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钾高效小麦基因型的筛选指标和筛选环境研究 总被引：12，自引：1，他引：12
不同植物或同一植物的不同基因型吸收和利用钾素的能力差异十分显著[1]。利用和选育耐低钾的植物基因型,挖掘作物自身基因潜力,是提高作物钾素营养效率和缓解我国钾素资源短缺,促进“生态环保型”农业可持续发展的一条有效途径。“钾高效”植物基因型的选育过程中,首先遇到的问题就是“钾高效”种质资源的筛选。针对不同作物和养分确立合适的筛选环境和筛选指标是做好这项工作的前提。近年来有关钾高效种质资源筛选的报道很多[2-5],这些研究采用的筛选环境有大田、土培、砂培、液培等,筛选指标有钾利用效率、钾利用指数、生物量、钾吸收动力… 相似文献
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水稻耐低钾基因型的筛选及吸钾特性的研究 总被引：12，自引：2，他引：10
筛选水稻耐低钾基因型最直接、客观方法是在低钾土壤上进行田间实验直接筛选,其结果可作为其他方法的比较标准.但该方法需时较长、工作量大,不能满足大批量快速、高速筛选的要求.因此,近年来国内外许多学者在探索用液培的方法进行筛选[1,2]. 相似文献
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耐低钾小麦品种筛选及其吸钾特性的研究 总被引：9，自引：2，他引：9
1993～1995年在缺钾土壤上进行田间微区和小区试验,筛选耐低钾小麦品种并研究其吸钾特性。试验结果表明,在缺钾土壤上不同小麦品种的产量存在显著差异。以耐低钾力和品种适应性及分级指标进行评定,在微区试验的45份供试小麦品种中耐低钾能力强(1级)的占4.4％,耐性很差(7～9级)的占37.8％,其余介于二者之间(3～5级)的占与57.8％。川麦23和898耐性强的特点在小区试验中得到进一步验证。它们在缺钾条件下比敏感品种能够吸收较多的钾素,且有较多钾在成熟期转移到子粒中,因而在不施钾肥的条件下可获较高产量。 相似文献
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作物不同基因型耐低氮性和氮效率研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
筛选耐低氮能力强、氮效率高的作物基因型是提高氮素利用效率,节约矿质营养资源,减少环境污染的一种有效途径。本文通过论述作物耐低氮性和氮效率的概念、筛选时期、评价指标,分析两者的异同点,发现作物耐低氮性和氮效率两者评价的指标和时期基本类似。同时,比较了氮素营养划分的不同类型,认为将不同基因型划分成低效不响应型、低效响应型、高效不响应型、高效响应型更合理,能更清晰表现出不同品种对氮素的利用状况。合理、全面评价作物不同基因型对氮素的利用状况,加强对作物耐低氮性和氮效率的生理机制和分子生物学机理研究,对于作物育种、栽培及发展节约高效的绿色农业具有重要意义。 相似文献
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结晶有机肥对土壤供钾能力及钾在烟株的分布特点 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：8
我国钾肥资源不足,缺钾面积大[1-2].钾是烟草品质重要指标,但国内烟叶含钾量偏低,施钾回收率往往不高[3 - 4].我国烟田土壤严重缺钾的面积达1/4,潜在缺钾面积更大[4].为解决烟叶含钾量偏低的问题,国内开展控制烟草K通道基因转移、筛选富钾育种材料和从栽培增钾渠道做了大量研究工作,但烟草钾量偏低现状仍未得到彻底解决[5].结晶有机肥在烟草生产中的应用已7年,2001年在全国11个种烟省的烟草新型肥料试验网的结果表明,它具有省肥、增产、改善烟叶品质的效果[6 - 8].最近又有报道关于结晶有机肥氮在土壤烟株中的分布[9].本文主要报道结晶有机肥对5种烟田土壤供钾能力的影响及结晶有机肥施用后,钾在烟叶中的含量和不同叶位的分布特点. 相似文献
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籽粒苋富钾基因型筛选研究 总被引：12，自引：4，他引：12
在营养液培养或土壤培养条件下,采用植株含钾量、单株吸钾量和植株吸钾率等作为富钾基因型的筛选指标,对不同籽粒苋(红苋Amranthus crenentus)品种的富钾能力进行了筛选。结果表明,D8-1、R109、R104和K12等品种对钾具有较强的富集能力,在低钾溶液培养30d(不包括25d的育苗期)和缺钾土壤培养60d时,其植株含钾(K)量一般都在3%～4%之间,单株吸钾(K)量分别在50～75mg和100～120mg范围内,植株(鲜根)吸钾速率大于1 70mol (gh),为富钾基因型;而M9和Cr047等品种对钾的富集能力则相对较弱,其植株含钾量一般在2.7%以下,单株吸钾量低于40mg和80mg,植株(鲜根)吸钾速率小于1.35mol (gh),属一般型。在供钾正常(K5mmol L,)时,所有品种的含钾量和吸钾量均大幅上升,但随着培养介质中钾浓度的提高,两基因型的富钾能力差距逐渐缩小,低钾溶液培养时含钾量和吸钾量最高的品种分别是最低时的2 5倍和2 3倍,而供钾正常时含钾量和吸钾量最高的品种仅分别为最低的1.3倍和1.8倍。因此,在缺钾土壤上播后60d或0.5mmol L的低钾溶液培养30d,能较好地反映两种基因型在富钾能力上的差异。同时,两种基因型在缺钾土壤上的根冠比和主根长仅为低钾溶液培养时的一半左右。但无论在那种介质中,富钾型的根冠比和主根长均大于一般型;在供钾 相似文献
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低土壤肥力下秸秆还田和施钾对作物产量及土壤钾素平衡的影响 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
