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1.
Host–parasite relationships in root-knot disease of spinach caused by Meloidogyne incognita race 1 were studied under glasshouse conditions. Nematode-induced mature galls were large and usually contained one or more females and egg masses with eggs. Feeding sites were characterized by the development of giant cells containing granular cytoplasm and many hypertrophied nuclei. The cytoplasm in these giant cells was aggregated alongside the thickened cell walls. Stelar tissues within galls appeared disorganized. The relationship between initial nematode population density ( P i ) in a series from 0–128 eggs and second-stage juveniles per cm3 soil and growth of spinach cv. Symphony F1 seedlings was tested under glasshouse conditions. A Seinhorst model [ y = m + (1 − m ) z P–T ] was fitted to fresh top- and total plant-weight data for inoculated and control plants. Tolerance limits ( T ) of spinach cv. Symphony F1 to M. incognita race 1 for fresh top and total plant weights were 0·25 and 0·5 eggs and second-stage juveniles per cm3 soil, respectively. The minimum relative values for fresh top and total plant weights were zero in both cases at P i ≥ 32 eggs and second-stage juveniles per cm3 soil. Root galling was least at low initial population densities and greatest at 16 eggs and second-stage juveniles per cm3 soil. Maximum nematode reproduction rate was 33·1-fold at the lowest P i . 相似文献
2.
W. B. Dong T. B. Brenneman C. C. Holbrook P. Timper A. K. Culbreath 《Plant pathology》2009,58(1):71-79
Cylindrocladium black rot (CBR), caused by Cylindrocladium parasiticum , and root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne arenaria , both infect and cause damage to the roots of peanut. Greenhouse and microplot experiments were conducted with the runner type peanut genotypes C724-19-15, C724-19-25 and Georgia-02C with different levels of resistance to nematode and CBR to better understand the interactions between the two pathogens. In the greenhouse, inoculation of 500–3000 eggs per plant of M. arenaria did not affect the level of root rot induced by 1·0 to 5·0 microsclerotia of C. parasiticum per g soil. In microplots, the root rot ratings from Georgia-02C and C724-19-25 were higher in plots infested with M. arenaria (0·4–2·0 eggs per cm3 soil) and C. parasiticum than in plots with C. parasiticum alone; however, M. arenaria did not increase the root rot ratings on the nematode resistant C724-19-15. This was inconsistent with results in the greenhouse. Gall indices were not affected by C. parasiticum inoculations in the greenhouse or microplots. In both 2006 and 2007, a significant interaction between C. parasiticum inoculum densities and nematode level was observed on plant mortality. CBR inoculum greatly increased mortality on C724-19-25 and Georgia-02C, but not on C724-19-15, in the presence of M. arenaria . The mortality increase was more apparent at lower inoculum levels of both pathogens, but on the nematode-susceptible cultivars plant mortality was more with co-inoculations of the two pathogens than from either alone. Simultaneous inoculation with the two pathogens decreased yield of C724-19-25 and Georgia-02C as C. parasiticum inoculum levels increased, but even the largest inoculum of M. arenaria (2·0 eggs per cm3 soil) did not decrease yield of C724-19-15. 相似文献
3.
Host–parasite relationships and pathogenicity of Meloidogyne javanica on potatoes (newly recorded from Malta) were studied under glasshouse and natural conditions. Potato cvs Cara and Spunta showed a typical susceptible reaction to M. javanica under natural and artificial infections, respectively. In potato tubers, M. javanica induced feeding sites that consisted of three to four hypertrophied giant cells per adult female. Infection of feeder roots by the nematode resulted in mature large galls which usually contained at least one mature female and egg mass. In both tubers and roots, feeding sites were characterized by giant cells containing granular cytoplasm and many hypertrophied nuclei. Cytoplasm in giant cells was aggregated alongside the thickened cell walls. Stelar tissues within galls appeared disorganized. The relationship between initial nematode population density ( P ) [0–64 eggs + second-stage juveniles (J2s) per cm3 soil] and growth of cv. Spunta potato seedlings was tested under glasshouse conditions. A Seinhorst model [ y = m + (1 − m ) z ( P − T ) ] was fitted to fresh shoot weight and shoot height data of nematode-inoculated and control plants. Tolerance limits ( T ) for fresh shoot weight and shoot height of cv. Spunta plants infected with M. javanica were 0·50 and 0·64 eggs + J2s per cm3 soil, respectively. The m parameter in that model (i.e. the minimum possible y -values) for fresh shoot weight and shoot height were 0·60 and 0·20, respectively, at P = 64 eggs + J2s per cm3 soil. Root galling was proportional to the initial nematode population density. Maximum nematode reproduction rate was 51·2 at a moderate initial population density ( P = 4 eggs + J2s per cm3 soil). 相似文献
4.
