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1.
Electromyographic examinations were performed at various times over a 40 week period in four mature dogs receiving chronic oral low doses of lead acetate and a control dog receiving sodium acetate. Blood lead levels in the four dogs were elevated (mean values 1.15, 2.18, 1.13 and 1.72 mumol/liter). No clinical signs of lead intoxication were present. Two dogs had evidence of a nonregenerative anemia. Neither needle electromyographic nor nerve conduction velocity studies showed evidence of a polyneuropathy. Teased nerve fiber preparations of proximal and distal segments of the ulnar and tibial nerves and muscle biopsies of distal appendicular muscles were normal in all dogs. Light microscopic examination of the brain, kidneys and liver revealed no abnormalities in the two dogs necropsied. In conclusion, a polyneuropathy was not produced experimentally in dogs ingesting low doses of inorganic lead for up to 40 weeks.  相似文献   

2.
To describe the ultrasonographic technique for investigation of the canine sciatic nerve, four canine cadaver pelvic limbs, two live healthy dogs, and five canine patients with suspected peripheral sciatic nerve lesions were examined with a high-resolution linear ultrasound transducer. The caudal part of the lumbosacral trunk and the origin of the sciatic nerve were visualized through the greater ischiatic foramen. The two components of the sciatic nerve, common peroneal and tibial nerves, were distinguished along the entire length of the nerve, until they branched at the level of the distal femur. In healthy live dogs they appeared as two adjacent hypoechoic tubular structures with internal echotexture of discontinuous hyperechoic bands, surrounded by a thin rim of highly echogenic tissue. The common peroneal component had a smaller diameter and was on the cranial aspect of the tibial component. An ultrasonographic lesion compatible with a peripheral nerve sheath tumor was found in one dog. Improved understanding of the ultrasonographic anatomy of the sciatic nerve supports clinical use of this modality.  相似文献   

3.
OBJECTIVE: To establish normal predictive values for cord dorsum potential (CDP) onset latency after thoracic and pelvic limb sensory or mixed nerve stimulation in adult dogs. ANIMALS: 26 clinically normal adult dogs. PROCEDURE: Sensory nerve action potentials (SNAP) were recorded proximally from tibial and lateral superficial radial nerves after distal stimulation. The CDP were recorded from the L4-L5 interarcuate ligament for the tibial nerve and from the C7-T1 interarcuate ligament for the radial nerve. Linear regression analyses were performed for CDP onset latency, and mean +/- SD was calculated for CDP onset to peak latency differences and sensory nerve conduction velocities (SNCV). RESULTS: For the tibial nerve, expected CDP onset latency (CDPOL) = -1.194 + 0.014 X pelvic limb length (mm; R2 = 0.912); CDPOL = -2.156 + 0.011 X pelvic limb/spinal length (mm; R2 = 0.911); and CDPOL = 0.941 + 2.197 X tibial nerve SNAP latency (milliseconds; R2 = 0.903). For the radial nerve, CDPOL = -0.9 + 0.014 x thoracic limb length (mm; R2 = 0.873); and CDPOL = 1.454 + 1.874 X radial nerve SNAP latency (milliseconds; R2 = 0.903). Mean +/- SD for CDP onset to peak latency difference for tibial and radial nerves was 3.1+/-0.3 and 3.0+/-0.4 milliseconds, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Strong linear associations exist between CDPOL and a number of easily measured peripheral independent variables in dogs. There is also a narrow range of normal values for CDP onset to peak latency differences that is independent of limb length. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: CDP evaluation can be used to accurately assess functional severity and distribution of abnormalities in proximal sensory nerves, dorsal nerve roots, and spinal cord dorsal horns in dogs with suspected neuropathy, radiculopathy, or myelopathy involving the brachial or lumbosacral intumescences.  相似文献   

