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1.
T A Bell 《Aquaculture Research》1995,26(9):679-685
Aquaculture, for better or worse, depends in part on drugs for the prevention, control and eradication of a variety of diseases. The US Food and Drug Administration's Centre for Veterinary Medicine, through the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, strictly controls the approval and use of drugs in animals, including aquatic animals. Laws and regulations exist that regulate the investigational use and approval of new animal drugs for all animals. However, in reality, these mandates must be uniquely interpreted for aquatic species. Very few drugs are approved for use in aquatic species. There is a growing effort by non-traditional sponsors (aquaculturists as opposed to pharmaceutical firms) to gain approvals for several new animal drugs. Simultaneously, the federal government, including the Centre for Veterinary Medicine, is working aggressively with the private and public aquaculture sectors to facilitate submission and subsequent approval of new animal drug applications. The drug approval procedures and requirements for aquatic animals are discussed. Special attention is given to their similarities and differences, relative to traditional terrestrial animals. 相似文献
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3.
W Erhardt J Haberstroh M Schindele B Niehaus K P Vick G Blümel 《Tier?rztliche Praxis》1988,16(2):179-185
The concept of balanced anaesthesia aims at an anaesthetic method for high risk patients by combination of different anaesthetic drugs. The anaesthetics and muscle-relaxants have to work in a way as to potentiate their effects and to reduce the side effects as well as the applied dosage. With this sensible regime the circulation and the metabolic energy should be less burdened. For the introduction of balanced anaesthesia, a combination of benzodiazepines (relaxing and sedative), morphine (analgetic and sedative) and quickly metabolizing hypnotics of the imidazol group (hypnotic and relaxing) is used. A fentanyl-drip-infusion continues and deepens the analgesia. After endotracheal intubation with the help of the carrier-gas nitrous oxide (weakly analgetic) and oxygen (2:1) a low concentration of volatile inhalation anaesthetics (weakly hypnotic) is added. Under artificial respiration low doses of competitive antidepolarizing neuromuscular blockers help to potentiate and reduce drug amounts of other anaesthetics especially of that for inhalation. At the end of balanced anaesthesia an antagonization of benzodiazepines, morphines and competitive neuromuscular blockers is recommended for emergency situations only because of possibly occurring changes of cardiovascular parameters. 相似文献
4.
F R Ungemach 《Tier?rztliche Praxis》1985,13(1):35-53
Doping in performance horses is defined as the "illegal application of any substance, except normal diet, that might modify the natural and present capacities of the horse at the time of the race." The prohibition of doping is mainly based on the protection of animals. Doping can be performed with various aims: "doping to win" can be regarded as the classical method by mobilization of overphysiological capacities. Such positive doping may be classified as an acute form using psychomotoric stimulants, as a chronic form using anabolic hormones, and as a paradoxical form using small doses of neuroleptics or tranquilizers in excitable horses. In larger doses these sedatives are acting for "doping to loose" in a more subtle manner as compared to hypnotics. According to the doping regulations there is no difference between therapy and doping at the time of the race. Thus at the race all medications to restore normal performance have to be regarded as doping. This fact especially concerns the therapy of lamenesses with non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs or local anesthetics. A particular problem is "inadvertent" doping due to unknown side effects, combinations of drugs, galenic supplements or food additives. Accidental doping may further be caused by the unawareness of elimination times. At the moment no exact withdrawing times can be defined due to the manifold interindividual variations at different levels of the pharmacokinetics. As a border-line case of doping the application of endogenous substances, like electrolytes or glucose, may be regarded. Though their parenteral application is prohibited prior to the race, only bicarbonate or "blood doping" may be considered to be effective as positive doping. Special doping methods are the use of "masking" substances or diuretics in order to make more difficult the detection of illegal drugs as well as physical doping procedures which are often hardly to define and which thus are only in part included in the doping regulations. 相似文献
5.
Combination anesthesia in sheep with ketamine-(fentanyl)-guaifenesin (My 301)-laughing gas-halothane
M Schindele C Bl?ttchen W Brosch G Blümel J Roder W Erhardt 《Tier?rztliche Praxis》1990,18(6):585-589
The concept of combined anaesthesia, the centrally-acting muscle relaxant guaifenesin (My 301) in a 5% solution with ketamine (and/or fentanyl) in addition to the inhalation of nitrous oxide and halothane is based upon the principle of "balanced anaesthesia". Guaifenesin amplifies the effect of several anaesthetics, which complement one another, allowing the dosage to be decreased and thereby reducing the cardiovascular stress. To induce anaesthesia, the combination of a cataleptic anaesthetic (ketamine = Ketanest, Ketolar) and a centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant (guaifenesin = Myolaxin, My 301) is used. Because of the risk of aspiration the animal should be intubated as soon as possible. Anaesthesia will be prolonged by the carrier gas nitrous oxide (65%, weakly analgesic)/oxygen (65%), low concentrations of halothane (1.0 to 0.6 to 0.4%, weakly hypnotic and analgesic) and by a continuous drip infusion of 5% guaifenesin (relaxing, mild analgesic and sedative). The effect of all the other anaesthetics is increased by guaifenesin. To increase the analgesia and to control the cardiovascular parameters the additional injection of ketamine or fentanyl is recommended. The recovery period is short and the general condition is good both after a lengthy anaesthesia of 9 hours (n = 32) and after anaesthesia of 2 hours. No significant adverse effects on the cardiovascular system were detected. 相似文献
6.