通过定位试验,探讨了黄土高原旱地不同播种期对豌豆产量的影响,供试材料为绿豌豆(高产品种)和燕农2号(低产品种).结果表明,不同播种期对高产豌豆品种出苗情况的影响大于对低产品种的影响.豌豆提前播种,可以增加低产品种的单位面积干物质积累量,但对高产品种的影响不显著.豌豆提前播种,可以提前达到盛花期,高产品种的盛花期早于低产品种的盛花期,在盛花期有较长时间避开六月份的高温天气,有利于高产.豌豆提前播种,可以增加高产品种的产量,显著增加低产品种的产量.有利于产量构成因素的形成,提高籽粒水分利用效率. 相似文献
5.
The effects of fly ash at different concentrations (0, 10, 20, 30 … 100% vol./vol. in soil) on plant growth and yield were investigated in tomato plants infected or noninfected with root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (2000 juveniles per plant) in clay pots. An increase in fly ash concentration in the soil correspondingly increased the availability of carbonates, bicarbonates, sulphate, chlorides, B, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Cu and Zn in the soil. The porosity, water-holding capacity, pH, conductivity and cation exchange capacity also increased progressively in the fly ash amended soil. Ash application enhanced plant growth, leaf pigment concentrations, fruit production, weight of fruit/plant and mean fruit weight of both nematode-infected and noninfected tomato plants, being maximum in the soil containing 50 or 60% fly ash. The yield enhancements were 93.6 (infected plants) and 84% (noninfected plants) at 50 and 60% fly ash levels, respectively. Fly ash treatments adversely affected root invasion by juveniles, disease intensity and reproduction of the nematodes. A gradual increase in the ash concentration in soil caused a corresponding decrease in the numbers of invading juveniles, galls and egg masses per root system and eggs/egg mass, being lowest at 100% fly ash i.e. 52, 16, 10 and 81 against 289, 137, 131 and 238 (control), respectively. Linear regression suggested 40% fly ash as the most economic level, enhancing yield of infected plants by 96% and suppressing the nematode disease and reproduction by 63 and 76%, respectively. 相似文献
6.
Standing water from carbofuran-treated Azolla plots showing accelerated degradation was further enriched by five repeated transfers to carbofuran-supplemented mineral salts medium. This enrichment culture developed from standing water of carbofuran-treated Azolla plot can utilise carbofuran as sole source of carbon and nitrogen. The enrichment culture was able to hydrolyse nearly 100% of [ring-14C]carbofuran to carbofuran phenol in five days, which accumulated in the medium, while the carbamate side-chain in [carbonyl-14C]carbofuran was readily mineralized to [14C]carbon dioxide. Enrichment culture was able to degrade carbofuran up to 1000 µg ml−1 levels in mineral salts medium with ease. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
7.
拟粗壮螺旋线虫对棉花的致病力及其与棉枯萎病的复合症 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
温室测定结果:拟粗壮螺旋线虫(Helicotylenchus pseudorobusius)接种量在每100cm3土壤100~1000条的条件下,接种30天后棉苗生长量比无线虫对照苗显著降低(P<0.05)。抗枯萎品种86-1在单接枯萎菌无线虫处理中不发生枯萎病,在枯萎菌(Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum)接种量为每克土7.5×105孢子和线虫(每100cm3±500~1000条)组合处理中发病,棉苗枯萎病情指数与线虫接种量之间呈正相关(γ=0.97)。田间试验结果表明:防治线虫和枯萎病复合症用薰蒸剂棉隆每m28~14g处理土壤比用非薰蒸性杀线虫剂克百威(呋哺丹),丙线磷(益收宝)和克线磷的效果更好。 相似文献
8.
