共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Ruiz R Kang H Detcheverry FA Dobisz E Kercher DS Albrecht TR de Pablo JJ Nealey PF 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,321(5891):936-939
Self-assembling materials spontaneously form structures at length scales of interest in nanotechnology. In the particular case of block copolymers, the thermodynamic driving forces for self-assembly are small, and low-energy defects can get easily trapped. We directed the assembly of defect-free arrays of isolated block copolymer domains at densities up to 1 terabit per square inch on chemically patterned surfaces. In comparing the assembled structures to the chemical pattern, the density is increased by a factor of four, the size is reduced by a factor of two, and the dimensional uniformity is vastly improved. 相似文献
2.
The typical scales for plant and fungal movements vary over many orders of magnitude in time and length, but they are ultimately based on hydraulics and mechanics. We show that quantification of the length and time scales involved in plant and fungal motions leads to a natural classification, whose physical basis can be understood through an analysis of the mechanics of water transport through an elastic tissue. Our study also suggests a design principle for nonmuscular hydraulically actuated structures: Rapid actuation requires either small size or the enhancement of motion on large scales via elastic instabilities. 相似文献
3.
Aigner S Pietra LD Japha Y Entin-Wohlman O David T Salem R Folman R Schmiedmayer J 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,319(5867):1226-1229
Ultracold atom magnetic field microscopy enables the probing of current flow patterns in planar structures with unprecedented sensitivity. In polycrystalline metal (gold) films, we observed long-range correlations forming organized patterns oriented at +/-45 degrees relative to the mean current flow, even at room temperature and at length scales larger than the diffusion length or the grain size by several orders of magnitude. The preference to form patterns at these angles is a direct consequence of universal scattering properties at defects. The observed amplitude of the current direction fluctuations scales inversely to that expected from the relative thickness variations, the grain size, and the defect concentration, all determined independently by standard methods. Ultracold atom magnetometry thus enables new insight into the interplay between disorder and transport. 相似文献
4.
M Templin A Franck Du Chesne A H Leist Y Zhang R Ulrich V Schadler U Wiesner 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1997,278(5344):1795-1798
Organically modified aluminosilicate mesostructures were synthesized from two metal alkoxides with the use of poly(isoprene-b-ethyleneoxide) block copolymers (PI-b-PEO) as the structure-directing molecules. By increasing the fraction of the inorganic precursors with respect to the polymer, morphologies expected from the phase diagrams of diblock copolymers were obtained. The length scale of the microstructures and the state of alignment were varied using concepts known from the study of block copolymers. These results suggest that the use of higher molecular weight block copolymer mesophases instead of conventional low-molecular weight surfactants may provide a simple, easily controlled pathway for the preparation of various silica-type mesostructures that extends the accessible length scale of these structures by about an order of magnitude. 相似文献
5.
Dispersions of colloidal particles in cholesteric liquid crystals form an unusual solid by stabilizing a network of linear defects under tension in the ideal layered structure of the cholesteric. The large length scales of the cholesteric liquid crystals allowed direct observation of the network structure, and its properties were correlated with rheological measurements of elasticity. This system serves as a model for a class of solids formed when particles are mixed with layered materials such as thermotropic and lyotropic smectic liquid crystals and block copolymers. 相似文献
6.
Electrochemical polymerization of two different kinds of thiophene monomers on an iodine-covered gold surface created highly assembled conjugated copolymers with different electronic structures. A scanning tunneling microscope revealed images of several linkage types: diblock, triblock, and multiblock. The single strand of conjugated copolymers exhibited an anomalous swinging motion on the surface. This technique presents the possibility of understanding the copolymerization process from the different monomers on the single-molecular scale and of building single-molecule superlattices on a surface through controlled electropolymerization. 相似文献
7.
Kato T 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,295(5564):2414-2418
Additional functionality can be incorporated into liquid crystalline materials by using phase segregation and self-assembly. Intermolecular interactions such as hydrogen bonding and ionic interactions play key roles in the formation of these complex structures. One-, two-, and three-dimensional phase-segregated structures on various scales of length are formed by self-assembly of a variety of partially incompatible molecules. Such structures can enhance anisotropic properties such as ionic conductivity. 相似文献
8.
Observation and origin of self-organized textures in agates 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
One of the most impressive manifestations of spontaneous pattern generation in natural materials is iris agate, which contains submicrometer concentric striations that may cycle several thousand times within an individual specimen. Analysis by secondary ion mass spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy identified the iris texture as alternating layers of fine-grained, highly defective chalcedony and coarse-grained low-defect quartz. This oscillatory zonation in defect concentration may be ascribed to Ostwald-Liesegang crystallization cycles from silica-rich fluids that are variably polymeric and monomeric. Periodic changes in defect concentration and grain size also are observed with wavelengths of hundreds of micrometers and of centimeters, so that agates reveal textural self-similarity over three length scales. 相似文献
9.
