined for mastitis by combination of clinical, mastitis card test and subsequent bacteriological isolation. Clinical
and sub-clinical mastitis were prevalent in 8.3% (95%CI = 4.6, 14.4) and 20.7% (95%CI = 14.6, 28.4) of the studied animals,
respectively. This gives an overall mastitis prevalence of 29.0% (95%CI = 21.9, 37.2) at animal and 17.9% (95%CI = 14.9, 21.3)
at quarter levels. High proportion (33.8%) of lactating camels had blind teats and 5.5% had lesions on udder or teat. Taking
clinical mastitis and blocked teats into account, the study revealed that only 57.9% of the camels have four teats for milk
production. Out of the 505 quarter milk samples examined, 80 (15.8 %) quarters were positive for indicator paper. Upon subsequent
culturing, 68.8% (55 out of 80) of the quarter milk samples yielded bacteria. Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, E. coli and Bacillus species were the major isolates. Mastitis prevalence was significantly (p < 0.05) affected by tick infestations, udder lesions,
and increased age and parity of the animals. In conclusion, mastitis is a major problem in traditionally managed camels and
deserves further attention owning to its potential impact on milk production affecting food security. 相似文献
13.
Falkenberg U Tenhagen BA Heuwieser W Kalbe P Klünder G Baumgärtner B 《DTW. Deutsche tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2003,110(2):59-64
The effect of postmilking teat dipping with a foaming iodophor agent on incidence of intramammary infections (IMI), incidence of clinical mastitis, somatic cell count and the characteristics of udder tissue and teat was investigated in a positively controlled field study. Two groups of animals were compared. Teats were dipped with a foaming iodophor in the treatment group (TG, 122 animals) while teats in the control group (CG, 121 animals) were dipped with a conventional iodophor teat dip with the same iodine content. A bacteriological examination of quarter milk samples divided the study period in two parts. The incidence of new IMI did not differ between the groups (1st part of trial: TG vs. CG: 6.84% vs. 9.16%, 2nd part of trial: 7.78% vs. 7.82%). There were no differences between the treatment groups regarding incidence of clinical mastitis. We detected 0.64 clinical cases per 100 days in the treatment group vs. 0.50 in the control group. The development of SCC was comparable in both groups. Teat skin and teat duct conditions showed variation during the study period. Clinical efficacy of postmilking teat disinfection with a foaming iodophor was comparable to the treatment with a conventional iodophor product. 相似文献
14.
Mulei CM 《Journal of the South African Veterinary Association》1999,70(4):156-157
Mammary gland quarters of 139 lactating dairy cows from small-scale dairy herds were examined visually and by palpation for teat lesions and by California mastitis test (CMT) and bacterial culture for subclinical mastitis. Teat lesions were observed in 97 teats. These included teat chaps (39.2%), teat papillomas (23.7%), teat erosions (22.7%), teat fistulae (5.1%), inverted teats (5.1%) and blocked teats (4.2%). According to the CMT, the prevalence of subclinical mastitis was 33.4% in all the mammary gland quarters, 71.0% in quarters with teat lesions and 24.5% in quarters without teat lesions. There was a significant (P < 0.01) association between teat lesions and the prevalence of subclinical mastitis. The mammary gland quarters with teat lesions were 7.2 times more likely to have a positive CMT (P < 0.01) and 5.6 times more likely to have bacterial organisms (P < 0.01) isolated from them than those without any teat lesions. The bacterial organisms most frequently isolated from the CMT-positive milk samples from both the mammary gland quarters with teat lesions and those without teat lesions were Staphylococcus aureus (50.0%), Streptococcus spp. (34.8%) and Arcanobacterium pyogenes (6.2%). 相似文献
15.
The teat ends of 12 dry cows were contaminated with Corynebacterium pyogenes. To determine whether a pre-existing (an)aerobic bacterial infection of the udder was a predisposing factor for a C pyogenes mastitis they included infected and uninfected quarters. Anaerobic bacteria could not be found and mastitis was not induced. When the teats were contaminated with C pyogenes after the teat ends had been injured 30 of the quarters became infected, and anaerobic bacteria were demonstrated in many quarters. 相似文献
16.
Skoufos I Voidarou Ch Bezirtzoglou E Tzora A 《Journal of veterinary medicine. B, Infectious diseases and veterinary public health》2006,53(10):499-501
In total, 308 paired-samples of teat duct material and milk, were collected before and 50-70 min after machine-milking, from 30 ewes. Samples were processed bacteriologically. For analysis of results, we compared changes in bacterial isolation following milking, for duct and milk samples; statistical significance was assessed by the Sign Test. Bacteria were isolated from 18 (6%) duct and 19 (6%) milk samples collected before the milking procedure; respective figures after it, were 81 (26%) and 33 (11%). In 77 (25%) cases, bacteriological findings in the two duct samples of each pair were different; in seven cases bacteria were isolated only before, whilst in 70 cases bacteria were isolated only after milking (P < 0.005); respective results for milk samples were 26 (8%): 6 and 20 cases (P = 0.693). The majority of bacterial isolates were staphylococci, accounting for 63% of 99 isolates. The milking procedure predisposes to entrance of bacteria into the teat duct; however, increased bacterial isolation from the teat did not result to increased mammary infections, likely as a consequence of defence mechanisms present in healthy teats. 相似文献
17.
