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1.
缺水条件下非充分灌溉制度预报系统的研制 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
以Jensen作物水分生产函数模型为基础,运用动态规划方法,建立了非充分灌溉条件下冬小麦、棉花、夏玉米的优化灌溉制度预报系统;并编制了可视化的程序界面,只要输入相关参数(土壤田间持水率、初始含水率、土壤容重、可供水量、不同阶段潜在作物蒸发蒸腾量,各阶段不同水平年的有效降雨量值和作物不同阶段的计划湿润层深度),就可得出适合于不同地区的优化灌溉制度,操作简单,具有实用性。以山西晋中和临汾地区为例验证,系统计算显示上述3种作物比传统灌溉分别节水为9%,7%和3%;在供水量不足的情况下,系统可指导如何在时间上分配水量以使减产最小,且可得知在这种灌溉方式下的具体减产量。 相似文献
2.
作物冠层对喷灌水分分布影响的研究进展 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
喷灌水分到达冠层以后,经过冠层的截留和水分再分配过程,主要以两种方式到达地面,即穿过冠层直接落入土壤和通过叶片的集水,然后以茎秆为通道流入土壤.以不同方式进入土壤中的水量与作物的种类、冠层结构、种植密度,以及喷灌系统和喷灌时的农田小气候等因素有关.本文根据喷灌水分在农田的分布特点,把喷灌系统和作物结合起来,提出了喷灌有效灌水均匀系数的概念.该系数能综合反映灌溉水经过冠层再分配过程以后,田间水分的有效性. 相似文献
3.
宁南半干旱地区农田水分平衡与稳定型种植制度研究 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
通过对宁南半干旱地区不同作物水分平衡及作物产量统计特征的分析表明：秋粮对当地降雨利用率、高产性、稳产性明显优于夏粮。在立足于抗旱减灾、提高系统水分转化效率，趋利避害，增强粮食生产稳定性的干旱气候农业对策的基本思路下，提出“压粮扩草”、“压夏扩秋”的种植业结构调整方针。并通过线性归划的方法对稳定型种植制度的作物配制比例进行了定量化研究。 相似文献
4.
阴山北麓农牧交错地带,气候干旱冷凉,种植结构单一,生产能力低而不稳。农业生产不仅要考虑作物综合生产能力,同时要考虑其水分消耗数量。作物的热能产值反映了其综合生产能力。文中采用能值研究方法,通过田间试验、实验室分析测试对该地区三年主要作物的热能产值、耗水量及其生物产量和经济效益进行了系统研究,结果表明,当地主要作物的热能值大小依次为:向日葵>玉米>马铃薯>草玉米>草谷子>草莜麦>油菜>莜麦>小麦>胡麻>箭筈碗豆>山黧豆。考虑到热能值、生物产量、经济效益和水分生产能力,该地区种植结构调整首先应考虑马铃薯的种植,其次是向日葵,然后是饲草和杂粮。优化作物布局,可以获得作物综合生产能力和环境资源保护的双赢,能够促进资源合理利用与农牧业的可持续发展。 相似文献
5.
干旱沙漠绿洲区地膜玉米控制性隔沟交替灌溉节水技术研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
针对石羊河流域干旱缺水的民勤县种植大田玉米耗水量大的实际，根据多年试验资料，研究分析了玉米控制性交替隔沟灌溉对作物生长和水分利用的影响及干旱区地膜玉米控制性交替灌溉节水高效技术的可行性。 相似文献
6.
作物获得最佳产量的亏缺灌溉及其实施策略 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
上官周平 《干旱区资源与环境》1997,11(4):44-52
要想减少对灌溉水量的相对需求，必须尽可能降低或防止不必要的水分损失，同时可通过亏缺灌溉使有限供水得到强化利用。作者在总结前人工作的基础上，提出实施亏缺灌溉的七条原则来优化管理有限水分资源，使作物产量降低较小的同时获得最大水分利用效率。它们是：（１）使用抗旱能力较强的作物；（２）考虑水分亏缺发生时的作物生长发育阶段；（３）增加降雨对作物水分需求的贡献；（４）播前灌溉的需要性；（５）应用于深层土壤具有中等程度以上持水性能的土地；（６）管理地面灌溉系统以降低水分渗漏和径流；（７）改进作物栽培措施。 相似文献
7.