为了研究我国华北平原低肥力土壤条件下秸秆还田和施钾肥对作物产量和钾素平衡的影响,于2008年10月～2011年10月在中国农业科学院高新技术园区国家测土施肥中心实验室试验基地（河北省廊坊市）,通过3年6季的定位试验,比较了施钾与秸秆还田的增产效应、钾素吸收利用和作物土壤系统的钾素平衡状况。结果表明:在氮、磷肥充足的情况下,施用钾肥（NPK）、秸秆还田（NP+St）和秸秆还田配施钾肥（NPK+St）,均有明显的增产效应,表现为NPK+StNPKNP+StNP;不同施钾措施在夏玉米上的增产效果优于冬小麦;同一作物秸秆还田结合施钾肥的增产效果最好,降低了年度间的产量变异系数,在获得高产的同时,年际间产量稳定,有利于稳产;施钾肥和秸秆还田可显著提高小麦和玉米的钾素吸收总量; NPK+St、NPK、NP+St处理的钾素表观平衡系数分别为1.26,0.42,0.92。秸秆还田和施钾肥有利于钾素的收支平衡,减轻作物对土壤钾素的消耗,缓解土壤钾素肥力下降的程度,可维持土壤钾素肥力的稳定。 相似文献
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《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(1)
Original Papers (pp. 805–810) K2Ca2Si2O7, the major component of fused potassium silicate fertilizer, released potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and silicon (Si) in a slow manner. The 10% of K in K2Ca2Si2O7 was quickly solubilized in water. Further K dissolution was very slow. The amounts of dissolved Ca and Si in water were much smaller than that of K. The decrease of the Ca and Si concentration in water indicated the occurrence of a re-deposit of Ca and Si at a later stage. The surface imaging method was used in order to study the slow-release process of K2Ca2Si2O7 in water. The surface analysis of K2Ca2Si2O7 particles after dissolution in water for 30 min showed that there were Ca- and Si-rich particles stuck on the fertilizer surface. The results of the analysis of the cross section of K2Ca2Si2O7 particles showed that the K content was lower than those of Ca and Si in the surface boundary layer. On the other hand, the mole ratio of K, Ca and Si was same inside the fertilizer particle. In the portion between the inside and the surface of the fertilizer particle, the content of K and Ca was lower than that of Si. These results indicated that the order of dissolution of fertilizer components from K2Ca2Si2O7 particle was first K, then Ca, and Si last. From the results mentioned above, the process of slow-release K was speculated to be as follows: 1) K on the particle surface was released quickly by an ion exchange reaction with hydrogen ions in water. 2) K inside the particle was released slowly because of dissolution through Si-O-Si bonds. 相似文献
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钾肥施用方式对烤烟钾素利用及土壤钾含量的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
采用大田试验,在河南驻马店烟区研究了钾肥施用方式对烤烟钾素利用及土壤钾含量的影响。结果表明,在施钾量相同条件下,随着钾肥的追施比例和追施次数增加,不同部位的烟叶含钾量均增加,尤其是上部叶钾含量显著增加,2次或3次追钾比1次追钾处理上部叶钾含量分别提高18.9%～26.9%、35.0%～41.1%,使耕层土壤供钾能力在整个烤烟生育期内持续稳定在较高水平,并减少了土壤钾素下移,增加了烟株总吸收钾量,显著提高了钾素的利用效率,以钾肥基追比3∶7、分3次追钾处理钾素利用效率最高,达45.48%。 相似文献