Triblock copolymer syntheses of mesoporous silica with periodic 50 to 300 angstrom pores 总被引：32，自引：0，他引：32
D Zhao J Feng Q Huo N Melosh GH Fredrickson BF Chmelka GD Stucky 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1998,279(5350):548-552
Use of amphiphilic triblock copolymers to direct the organization of polymerizing silica species has resulted in the preparation of well-ordered hexagonal mesoporous silica structures (SBA-15) with uniform pore sizes up to approximately 300 angstroms. The SBA-15 materials are synthesized in acidic media to produce highly ordered, two-dimensional hexagonal (space group p6mm) silica-block copolymer mesophases. Calcination at 500 degrees C gives porous structures with unusually large interlattice d spacings of 74.5 to 320 angstroms between the (100) planes, pore sizes from 46 to 300 angstroms, pore volume fractions up to 0.85, and silica wall thicknesses of 31 to 64 angstroms. SBA-15 can be readily prepared over a wide range of uniform pore sizes and pore wall thicknesses at low temperature (35 degrees to 80 degrees C), using a variety of poly(alkylene oxide) triblock copolymers and by the addition of cosolvent organic molecules. The block copolymer species can be recovered for reuse by solvent extraction with ethanol or removed by heating at 140 degrees C for 3 hours, in both cases, yielding a product that is thermally stable in boiling water. 相似文献
10.
Block copolymers consist of two or more chemically different polymer segments, or blocks, connected by a covalent linkage. In solution, amphiphilic blocks can self-assemble as a result of energetic repulsion effects between blocks. The degree of repulsion, the lengths of the block segments, and the selectivity of the solvent primarily control the resultant assembled morphology. In an ideal situation, one would like to be able to alter the morphology that forms without having to change the chemistry of the block copolymer. Through the kinetic manipulation of charged, amphiphilic block copolymers in solution, we are able to generate different nanoscale structures with simple block copolymer chemistry. The technique relies on divalent organic counter ions and solvent mixtures to drive the organization of the block copolymers down specific pathways into complex one-dimensional structures. Block copolymers are increasingly used as templating materials; thus, the ability to control the formation of specific patterns and structures is of growing interest and applicability. 相似文献
11.
Freezing as a path to build complex composites 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Materials that are strong, ultralightweight, and tough are in demand for a range of applications, requiring architectures and components carefully designed from the micrometer down to the nanometer scale. Nacre, a structure found in many molluscan shells, and bone are frequently used as examples for how nature achieves this through hybrid organic-inorganic composites. Unfortunately, it has proven extremely difficult to transcribe nacre-like clever designs into synthetic materials, partly because their intricate structures need to be replicated at several length scales. We demonstrate how the physics of ice formation can be used to develop sophisticated porous and layered-hybrid materials, including artificial bone, ceramic-metal composites, and porous scaffolds for osseous tissue regeneration with strengths up to four times higher than those of materials currently used for implantation. 相似文献
12.
Spin structures of nanoscale magnetic dots are the subject of increasing scientific effort, as the confinement of spins imposed by the geometrical restrictions makes these structures comparable to some internal characteristic length scales of the magnet. For a vortex (a ferromagnetic dot with a curling magnetic structure), a spot of perpendicular magnetization has been theoretically predicted to exist at the center of the vortex. Experimental evidence for this magnetization spot is provided by magnetic force microscopy imaging of circular dots of permalloy (Ni(80)Fe(20)) 0.3 to 1 micrometer in diameter and 50 nanometers thick. 相似文献
13.
利用扫描电子显微镜观察马尾松毛虫、油松毛虫、落叶松毛虫、赤松毛虫和思茅松毛虫的翅面鳞片超微结构,发现这5种松毛虫的鳞片分为基鳞与覆鳞2种类型,都属于镂空型鳞片,且为二型双层鳞片。对5种松毛虫的翅面鳞片的长度、宽度、脊间距、最宽处纵脊数进行了测量与比较,形态表征统计分析结果显示:1）鳞片的长宽与翅长不存在显著相关性;2）5种松毛虫的翅面鳞片不存在雌雄间差异,前后翅及翅正反面鳞片均无显著差异;3）种间鳞片宽度、脊间距无显著差异,而长度、最宽处纵脊数均存在显著差异。对翅面鳞片的形态表征进行系统聚类分析,结果显示,同一种松毛虫的不同地理种群之间鳞片大小相似性较高,即同种松毛虫的不同地理种群通常聚为一类。翅面鳞片的超微形态特征不宜单独用于种的鉴定,但可为亲缘关系的研究提供一定的参考。 相似文献
14.
Carter WE Robertson DS Pettey JE Tapley BD Schutz BE Eanes RJ Lufeng M 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1984,224(4652):957-961
Variations in the earth's rotation (UT1) and length of day have been tracked at the submillisecond level by astronomical radio interferometry and laser ranging to the LAGEOS satellite. Three years of regular measurements reveal complex patterns of variations including UT1 fluctuations as large as 5 milliseconds in a few weeks. Comparison of the observed changes in length of day with variations in the global atmospheric angular momentum indicates that the dominant cause of changes in the earth's spin rate, on time scales from a week to several years, is the exchange of angular momentum between the atmosphere and the mantle. The unusually intense El Ni?o of 1982-1983 was marked by a strong peak in the length of day. 相似文献
15.