Arighi M Ducharme NG Horney FD Livesey MA Hurtig MH 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》1987,28(12):763-767
A prospective study was performed on 52 teats that were operated upon at the Ontario Veterinary College over a three year period for various problems. Long-term postsurgical follow-ups were obtained to assess milking ability. Sixty-three percent of all the cows that had surgery were classified by the Canadian Holstein Association as "good" or better. The implantation of a prosthesis was required in 32 teats and was found to be associated with: a higher prevalence of chronic mastitis, a lower long-term milking success rate, and an increased prevalence of abnormal milking times. Of the five types of teat lesions encountered, Type I (<30% of teat cistern involved) and Type V (lacerations, webbed teats, fistulae) had the best short and long-term prognosis for lactation. Overall, 60% of the operated teats were milking one month after surgery, and 41% at the end of the lactation. 相似文献
18.
A series of experiments to investigate the possible role of the sheep head fly, Hydrotaea irritans, in the transmission of summer mastitis is reported. These showed that the pathogens Actinomyces pyogenes and Peptococcus indolicus may be harboured in the gut of the fly for up to 96 h following a contaminated meal; A. pyogenes survived on the surface of the fly for a similar period. H. irritans fed on the pathogens can contaminate a subsequent meal by regurgitation. However, no infections resulted from repeated exposure of the teats of heifers or cows to H. irritans fed on blood containing A. pyogenes and P. indolicus or on pus from a case of summer mastitis. In these experiments the frequency of feeding of the flies on the teat was high but subsequent bacterial contamination of the teat skin was low. Artificial contamination of the teat skin with greater than 10(6) cfu A. pyogenes led to a low incidence of mastitis even in the absence of cutaneous damage. Repeated applications of lower doses (less than 10(4) cfu) did not produce infection. 相似文献
19.
In total, 308 paired‐samples of teat duct material and milk, were collected before and 50–70 min after machine‐milking, from 30 ewes. Samples were processed bacteriologically. For analysis of results, we compared changes in bacterial isolation following milking, for duct and milk samples; statistical significance was assessed by the Sign Test. Bacteria were isolated from 18 (6%) duct and 19 (6%) milk samples collected before the milking procedure; respective figures after it, were 81 (26%) and 33 (11%). In 77 (25%) cases, bacteriological findings in the two duct samples of each pair were different; in seven cases bacteria were isolated only before, whilst in 70 cases bacteria were isolated only after milking (P < 0.005); respective results for milk samples were 26 (8%): 6 and 20 cases (P = 0.693). The majority of bacterial isolates were staphylococci, accounting for 63% of 99 isolates. The milking procedure predisposes to entrance of bacteria into the teat duct; however, increased bacterial isolation from the teat did not result to increased mammary infections, likely as a consequence of defence mechanisms present in healthy teats. 相似文献
20.
L K Fox J A Nagy J K Hillers J D Cronrath D A Ratkowsky 《American journal of veterinary research》1991,52(6):799-802
Sixteen Holstein cows were used to test the effect of postmilking teat treatment on colonization and intramammary infection by Staphylococcus aureus on chapped teats. Treatments were (1) chapping the teat and using 1% I2/10% glycerin postdip solution, (2) 1% I2/10% glycerin postdip solution on nonchapped teats, (3) chapping the teat and using 10% glycerin postdip solution, (4) chapping the teat and not using a postdip solution. All mammary glands were free of S aureus teat skin colonization and intramammary infection at the start of the study. Teats selected for chapping were dipped in 1N NaOH prior to 3 applications of S aureus broth culture; cultures were applied at 12-hour intervals on all teats. Treatments were applied after each milking for 30 days and were initiated after the second broth dip. Teat skin swab specimens and milk samples were collected before treatment application. Teat skin condition was scored daily. Nonchapped teats (treatment 2) did not support skin or orifice colonization by S aureus. Treatment-1 teats healed most rapidly and supported less colonization in skin and orifice than did treatment-3 and -4 teats. Teat skin scores and skin colonization were lower for treatment-3 than treatment-4 teats. A correlation between teat skin colonization and teat skin conditions was found. Two intramammary infections were found in treatment-4 quarters and 1 in a treatment-3 quarter.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献