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土壤非交换态钾与结构态钾能够区分吗？ 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Nonexchangeable K (NEK) is the major portion of the reserve of available K in soil and a primary factor in determining soil K fertility. The questions of how much NEK is in soils and how to quantify total NEK in soils are so far still unclear due to the complicated effects of various minerals on K fixation. In this study, the NEK in 9 soils was extracted with sodium tetraphenylboron (NaBPh4) for various time periods longer than 1 d. The results showed that the NEK extracted by NaBPh4 gradually increased with time, but showed no more increase after the duration of extraction exceeded 10--20 d. As the temperature increased from 25 to 45 oC, the duration to obtain the maximum extraction of NEK was reduced from 20 to 10 d, and the maximum values of NEK released at both temperatures was almost the same for each soil. The maximum NEK (MNEK) of the 9 soils extracted by NaBPh4 varied from 3 074 to 10 081 mg kg-1, accounting for 21%--56% of the total soil K. There was no significant correlation between MNEK released by NaBPh4 and other forms of K, such as NH4OAc-extracted K, HNO3-extracted K and total K in soils, which indicates that NEK is a special form of K that has no inevitable relationship to the other forms of K in soils. The MNEK extraction by NaBPh4 in this study indicated that the total NEK in the soils could be differentiated from soil structural K and quantified with the modified NaBPh4 method. The high MNEK in soils made NEK much more important in the role of the plant-available K pool. How to fractionate NEK into different fractions and establish the methods to quantify each NEK fraction according to their bioavailability is of great importance for future research. 相似文献
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为了探讨根区施用钾肥对黄淮烟区石灰土烤烟产量和钾素吸收利用的影响,采用田间试验,研究根区枸溶性钾肥与硫酸钾配施对烟叶产量、钾含量以及钾素吸收利用的影响。试验共设9个处理,分别为CK、CP_1、CP_2、WP_1、WP_2、CW_(1-50%)、CW_(2-50%)、CW_(1-75%)与CW_(2-75%)(CK表示对照,CP表示只施用枸溶性钾肥,WP表示只施用硫酸钾,CW表示枸溶性钾肥与硫酸钾配施;数字1、2表示施用量分别为225、300 kg/hm~2,百分数表示硫酸钾的配施比例)。结果表明,烟叶钾含量随生育期推进呈下降趋势,不同施肥处理各时期烟叶钾含量均高于CK;不同施肥处理下土壤钾素在垂直和水平方向上迁移距离较小,根区钾肥施用可直接有效的增加根区土壤速效钾含量;施钾(K_2O)300 kg/hm~2与225 kg/hm~2相比,可显著提高烟叶钾含量和钾肥利用效率(P0.05);CW_(2-75%)处理下烟叶钾含量、土壤速效钾含量和钾肥利用率最高,而CW_(2-50%)处理下烟叶产量最高。综上所述,根区施用含75%硫酸钾的枸溶性钾肥300 kg/hm~2(CW_(2-75%)处理)可有效改善黄淮烟区石灰土钾素养分,提高该区烤烟产量、钾含量与钾肥利用效率,达到优质高产。 相似文献
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以云烟87为材料,通过小区田间试验,研究了优质烤烟对不同种类钾肥的吸收效应。结果表明,与不施钾对照相比,施钾增加了烟株干物质积累。不同钾肥品种间相比,在移栽60 d以后,以生物包膜缓释钾肥处理干物质积累量最高。施钾提高了土壤速效钾含量和烟株钾含量,在移栽后45 d以前,以碳酸钾处理对土壤速效钾和烟株钾含量的提高效果最好;在移栽60 d以后,土壤中速效钾和烟株各部位钾含量均以生物包膜缓释钾肥处理最高。收获期与常规硫酸钾处理相比,生物包膜缓释钾肥处理和碳酸钾处理钾素利用率分别提高16.81和7.93个百分点。从烤后烟叶钾含量分析,生物包膜缓释钾肥处理和碳酸钾处理均显著提高了烟叶钾含量。综合分析,以生物包膜缓释钾肥和碳酸钾肥代替常规硫酸钾肥能提高钾素利用率和烟叶钾含量,建议在生产上推广应用。 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(4):371-385