The effect of amended soil with rabbit, camel, poultry, quail, pigeon, horse, buffalo and duck manures to manage the rice root nematode, Hirschmanniella oryzae on Giza 171 rice plants, and effects of the first five manures in management of the reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis on Balady eggplants was studied under greenhouse conditions. All treatments significantly (p<-0.01) reduced final populations, rate of build-up and reproduction of both nematodes than in unamended soil. The reduction in such parameters greatly varied according to the type of the tested organic manure and the host plant. Generally, pigeon manure was highly effective against R. reniformis on eggplant followed by quail, poultry and rabbit manures, while camel treatment occupied the least potent manure. Consequently a corresponding statistical increase in eggplant growth resulted. As for managing H. oryzae on rice plants, buffalo dung was very potent inhibitor to its build-up followed by camel, horse, poultry, duck, quail, rabbit and pigeon manures. Percentages increase in the rice growth showed more values when applying duck and pigeon manures followed by quail, rabbit and buffalo. Horse dung improved, to some extent, the growth of rice plants although, none of the other organic manures succeeded in improving the rice plant growth. An explanation has been submitted to discuss the role of both pigeon droppings and buffalo dung on both R. reniformis on eggplant and H. oryzae on rice. This type of control of phytonematodes was considered economical, easy and pollution free. 相似文献
9.
利用GGE双标图、变异系数法、相关性分析、多元回归和聚类分析等方法,分析了2003—2016年共14 a国家绿豆品种区域试验中来自内蒙古自治区、黑龙江省、吉林省、辽宁省、山西省等12个绿豆主产省（市、自治区）的29个育种单位提供的130个参试品种的生育天数、株高、主茎节数、主茎分枝数、荚长、单株荚数、荚粒数、千粒重以及产量在春播组和夏播组的变异,并比较了性状间的相关性以及不同育种单位选育的绿豆品种的性状差异。结果表明：2003—2016年春播组和夏播组绿豆产量分别增加14.0%和25.4%,年均增幅分别为1.0%和1.8%;主茎分支数分别减少12.0%和15.9%;其他性状变化不明显。春播组绿豆主要农艺性状的变异系数为5.14%~17.01%,均值为11.33%;遗传多样性指数为1.91~2.08,平均为1.99。夏播组绿豆主要农艺性状的变异系数为5.96%~19.99%,均值为12.52%;遗传多样性指数为1.98~2.17,平均为2.07。相关性和偏相关性分析表明,春播组中产量与荚长、单株荚数和荚粒数显著正相关,与其他性状的相关性不明显;夏播组中产量与单株荚数和荚粒数显著正相关,与株高、主茎分支数和荚长显著负相关。多元回归分析表明,春播组绿豆生育天数、株高、主茎分支数、荚长和单株荚数共同决定产量60.9%的变异;夏播组绿豆株高、主茎分枝数、单株荚数、荚粒数和千粒重共同决定产量87.7%的变异。依托品种选育区域的聚类分析表明,65个春播组品种被分为4类,在北京市、河北省、山西省、河南省、山东省、吉林省和陕西省综合表现较好;65个夏播组品种被分为6类,在河南省、河北省和山东省综合表现较好。2003—2016年,国家每轮区试的绿豆品种产量稳步提升,表明我国绿豆育种水平有了一定提升;但品种遗传基础狭窄,育种方法多样化程度较低,缺少突破性品种。 相似文献
10.
The complete phase-out of methyl bromide from use in developed countries by 1 January 2005 will cause many problems in agricultural industries that are now heavily reliant on its use. Three field experiments were established to compare management tactics on tomato and cucumber in commercial greenhouses naturally infested with root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp). Reduction of nematode juveniles in soil and roots to nil detection levels was observed in all plots following soil fumigation with methyl bromide. A significant reduction of nematode juveniles and root-galling index was observed in plots treated with metham-sodium, dazomet and 1,3-dichloropropene compared with the control and plots treated with non-fumigant nematicides. Reduction of the nematode population led to an increase in fruit yield. However, data collected from the second cultivation season indicated that single control methods such as fumigant or contact nematicides alone cannot drastically decrease initial nematode population and those nematodes which escape control lead to population increase by the end of the cropping season. 相似文献
11.
12.
Control of food legume nematodes should consider the nematode species, type of crops, whether for grain or fresh pod production, environmental conditions and the economics of the crops. In general, 3–4-year crop rotations could provide sufficient control of Heterodera goettingiana and H. ciceri and to a lesser extent also of Meloidogyne artiellia. Soil solarization has shown promise in controlling Pratylenchus thornei and H. ciceri on chickpea and has also been reported to be effective against Meloidogyne spp. The use of fumigants such as 1,3-dichloropropene or 1,3-dichloropropene + methylisothiocyanate and also of non-volatile nematicides (aldicarb, oxamyl, carbofuran, thionazin and fenamiphos) gives good control of these nematodes resulting in impressive yield increases in heavily infested soil. However, both nematicides and soil solarization are expensive and their use may not be economic in most cases. The use of resistant cultivars is, so far, of little importance due to very limited number of those with good agronomic characteristics. To ensure good yield of faba bean, attention must also be paid to producing seed stocks free from Ditylenchus dipsaci. In addition, quarantine regulations must avoid spread of this nematode among different countries. 相似文献
13.