4.
OBJECTIVE: To document simple and reliable local, infiltrating nerve blocks for the saphenous, tibial and common peroneal nerves in the dog. STUDY DESIGN: Laboratory technique development; in vivo blind, controlled, prospective study. ANIMALS: Twenty canine cadavers and 18 clinically normal, client-owned dogs. METHODS: A peripheral nerve blockade technique of the tibial, common peroneal, and saphenous nerves was perfected through anatomic dissection. Injections were planned in the caudal thigh for the tibial and common peroneal nerves, and in the medial thigh for the saphenous nerve. Cadaver limbs were injected with methylene blue dye and subsequently dissected to confirm successful dye placement. Clinically normal dogs undergoing general anesthesia for unrelated, elective procedures were randomly assigned to treatment (bupivacaine; n = 8) or control (saline; n = 8) nerve blocks of the nerves under study. Upon recovery from general anesthesia, skin sensation in selected dermatomes was evaluated for 24 hours. RESULTS: Cadaver tibial, common peroneal, and saphenous perineural infiltrations were successful in nonchondrodystrophoid dogs (100, 100, and 97%, respectively.) Intraneural injection was rare (1%; 1/105; tibial nerve) in cadaver dogs. In the treatment group of normal dogs, duration of loss of cutaneous sensation in some dermatomes (saphenous, superficial and deep peroneal nerve) was significantly different than control dogs; the range of desensitization occurred for 1-20 hours. No clinical morbidity was detected. CONCLUSIONS: This technique for local blockade of the tibial, common peroneal, and saphenous nerves just proximal to the stifle is easy to perform, requires minimal supplies and results in significant desensitization of the associated dermatomes in clinically normal, nonchondrodystrophoid dogs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This technique may be an effective tool for post-operative analgesia to the femoro-tibial joint and distal pelvic limb. Other applications, using sustained-release drugs or methods, may include anesthesia/analgesia in high-risk patients or as a treatment for chronic pelvic limb pain or self-mutilation.  相似文献   

5.
A technique for measuring motor nerve conduction velocities (NCV) in sheep was developed using 15 clinically normal ewes. Mean ±SD values were determined for the radial (76.3±12.5 m/s), peroneal (103.9±12.7 m/s), and tibial (98.6±13.1 m/s) nerves. The recording needle electrode was located in the extensor carpi radialis, tibialis cranialis, and gastrocnemius muscles, respectively. Latencies, amplitudes and durations of the proximal and distal evoked compound muscle action potentials are given. To investigate further the unexpectedly high NCVs calculated for the peroneal and tibial nerves, analogous stimulating and recording electrode sites were used in 7 clinically normal dogs. The corresponding canine peroneal (88.1±8.3 m/s) and tibial (89.2±12.4 m/s) NCVs were higher than the standard sciatic-tibial NCV recorded from the interosseous Myelinated nerve fiber diameters were measured on semithin transverse sections of peroneal and tibial nerve specimens taken from a clinically normal ewe and bitch. A possible explanation for the relative species difference in the proximal peroneal and tibial NCV values is the presence of fibers in both the peroneal and tibial nerves of the sheep which were as much as 3 wider than the largest fibers found in the dog.  相似文献   

6.
CASE DESCRIPTION: A 2-year-old Griffon Vendéen was examined because of a 1-month history of right hind limb lameness after a traumatic injury. CLINICAL FINDINGS: Neurologic examination revealed monoplegia and anesthesia of the right hind limb distal to the stifle (femorotibial) joint except for the area supplied by the cutaneous saphenous nerve. Results of electromyographic testing were consistent with a severe lesion of the tibial and peroneal nerves at the level of the stifle joint. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME: Exploratory surgery revealed an 80-mm-long gap in both the peroneal and tibial branches of the right sciatic nerve. A section of the left cutaneous saphenous nerve was interposed to graft the nerve defects. The dog received joint mechanotherapy and electrophysiologic therapy during the reinnervation process. Ten months after surgery, the dog had recovered almost completely. Neurologic examination revealed diminished flexion of the tarsal and digital joints. Repeat electromyographic testing revealed no abnormal spontaneous electrical activity in the right hind limb musculature, and small compound muscle action potentials were recorded in the right interosseous and cranial tibial muscles. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Without surgical treatment, neurotmesis injury results in poor recovery of motor and sensory functions and may result in amputation. If a nerve defect exists, nerve grafting should be considered, even if the procedure is delayed until well after the injury. The sensory portion of the cutaneous saphenous nerve is a potential source of peripheral nerve for grafting in dogs. Reinnervation is a long-term process and physiologic support and owner involvement are necessary, but nearly complete functional recovery is possible.  相似文献   