鲤鲫杂交两种回交子代鱼的形态特征比较 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
采用雌性二倍体鲤鲫杂交分别与雄性鲤鱼和雄性鲫鱼回交,获得了鲤鲫杂交两种回交子代鱼,并对其1龄鱼的形态特征和内部器官结构进行了测定。回交鲤的主要性状为侧线鳞31～38;下咽齿2行,1.4/4.1;口须2对;肠长44～46 cm;体长为头长的(3.25±0.15)倍,为尾柄长(6.14±0.89)倍;头长为眼径的(4.76±0.27)倍;尾柄长为尾柄高的(1.06±0.16)倍。回交鲫的主要性状为:侧线鳞27～36;下咽齿1行,4/4;口须1对;肠长24～62cm;体长为头长的(3.33±0.13)倍,为尾柄长的(6.36±0.54)倍;头长为眼径的(4.54±0.20)倍;尾柄长为尾柄高的(0.90±0.28)倍。结果表明,鲤鲫杂交与鲤鱼回交子代的形态特征偏向于鲤鱼;与鲫鱼回交子代的形态特征偏向于鲫鱼。 相似文献
16.
Continuous estimates were obtained of zooplankton abundance, chlorophyll fluorescence, and water temperature along 10-to 100-kilometer transects of the North Sea. Spectral analysis methods were applied to the data. The "patchiness" of the plankton was distributed over all the length scales resolved with no indication of a characteristic patch size. The relative intensity of the zooplankton patchiness was greater than that of the phytoplankton at all spatial scales, with this difference becoming progressively greater for finer-scale features. In the North Sea data, the concentrations of phytoplankton and zooplankton consistently showed negative spatial correlations. 相似文献
17.
JJLM Cornelissen M Fischer NAJM Sommerdijk RJM Nolte 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1998,280(5368):1427-1430
Amphiphilic block copolymers containing a poly(styrene) tail and a charged helical poly(isocyanide) headgroup derived from isocyano-L-alanine-L-alanine and isocyano-L-alanine-L-histidine were prepared. Analogous to low-molecular mass surfactants, these block copolymers self-assembled in aqueous systems to form micelles, vesicles, and bilayer aggregates. The morphology of these aggregates can be controlled by variation of the length of the poly(isocyanide) block, the pH, and the anion-headgroup interactions. The chirality of the macromolecules results in the formation of helical superstructures that have a helical sense opposite to that of the constituent block copolymers. The great variety of morphologies displayed by these block copolymers and the fact that they are easily accessible from poly(styrene) and different types of peptides open new opportunities for applications in the fields of life and materials sciences. 相似文献
18.
J Ruokolainen R Makinen M Torkkeli T Makela R Serimaa G Brinke O Ikkala 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1998,280(5363):557-560
It was demonstrated that polymeric supramolecular nanostructures with several length scales allow straightforward tailoring of hierarchical order-disorder and order-order transitions and the concurrent switching of functional properties. Poly(4-vinyl pyridine) (P4VP) was stoichiometrically protonated with methane sulfonic acid (MSA) to form P4VP(MSA)1.0, which was then hydrogen-bonded to pentadecylphenol. Microphase separation, re-entrant closed-loop macrophase separation, and high-temperature macrophase separation were observed. When MSA and pentadecylphenol were complexed to the P4VP block of a microphase-separated diblock copolymer poly[styrene-block-(4-vinyl pyridine)], self-organized structures-in-structures were obtained whose hierarchical phase transitions can be controlled systematically. This microstructural control on two different length scales (in the present case, at 48 and 350 angstroms) was then used to introduce temperature-dependent transitions in electrical conductivity. 相似文献
19.
A long-term, large-scale empirical test of the recruitment limitation hypothesis was done by sampling fish populations from the southern Great Barrier Reef after having monitored their recruitment histories for 9 years. After adjustment for demographic differences, recruitment patterns explained over 90 percent of the spatial variation in abundance of a common damselfish among seven coral reefs. The age structures from individual reefs also preserved major temporal variations in the recruitment signal over at least 10 years. Abundance and demography of this small fish at these spatial and temporal scales can be explained almost entirely as variable recruitment interacting with density-independent mortality. 相似文献
20.
Blackburn TJ Bowring SA Perron JT Mahan KH Dudas FO Barnhart KR 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,335(6064):73-76
The continental lithosphere contains the oldest and most stable structures on Earth, where fragments of ancient material have eluded destruction by tectonic and surface processes operating over billions of years. Although present-day erosion of these remnants is slow, a record of how they have uplifted, eroded, and cooled over Earth's history can provide insight into the physical properties of the continents and the forces operating to exhume them over geologic time. We constructed a continuous record of ancient lithosphere cooling with the use of uranium-lead (U-Pb) thermochronology on volcanically exhumed lower crustal fragments. Combining these measurements with thermal and Pb-diffusion models constrains the range of possible erosion histories. Measured U-Pb data are consistent with extremely low erosion rates persisting over time scales approaching the age of the continents themselves. 相似文献