The effect of placing terbutryne in different soil layers with reference to different depths of sowing of peas was studied by measuring plant top growth. Increasing the depth of sowing resulted in greater plant injury by the same layer of herbicide-treated soil. Exposing the upper part of the emerging epicotyl (nearest the soil surface) to soil treated with terbutryne was more injurious than exposing the lower part of the epicotyl (nearest the seed). Uptake of 14C-labelled prometryne and terbutryne by pea seedlings during emergence and early growth was measured according to different soil-zone treatments. The absorbed amount of each herbicide decreased in the order: root system, lower epicotyl, upper epicotyl. Translocation of the herbicides to the foliage was higher from the upper than from the lower part of the epicotyl. Shoot and root uptake and translocation of prometryne were higher than of terbutryne. 相似文献
14.
S. J. ROBERTS 《Plant pathology》1993,42(4):568-576
Single pea ( Pisum sativum ) plants cvs Kelvedon Wonder and Solara, growing in pots in a glasshouse, showed significant reductions in seed yield of 24, 47 or 71% following inoculation with pea bacterial blight ( Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi ) during reproductive, vegetative or both reproductive and vegetative growth stages, respectively. These yield reductions were seen as reduced numbers of seeds per pod combined with changes in the numbers of pods per plant. Examination of the importance of different disease parameters on yield showed that mean disease on the whole plant was the most important. Equations describing the relationship between seed yield or the natural log of the total weight and mean disease were derived. 相似文献
15.
为明确不同土壤质地对禾谷孢囊线虫Heterodera avenae发生危害的影响,分别测试了6种土壤质地中禾谷孢囊线虫的侵染、发育及其种群动态。结果显示：在整个小麦生长季,不同土质中禾谷孢囊线虫2龄幼虫（J2）的种群变化趋势一致。冬前土壤中少量线虫孵化,11月下旬各种土质中J2种群密度达到10.8~14.2条/100 mL土壤;4月初为J2发生高峰期,其种群密度为54.6~77.1条/100 mL土壤,且土壤中含壤土比例越高J2数量越大;J2在壤土与砂土比为6：1和1：0土壤中侵入根系的数量最多,单株根系J2数量为672.7~685.0条,且土壤中砂土比例越大J2侵入数量越少,相应地根系内3龄幼虫和形成的孢囊数量也越少;不同土质中不同时期孢囊内虫口减退率不同,但在生长季末不同土质中孢囊内虫口总减退率无显著差异。研究表明,土质对孢囊内虫口减退率无影响,土质沙性越大越不利于禾谷孢囊线虫的发生危害。 相似文献
16.
Incorporation into soil of dry mycelium ofPenicillium chrysogenum, a waste product of the pharmacological industry, enhanced plant growth and reduced root galling caused by the root-knot
nematodeMeloidogyne javanica in cucumber and tomato plants. Incorporation into sandy loam soil in pots of dry mycelium at a concentration of 0.25% (w/w)
resulted in complete protection of cucumber plants from the nematode. The number of juveniles recovered from soils containing
dry mycelium was greatly reduced even at a concentration of 0.1% (w/w). In microplot studies conducted at two sites in two
seasons, with three or four doses, dry mycelium caused a dose-dependent reduction in root galling index (GI) and promotion
of plant growth of cucumber and tomato plants. Inin vitro studies, the water extract of dry mycelium immobilized nematode juveniles and reduced the egg hatching rate, but these effects
were partly reversible after a rinse in water. Soil-drenching of cucumber and tomato seedlings with water extract of dry mycelium
did not reduce GI or number of root-invading juveniles. The results show that dry mycelium promotes plant growth and protects
plants against nematode infection. Protection, however, does not operatevia induced resistance.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting April 6, 2003. 相似文献
17.