7.
Objective: To evaluate a technique for midhumeral peripheral nerve blockade in the dog. Study Design: Cadaveric technique development; in vivo placebo‐controlled, prospective crossover study. Animals: Canine cadavers (n=38) and 8 clinically healthy, adult hound dogs. Methods: A technique for peripheral block of the radial, ulnar, musculocutaneous, and median nerves (RUMM block) was evaluated using cadaver limbs. Eight purpose‐bred, research dogs were anesthetized; a RUMM block was performed on each thoracic limb. One limb from each dog randomly received 0.5% bupivacaine and the opposite limb was assigned to receive sterile saline solution as a control. After recovery from anesthesia, skin sensation at selected dermatomes was evaluated for 24 hours using a mechanical stimulus. Weight‐bearing, conscious proprioception, and withdrawal reflex were also evaluated. One month after initial testing, each dog was reanesthetized and each limb received the opposite treatment. Results: Sensory thresholds were significantly increased over baseline measurements when compared with control limbs for all nerves. Complete sensory block was achieved in radial (15/16), ulnar (3/16), musculocutaneous (8/16), and median (11/16) nerves, using a mechanical stimulus of analgesia. Complete simultaneous block of all nerves was only obtained in 1 of 16 limbs. Conclusion: RUMM block resulted in desensitization of the skin in the associated dermatomes for 4–10 hours. Complete sensory block of the dermatomes supplied by the radial nerve was most consistent. Clinical Relevance: RUMM block may be an effective technique to provide adjunctive analgesia for dogs undergoing surgery of the distal aspect of the thoracic limb.  相似文献   

8.
Supramaximal percutaneous nerve stimulation was used in motor nerve conduction velocity studies conducted in ten middle-aged, clinically normal dogs. Dogs were separated into two groups; dogs in one group weighted less than or equal to 7.5 kg and dogs in the other group weighted greater than or equal to 15.9 kg. Mean values and SEM were recorded for radial (72.1 +/- 1.9 m/s), median 65.6 +/- 2.1 m/s), ulnar (58.9 +/- 1.0 m/s), tibial (68.2 +/- 1.4 m/s), and peroneal (79.8 +/- 1.8 m/s) nerves. Values for latency, amplitude, and duration for proximal and distal evoked potentials were recorded. Analysis of mean nerve conduction velocity values for all nerves between the two groups indicated no statistical difference (P greater than 0.05). However, the two groups were statistically different (P less than 0.05) when values for distal latency and measurements of nerve length were compared. These data suggest that if latency is substituted for velocity measurements, various populations of dogs must be considered to clarify interpretation.  相似文献   

9.
The accessory ligament of the hindlimb suspensory ligament arises from the plantar aspect of the calcaneus and fourth tarsal bones and blends with the suspensory ligament in the proximal aspect of the metatarsus. The accessory ligament of the suspensory ligament of both hindlimbs of 12 mature horses, with no history of hindlimb lameness, was assessed ultrasonographically. The ligament comprised linear parallel echoes which were consistently shorter than those of the lateral digital flexor tendon; the dorsal and plantar borders were parallel. Lameness associated with injury of the accessory ligament of the suspensory ligament was identified in 6 of 8 lame hindlimbs of 5 horses, unilaterally in 4 horses and bilaterally in one horse. In all horses there was concurrent proximal suspensory desmopathy. There was localised oedematous swelling on the distal medial aspect of the chestnut extending distally in 2 horses. Lameness was best identified when the horses were ridden. Perineural analgesia of the deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve abolished lameness in 3 horses but perineural analgesia of the tibial nerve was required to abolish lameness in the hindlimb with injury of the accessory ligament of the suspensory ligament in 2 horses. Injury of the accessory ligament of the suspensory ligament was characterised by marked decrease in echogenicity of the ligament and loss of parallel alignment of the linear echoes, which were shorter than normal in longitudinal images.  相似文献   