Abstract Although the basic chemistry and behavior of potassium in the soil is well understood, little of this knowledge is used in soil testing and practical soil fertility mangement. In this study the K buffer behavior of three individual soils (Hagerstown silt loam (Typic Hapludalf), Gatesburg sand (Entic Haplorthod) and Gilpin channery silt loam (Typic Hapludult)) was investigated. The buffer relationships determined indicated very different K behavior for these soils even though exchangeable K soil tests indicated similar K levels. It was also determined that for these soils the buffer relationship was apparently independent of previous K management, indicating that the K buffer behavior could be included as part of soil characterization data. The role of nonexchangeable K in determining K buffer behavior was also investigated. It was found that the levels of solution K where the release of nonexchangeable K becomes measurable (0.27 ‐ 0.83 × 10‐4 M) are similar to solution K levels reportedly required for crop growth (0.02 ‐ 0.95 × 10‐4 M). It was also found that these soils were capable of maintaining a relatively high level of exchangeable K even after extraction of significant amounts of nonexchangeable K with sodium tetraphenyl boron. It was concluded that K buffering behavior of individual soils could and should be included in K management decisions involving corrective soil treatments and/or crop removal estimation. Otherwise, based on current soil tests, soils with very different K buffer behavior will be treated similarly. 相似文献
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Lemos SG Nogueira AR Torre-Neto A Parra A Artigas J Alonso J 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2004,52(19):5810-5815
A potentiometric sensor system based on potassium ion-selective electrodes was developed for agricultural purposes. Sensors were built using PVC ion-selective membranes over an inner solid contact prepared with graphite-epoxy composites. A copper plate was used as a reference electrode. A two-stage electronic circuit composed of current and voltage amplifiers was designed to interface the sensors to a distributed data acquisition system. Three ion-selective sensors and three off-the-shelf temperature sensors and their associated circuits were mounted in a PVC tube to set up a soil probe. The electronic controls were placed in an airtight box fixed at the upper part of the probe. The system was evaluated in the field, where the sensors presented sensibility within the range of 69-71 mV dec(-)(1). Extracts of soil samples were analyzed by a current flame photometry approach, and the results, compared with the probe measurements, showed a linear relationship (r (2) = 0.992 and 0.995, respectively, to 5 and 20 cm depths), which implies viability and instrumentation reliability for agricultural applications. 相似文献
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水钾一体化对烤烟钾素吸收及生长的影响 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4