A. L. Den Toom 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1988,94(1):33-44
The relation between the ectoparasitic nematodeTylenchorhynchus dubius and the growth and production ofLolium perenne during the first month after sowing, was studied in pot experiments at several temperatures, and moisture levels.The nematode reduced the growth of the grass, mainly as a result of activity during the first weeks after seeding. The percentage decrease of dry matter yield was smaller when temperature was more favourable for plant growth. Decreased moisture content of the soil enhanced the effect of nematodes at 10°C.Samenvatting De relatie tussen de ectoparasitaire nematodeTylenchorhynchus dubius en de groei en produktie vanLolium perenne gedurende de eerste maand na inzaai werd bestudeerd in potproeven bij verschillende temperaturen en vochtgehaltes van de grond.De nematode veroorzaakte groeireductie die vooral een gevolg was van nematoden-activiteit in de eerste weken na inzaai. Het procentuele effect op de droge-stofopbrengst was kleiner naarmate de temperatuur dichter bij de optimumtemperatuur voor de groei van de plant lag. Bij 10°C versterkte een lager vochtgehalte van de grond het effect van de nematoden. 相似文献
18.
不同土壤水分下大豆根冠互作对产量和农艺性状的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为明确不同土壤水分下大豆根冠互作对产量和农艺性状的影响,为大豆抗旱育种提供理论依据,利用耐旱型品种辽豆14与干旱敏感型品种辽豆21进行相互嫁接,在结荚期设置正常供水(80%田间持水量)和水分胁迫(50%田间持水量,持续20 d)处理,成熟期测定主要农艺性状。试验结果表明,大豆地上部农艺性状和产量主要由地上部基因型决定,但水分胁迫下也会受到根系基因型的影响。正常供水与水分胁迫下,与辽豆21相比,辽豆14接穗的株高平均提高24.3%和14.8%,主茎节数分别平均提高19.6%和15.3%,分枝数分别平均提高60.2%和90.6%,单株生物量平均提高57.1%和87.1%,单株荚数平均提高70.0%和92.3%,分枝荚数平均提高159.9%和197.9%,分枝瘪荚率平均降低57.8%和60.4%,最终单株粒重平均提高19.9%和54.9%。与辽豆21自身嫁接植株相比,水分胁迫下,嫁接辽豆14砧木使单株荚重、单株荚数、单株粒数、百粒重和单株粒重分别显著提高了45.8%、27.4%、21.7%、5.2%和20.4%,产量性状的提高与主茎第9～15节位间有效荚数的提高有关。因此,通过地上部与根系的协同改良是提高大豆抗旱性的重要途径。 相似文献
19.
Nigel G. M. Hague Mahmoud Damadzadeh Sahag K. Garabedian Kamal H. Radwan 《Pest management science》1983,14(6):587-595
In-vivo tests of non-volatile nematicides using a fungal-feeding nematode Aphelenchus avenae were shown to be more reliable than in-vitro tests. Phoxim and carbofuran were as effective as thionazin against the stem nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci in preventing eggs being laid, but they did not prevent nematodes from migrating from treated plants. Aldicarb and phoxim delayed the emergence of second-stage juveniles from cysts of the potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis; phoxim at 8 mg kg?1 of soil gave the same results as aldicarb at 2 mg kg?1 of soil and both chemicals altered the sex ratio in the final population. A simple pot-test with G. rostochiensis in foul soil types was used to demonstrate the comparative effectiveness of non-volatile nematicides. 相似文献
20.
K. TIILIKKALA 《EPPO Bulletin》1991,21(1):41-47
A crop rotation field study was conducted in 1981–1989 to assess the effect of six crop rotation sequences on a soil population of potato cyst nematode (PCN), Globodera rostochiensis, and on potato yield. In the plots with potato monoculture, the tuber yield decreased from 35 to 4.6 t ha?1. All other cropping systems maintained the yield at the original or an even higher level. In monoculture, the population density of the nematode was raised during the first 3 years from 0.1 to 265 larvae g?1 soil, and the density fluctuated afterwards between 30 and 136 larvae g?1 soil. Three of the cropping systems, (1) susceptible potato once in 5 years, (2) susceptible potato once in 4 years, and (3) potato once in 3 years using resistant (H1) and susceptible cultivars alternately, decreased the nematode density under the economic threshold or even under the level of detection. The nematicide treatments (oxamyl) did not control nematode multiplication but prevented yield losses. No nematicide is currently registered nor needed for the control of PCN in Finland. The nematode can be controlled effectively with crop rotation, resistant cultivars and early harvesting. 相似文献