Dr. John F. Burka Heather A. Briand Cheryl Ann Wartman Jeffrey G. Hogan William P. Ireland 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1996,15(2):95-104
Mediators and mechanisms responsible for the inhibitory modulation of trout intestinal smooth muscle were examined using a series of putative mediators and substances known to modulate neurotransmission in mammalian systems. Frequency response relationships to transmural stimulation and concentration response relationships to 5-hydroxytryptamine, carbachol, and substance P were established on paired segments of rainbow trout intestinein vitro in the presence and absence of putative modulatory agents. Modulation of neurally-mediated contractions of trout intestine was achieved with dibutyryl cyclic AMP and forskolin, agents that increase intracellular levels of cyclic AMP. The effect appears to be at the level of the smooth muscle, since the adenylate cyclase activator, forskolin, inhibited muscarinic and serotoninergic contractions as well as transmurally stimulated contractions. Substance P-induced contractions were unaffected by forskolin. The endogenous agonists/neurotransmitters which would increase cyclic AMP levels in rainbow trout intestinal smooth muscle are as yet unknown. The effects do not appear to be modulated by vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), calcitonin, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), or agents that activate -adrenoceptors. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and 2-adrenergenic agonists are possible agents which will decrease contractility of the smooth muscle. They were only active in the proximal intestine and on transmurally stimulated contractions. The effects of both PGE2 and 2-agonists appear to be prejunctional, decreasing release of contractile neurotransmitters in the enteric nervous system. 相似文献
7.
Effects of the native GnRHs and various agonists have been evaluated on the spawning of an Indian catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis. This study tested salmon (s) GnRH agonists and mammalian (m) GnRH agonists where a D-amino acid residue was substituted alone at position 6 or the C-terminal was modified with ethylamide. GnRH agonists with a combination of these structural modifications were also evaluated separately for their effect on the spawning of the catfish. Native sGnRH, [Pro9 NEt]-sGnRH agonist and chicken (c) GnRH-II exhibited similar activity and induced spawning within 14–18 h at a dose of 100 g kg–1 body weight (BW). [D-Lys6]-sGnRH agonist and [D-Lys6 Pro9 NEt]-sGnRH agonist, induced spawning at a dose of 100 g kg–1 BW and 1 g kg–1 BW, respectively. The most notable observation in this study was the ineffectiveness of [D-Ala6]-mGnRH agonist and [Des Gly10 D-Ala6 Pro9 NEt]-mGnRH agonist. The results obtained suggest that substitution at position 6 alone, and in conjunction with an ethylamide-based modification at the C-terminal in the native sGnRH structure, increases the potency of the tested agonists to induce spawning in the catfish. This study also discusses the potential use and incorporation of cGnRH-II for the development of more generic spawning induction therapies. 相似文献
8.
In therapy lasting between 8 and 79 (means = 31) months 22 epileptic dogs had been unsuccessfully treated with phenobarbital and/or primidone. Both drugs had been administered in their maximum dosages. In an add-on therapy, these dogs were given potassium bromide at a rate of 17 to 58 mg/kg daily for a period of 7 to 61 (means = 21) months. We could quantitatively evaluate the seizure data from 19 of the dogs: four became free of seizures; seven showed a greater than 50% reduction in seizure frequency; in two dogs, the seizures were reduced by greater than 50% but the number of seizure-days by less than 50%; in the remaining six dogs the therapy was unsuccessful. We achieved the best therapeutic results in animals that suffered only grand mal seizures. Grand mal in addition to other types of seizures and tonic seizures were affected to a lesser extent if at all. At the beginning of the therapy we saw temporary side effects--weakness in the hind limbs and sedation; these were temporary and dependent on the dosage. Serum concentrations differed even with the same dosage among individual dogs. The therapeutic range of bromide serum concentration was from 0.7 to 2.0 mg/ml. Most of the animals tolerated concentrations up to 1.5 mg/ml quite well. To begin an add-on therapy with potassium bromide we would recommend a daily dose of 30 to 40 mg/kg. During treatment, the dose should be determined for each individual dog. 相似文献
9.