10.
Objective— To report clinical features associated with iatrogenic peripheral nerve injury in dogs and cats admitted (1997–2006) to a referral teaching hospital.
Study Design— Retrospective study.
Animals— Dogs (n=18), 9 cats.
Methods— Patients had acute signs of monoparesis attributable to sciatic nerve dysfunction that developed after treatment. Neurologic examination and electrodiagnostic testing were performed. Surgical therapy was used for nerve entrapment and delayed reconstructive surgery used in other cases.
Results— Of 27 nerve injuries, 25 resulted from surgery (18 with treatment of pelvic injuries). Iliosacral luxation repair resulted in tibial (4 cats) and peroneal (3 dogs) nerve dysfunction. Other causes were intramedullary pinning of femoral fractures (3), other orthopedic surgery (cemented hip prosthesis [2] and tibial plateau-leveling osteotomy [1]), and perineal herniorrhaphy [1]. Nerve injury occurred after intramuscular injection (1 cat, 1 dog). Immediate surgical treatment was removal of intramedullary nails, extruded cement, or entrapping suture. Delayed nerve transplantation was performed in 2 dogs. Within 1 year, 13 patients recovered completely, clinical improvement occurred in 7, and there was no improvement in 7. Five of the 7 dogs that did not recover had acetabular or ilium fracture.
Conclusion— Iatrogenic sciatic nerve injury occurred most commonly during treatment of pelvic orthopedic diseases and had a poor prognosis. Clinical variation in sciatic nerve dysfunction in dogs and cats can be explained by species anatomic differences.
Clinical Relevance— Iatrogenic sciatic nerve injury leads to severely debilitating locomotor dysfunction with an uncertain prognosis for full-functional recovery.  相似文献   

11.
This study has been carried out to determine the effect of neutral position, hyperextension and hyperflexion of the tarsal joint on the tibial nerve, motor action potential latency and tarsal canal compartment pressure in dogs with the aid of electrophysiological and anatomical methods. Totally twenty healthy mongrel dogs were used. Latency of motor nerve action potential (MNAPL) studies of tibial nerve via surface stimulating and needle recording electrodes was performed on right hind limbs of all the dogs. The compartment pressures of the tarsal canal with the pressure transducer were determined from both limbs from ten of the dogs. In one dog, tarsal regions of both left and right limbs were demonstrated using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Two dogs were euthanatized and tarsal regions of the dogs were sectioned for correlative anatomy. Nerve conduction studies showed that the MNAP latency of the tibial nerve were 3.55 +/- 0.097 ms, 3.76 +/- 0.087 ms and 3.39 +/- 0.097 ms in neutral, hyperextension and hyperflexion positions, respectively. Hyperflexion of the tarsal joint caused prolongation of the MNAP latency of the tibial nerve with the highest pressure value being determined in tarsal canal. From the anatomical viewpoint, the distance between the flexor hallucis longus muscle and the superficial digital muscle was the shortest during hyperflexion and the plantar branch of saphenous artery, lateral and medial plantar nerves located more laterally in cadaver and MR imaging sections. As a result of this study, it is thought that tarsal region diseases as well as long time splint in the hyperflexion position as applied in the Ehmer sling can affect the compartment pressure and nerve tension because of occupying in the tarsal canal. Raising pressure and nerve stretching in the tarsal canal compartment could cause deficiencies in the conduction velocity of the tibial nerve. This might be a result of tarsal tunnel syndrome in the dog. Clinicians could consider this syndrome in cases of tarsal region diseases as well as application of long time splint in hyperflexion of tarsal joints in dogs.  相似文献   