间作系统充分利用光热水肥资源具有高产高效特征，在旱区得到了广泛应用。综合国内外间作群体水分利用的研究成果，论述了间作具有水分优势的高效利用机制。间作系统减少土壤蒸发、提高作物蒸腾、降低棵间蒸发与耗水量的比值，增加土壤水分的有效性，提高作物根系对土壤水分的吸收利用，进而提高水分利用效率。间作系统的水分利用机制包括生态位分离减少竞争以促进资源的充分利用、水力再分配调节作物及邻体作物土壤的水分条件缓解旱区作物的水分胁迫。间作系统水分利用的影响因素包括作物种类、种植密度和空间布局、水肥管理和耕作措施。针对研究中的不足，指出未来间作系统水分高效利用研究应关注以下方面：不同区域间作群体增产和节水的规律；水分与源库关系及对种间关系的响应；量化水分与根系生长的关系，建立间作作物对水分吸收的模型；地下部对间作水分优势的响应。 相似文献
8.
基于不确定性的旱作作物种植结构优化 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
针对灌区规划问题,将模糊概念引入多目标线性优化模型。以甘肃民勤县为例,针对小麦、玉米、棉花、黑红瓜子、食葵、西甜瓜、白瓜子、辣椒几种作物,采用模糊多目标线性优化模型,从经济效益以及需水量两个角度对作物种植结构进行优化。结果显示,在语气算子不同的情况下优化结果也不同,如果要增加该地区的经济收益,就要将粮食作物的比重减少,而增加经济作物的种植比重。若要使需水量减少,则要增加棉花等需水量较小的作物的种植比重。并由此看出模糊优化方法在处理相关问题时的优越性。 相似文献
9.
甘肃河东旱作小麦农田干旱监测预警服务系统研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过对甘肃河东地区当前作物旱情指标的分析,选取了依据农田水量平衡原理而建立的作物水分供需比作为作物旱情指标,利用田问试验资料,建立了旱作小麦农田干旱监测预警指标模型,并确定出小麦旱情分级标准。以此为基础,编制了甘肃河东旱作小麦农田干旱监测预警系统软件,简要介绍了该系统的结构、功能及操作环境,并对预测精度问题进行了说明。 相似文献
10.
塔里木河上游阿克苏地区水资源与绿洲农业种植结构调整优化研究——以拜城县为例 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
水是干旱区绿洲农业发展的生命线,发展节水型农业成为目前干旱区农业发展的当务之急。位于塔里木河上游的阿克苏地区,是新疆重要的绿洲农业区和主要的粮食、棉花和瓜果基地。对目前的农业种植结构进行调整优化,达到节水和增效的目的,具有重要的现实意义。本文以拜城县为例,通过构建线性规划数学模型,在水资源约束下,进行了作物种植结构的调整和优化,调整后的种植结构能使有限的水资源发挥最大的经济效益,基本符合新疆绿洲区农业种植结构调整的需要,为制定科学合理的农作物种植结构发展方案提供依据。 相似文献
11.
Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They
represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing
slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more
stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively).
Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were
significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr
s
,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr
s
,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles. 相似文献
12.
Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
Antonio Logrieco Antonio Bottalico Giuseppina Mulé Antonio Moretti Giancarlo Perrone 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2003,109(7):645-667
Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams. 相似文献
13.
The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented,
including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006. 相似文献
14.
Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies 总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18
David R. Jones 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2003,109(3):195-219
One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text. 相似文献
15.
M. Fortass S. Diallo 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1993,99(4):219-226
Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes. 相似文献
16.
B. Blanco-Urgoiti M. Tribodet S. Leclere F. Ponz C. Pérez de san román F.J. Legorburu C. Kerlan 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1998,104(8):811-819
A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVYN strain and six to the PVYO strain. No PVYC was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVYO, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Nytbr gene and probably represent the PVYZ group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVYO and PVYN and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVYO, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVYN-Wilga. Some PVYN isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVYNTN group. The PVYNTN, PVYN-Wilga and PVYZ groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVYN and PVYO, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5
end within the PVYN strain. 相似文献
17.
L. Blommers H. Helsen F. Vaal 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1988,94(2):95-103
The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed. 相似文献
18.
F. K. Crutcher M. A. Henry‐Gregory H. H. Wilkinson S. E. Duke T. Wheeler C. M. Kenerley 《Plant pathology》2018,67(4):839-847
In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population. 相似文献
19.
H. A. Van Hoof H. Huttinga A. Knaap H. P. Maas Geesteranus W. H. M. Mosch D. G. J. De Raay-Wieringa 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1979,85(3):87-98
In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten. 相似文献
20.
Pedro W. Crous J.Z. Groenewald Walter Gams 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2003,109(8):841-850
Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov. 相似文献