12.
Background: Hypothyroidism has been implicated in the development of multiple peripheral mono‐ and polyneuropathies in dogs. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the clinical and electrophysiologic effects of experimentally induced hypothyroidism on the peripheral nervous system of dogs. Hypothesis: Chronic hypothyroidism will induce peripheral nerve sensorimotor dysfunction. Animals: Eighteen purpose‐bred, female dogs. Methods: Prospective, longitudinal study: Hypothyroidism was induced by radioactive iodine administration in 9 dogs, and the remaining 9 served as untreated controls. Neurological examinations were performed monthly. Electrophysiologic testing consisting of electromyography (EMG); motor nerve conduction studies of the sciatic‐tibial, radial, ulnar, and recurrent laryngeal nerves; sciatic‐tibial and ulnar F‐wave studies; sensory nerve conduction studies of the tibial, ulnar, and radial nerves; and evaluation of blink reflex and facial responses were performed before and 6, 12, and 18 months after induction of hypothyroidism and compared with controls. Results: Clinical evidence of peripheral nervous dysfunction did not occur in any dog. At 6 month and subsequent evaluations, all hypothyroid dogs had EMG and histologic evidence of hypothyroid myopathy. Hypothyroid dogs had significant (P≤ .04) decreases in ulnar and sciatic‐tibial compound muscle action potentials over time, which were attributed to the concurrent myopathy. No significant differences between control and hypothyroid dogs were detected in electrophysiologic tests of motor (P≥ .1) or sensory nerve conduction velocity (P≥ .24) or nerve roots (P≥ .16) throughout the study period, with values remaining within reference ranges in all dogs. Conclusion: Chronic hypothyroidism induced by thyroid irradiation does not result in clinical or electrophysiologic evidence of peripheral neuropathy, but does cause subclinical myopathy.  相似文献   

13.
The spinal nerve root origins of the cutaneous nerves innervating the canine pelvic limb were determined in 12 barbiturate-anesthetized, healthy dogs by stimulating the dorsal roots L1-S3 and recording the evoked-action potentials from each cutaneous nerve. The dogs were then euthanatized, identification of each dorsal root and cutaneous nerve was verified by dissection, and the type of lumbosacral plexus (prefixed, median fixed, or postfixed) was determined. With one exception, the dorsal cutaneous branches and lateral cutaneous branches of L1-L3 originated only from their corresponding spinal nerve roots. The genitofemoral nerve received afferent fibers predominantly from L3-L4 nerve roots. The lateral cutaneous femoral nerve originated from L3-L5 nerve roots, and the saphenous nerve from L4-L6 nerve roots. The proximal caudal cutaneous sural nerve originated from L6-S1. The lateral cutaneous sural nerve originated from L5-S1; the deep and superficial fibular nerves arose primarily from L6-L7. The distal caudal cutaneous sural nerve originated predominantly from L7-S1, and the medial cutaneous tarsal nerve originated from L6-S1. The medial plantar nerve originated predominantly from L6-S1 roots, whereas the lateral plantar nerve originated from L6-S2 roots. The middle clunial nerve received afferent fibers primarily from S1-S2; the caudal clunial nerve received fibers from S1-S3. The caudal cutaneous femoral nerve originated predominantly from L7-S2. The dorsal nerve of the penis originated predominantly from S1-S2, and the superficial perineal nerve originated from S1-S3. One dog had a prefixed plexus, 8 dogs had median-fixed plexuses, and 1 dog had a postfixed plexus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

14.
The aim of this study was to clinically and radiographically evaluate acute bone shortening followed by gradual lengthening in the treatment of large segmental tibia defects induced in seven clinically normal dogs. A circular external fixator was assembled with one proximal 5/8-circle ring, one middle ring and one distal ring connected with three rods. Thirty per cent of the tibia and fibula were removed in the middle and distal parts of the diaphyses, between the middle and distal rings. Acute bone shortening with compression of proximal and distal segments was performed. A subperiosteal osteotomy was performed between the half-ring and middle ring. Bone distraction started 7 days after surgery; after lengthening, the apparatus was left in place for 14 weeks for consolidation of regenerated bone. The frame was removed at the end of this period, and the dogs observed for four more weeks. Functional results were considered excellent in two, good in three and fair in the other two dogs. Bone regeneration within the distraction gap was obtained 14 weeks after neutral fixation period. We concluded that acute bone shortening followed by gradual lengthening by Ilizarov method can be used to treat extensive tibial defects in dogs, although it presents limb temporary abnormal limb shape and unequal length as early disadvantages.  相似文献   

15.
Ferrets are considered a popular small mammal pet, and like other companion animals they are reported to suffer from diseases affecting the neuromuscular system. There currently is a lack of comprehensive electrodiagnostic study regarding the appendicular nerves of ferrets. In this research investigation, 25 domestic ferrets were used for electromyography and motor nerve conduction studies of the tibial, fibular, ulnar, and radial nerves, including H reflexes of the tibial and ulnar nerves, as well as sensory conduction of the fibular nerve. Mean and standard deviations for motor and sensory nerve studies were established. The hypothesis that weight would be correlated with all distal and proximal compound muscle action potential latencies was tested and confirmed for the tibial, fibular, and radial nerves but not the ulnar nerve.  相似文献   

16.
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether bupivacaine peripheral nerve block of the saphenous, tibial and common peroneal nerves proximal to the femoro-tibial joint reduces peri-operative pain following extracapsular surgical stabilization of cranial cruciate ligament rupture in the nonchondrodystrophoid dog. ANIMALS: Forty-one dogs with naturally acquired femoro-tibial joint instability. Study design Randomized, controlled, clinical trial. METHODS: Dogs diagnosed with suspected cranial cruciate ligament injury based on physical and radiographic evidence were randomly assigned to treatment (bupivacaine) or control (saline) nerve blocks before femoro-tibial joint surgery. Pain scores, skin sensation, pain threshold to incisional pressure, time to first systemic 'rescue' opioid analgesic and total analgesic dose were evaluated for 24 hours. p < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Treatment dogs had a significantly longer period of cutaneous desensitization than control dogs. There were no significant differences between treatment and control groups for pain score, pain threshold to incisional pressure, or time to first-rescue analgesic. The treatment group received significantly more supplemental analgesics than the control group. CONCLUSIONS: These peripheral nerve blocks were easy to perform and resulted in significant desensitization of the associated nerve autonomous zones, but did not improve post-operative analgesia. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Clinical benefit was not detected when using this technique for peri-operative pain management following extracapsular cranial cruciate ligament surgical stabilization.  相似文献   

17.
The goal of this study was to develop a method for computed tomographic (CT) measurement of tibial torsion, and to compare this technique with direct anatomic measurement of tibial torsion in cadaveric canine tibiae. Paired hind limbs of 10 cadaveric dogs were mounted on a custom-designed limb holding apparatus. One-millimeter thick, contiguous, transverse CT slices were obtained from the distal femur to the proximal tibia and 2 mm CT slices were obtained from the distal tibia to the proximal tarsus. The tibiae were freed of soft tissues and digital photographic images of the proximal and distal articular surfaces were obtained with the camera lens aligned perpendicular to the long axis of the tibia. Multiple proximal and distal tibial axes were identified on the images; two proximal and two distal axes were found to be repeatable in all specimens in both the direct and CT methods. The torsion angle was calculated by determining the difference between the axis angles for each pair of proximal and distal axes. There was no significant difference in torsion angle identified between the direct photographic and CT method for any pair of proximal and distal axes. CT determination of tibial torsion is a rapid and accurate method, and warrants investigation in clinical patients.  相似文献   

18.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of proximal tibial epiphysiodesis to reduce the tibial plateau slope in young dogs with cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) deficient stifles. Of the 14 treated dogs, eight had a bilateral injury, for a total of 22 joints. After physical and radiographical examination and measurement of tibial plateau slope, all of the dogs underwent surgery. Insertion of the screw was placed in the most proximal part of the tibial plateau, in its medio-lateral centre, aiming to the tibial shaft and using a K wire predriven as a guide; correct position of the screw was confirmed with intraoperative fluoroscopy or radiography. In all of the dogs the tibial slope was decreased at the time of physis fusion and the degree of change depended on the age and the breed of the dog at the time of surgery. The minimum change was 4 degrees and the maximum was 24 degrees. There was a statistically significant difference between tibial slope measured before surgery compared to tibial slope measured at the last follow-up visit after surgery. This study shows that the partial proximal tibial fusion in dogs with ACL injuries was effective in reducing the tibial slope during the residual growing time to such an extent to stabilize the joint, provided that the surgery had been carried out when there was still residual growing potential. The technique appeared to be mini-invasive and malalignment complications could be avoided by correct and precise insertion of the screw.  相似文献   

19.

Objective

To evaluate an ultrasound-guided technique for adductor canal (AC) block by describing the distribution of methylene blue around the AC, popliteal fossa, saphenous, tibial and common fibular nerves in dog cadavers.

Study design

Prospective experimental trial.

Animals

Ten mixed breed canine cadavers weighing 28.55 ± 3.94 kg.

Methods

Ultrasound scans of the AC were performed bilaterally in 10 canine cadavers. A high-frequency linear transducer was placed on the long axis of the pectineus muscle and using an in-plane technique, an insulated needle was introduced at a proximal to distal direction into the AC. Methylene blue 0.1% (0.3 mL kg?1) was administered followed by dissection. The presence of dye over the target nerves for ≥2 cm was considered successful distribution. Three of 10 cadavers were submitted to computed tomography (CT) and one of them to magnetic resonance (MR) evaluation.

Results

Methylene blue reached the AC in 20 (100%) and the popliteal fossa in 17 (85%) pelvic limbs. Staining was successful in the saphenous nerve (4.0 ± 1.57 cm) in 11 (55%) limbs, tibial nerve (2.65 ± 0.8 cm) in six (30%) and common fibular nerve (2.7 ± 0.9 cm) in four (20%). There was no evidence of staining around the motor branches of the femoral nerve. No intraneural or intravascular dye spread was found during dissections. Contrast distribution to the popliteal fossa was observed in three limbs (50%) in CT and in one (50%) MR image.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

Although the tibial and common fibular nerves were not stained as often as the saphenous nerve, dye was encountered throughout the popliteal fossa near the nerves. The AC block may be useful for intra and postoperative analgesia in stifle surgery with minimal femoral motor dysfunction. However, further study is required to confirm its efficacy and safety in vivo.  相似文献   

20.
OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of internal tibial rotation on the computed tomographic (CT) and standard radiographic assessment of tibial torsion (TT) in dogs. STUDY DESIGN: In vitro study. SAMPLE POPULATION: Cadaveric canine hind limbs (6 pairs). METHODS: The cranial cruciate ligament was transected, and caudo-cranial radiographic and transverse CT images were obtained with the femur and tibiae in a neutral position, and after 15 degrees internal tibial rotation. Radiographic TT was determined by measuring the distance (d) between the calcaneus and the sulcus of the talus. CT determination of TT was performed using the proximal transcondylar and the distal cranial tibial axes. The distance (d) in the 2 groups and the difference in the CT determination of TT between groups were compared with a hypothetical mean value of 0 mm and 0 degrees, respectively. RESULTS: The mean distance (d) for the neutral radiographic group was not significantly different from 0 (P=.473); however, for the 15 degree group it was significantly different (P<.0001). The difference in the CT determination of TT did not differ from 0 (P=.317). CONCLUSION: The standard radiographic technique does not discriminate between internal TT and internal rotation of the tibia. Thus, dogs with normal tibial conformation can be depicted by radiography as torsed, whereas dogs with TT may be misinterpreted as normal because of arbitrary positioning. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Lateral displacement of the medial border of the calcaneus on a caudo-cranial radiograph should not be used as the sole arbiter of TT before surgical correction.  相似文献   

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