Since the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is one of the main causes of atherosclerosis, Cu2+-induced LDL oxidation and conjugated diene formation is currently being explored for the development of pharmaceutical drugs or functional foods for the treatment of atherosclerosis. The present work investigated the inhibitory effects on in vitro Cu2+-induced human LDL oxidation and conjugated diene formation of the methanol (MeOH) extract of the edible brown alga (Ecklonia stolonifera) and its different solvent-soluble fractions, as well as the phlorotannins isolated from them. The most active ethyl acetate fraction was selected for chromatographic separation to isolate six phlorotannins: phloroglucinol (1), dioxinodehydroeckol (2), eckol (3), phlorofucofuroeckol A (4), dieckol (5), and 7-phloroeckol (6). Compounds 3?C6 showed potent inhibitory activity against Cu2+-induced LDL oxidation as compared with probucol, a well-known clinical therapeutic agent for hypercholesterolemia. Moreover, when compound 5 (at levels of 9 and 4.5???M) was used in combination with probucol (4.5???M), they additively inhibited Cu2+-induced LDL oxidation. In addition, 3?C5 significantly prolonged the lag time of conjugated diene formation at 10???M. These results suggest that the potent antiatherosclerotic effects of E. stolonifera and its isolated phlorotannins may be partly attributed to the inhibition of Cu2+-induced LDL oxidation and conjugated diene formation. 相似文献
10.
基于GNOME溢油模型模拟"世纪之光"轮沉没溢油事件的漂移轨迹和扩散分布。采用FVCOM水动力模型模拟建立潮流场,与《潮汐表》的结果基本吻合。采用美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP)的环境预报系统再分析资料(CFSR)的风场,通过GNOME溢油模型进行数值模拟,得出最小遗憾轨迹跟最佳预测区域,并采用泰森分析法进行污染面积分析。结果显示,将21 h的模拟结果与MODIS遥感监测数据对照发现,漂移位置基本吻合。参照各种渔业资源的评估标准、海洋生态损害和损失补偿评估的方法,将模拟结果与拖网调查数据相结合,分别计算出游泳动物直接经济损失为6.1万元,渔业资源4d内的直接损失为51.29万元,得出"世纪之光"轮4 d内的溢油损失已达到了211.26万元。本研究将数值模拟方法与渔业资源的评估相互联系,不通过现场观测就可以对渔业资源的损失进行估算。GNOME溢油模型可以运用于类似的溢油事故溢油轨迹和扩散的快速预报,为溢油事故应急响应提供了参考。 相似文献
11.
Anaesthetic and antioxidant effects of Myrcia sylvatica (G. Mey.) DC. and Curcuma longa L. essential oils on tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) 
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下载免费PDF全文 Etiane M H Saccol Cândida Toni Tanise S Pês Giovana M Ourique Luciane T Gressler Lenise V F Silva Rosa H V Mourão Ricardo B Oliveira Bernardo Baldisserotto Maria A Pavanato 《Aquaculture Research》2017,48(5):2012-2031
Anaesthetic substances are necessary to reduce fish stress during aquaculture activities. The objectives of this study were: (i) to determine the efficacy of essential oils (EOs) of Myrcia sylvatica (EOMS) and Curcuma longa (EOCL) as anaesthetics for Colossoma macropomum and (ii) to evaluate the effects of rapid anaesthesia and long‐term sedation (6 h) with these oils. Therefore, the main primary stress indicator (cortisol) and secondary factors (biochemical indices, hepatic metabolism, oxidative biomarkers) were measured. Sedation with the EOCL resulted in lower cortisol levels compared to control group. Total cholesterol levels were lower in fish sedated with EOMS than in control. Lactate levels were higher in fish anaesthetized with both EOs and sedated with EOCL compared to control. Both EOs increased hepatic glycogen levels after anaesthesia and EOMS increased this parameter after sedation compared to control. Anaesthesia and sedation with EOs resulted in lower levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO) compared to control. In turn, the activity of some antioxidant enzymes evaluated (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione‐S‐transferase), the content of non‐protein thiols and total reactive antioxidant potential were higher in tissues of fish anaesthetized and sedated with EOs compared to control. This induction of antioxidant capacity in the tissues could be due to the antioxidant property exerted by these EOs. Thus, EOMS and EOCL are recommended for anaesthesia and sedation of fish because in spite of inducing anaerobic metabolism, these EOs did not alter most biochemical parameters, reduced the LPO and increased the antioxidant capacity in vital tissues. 相似文献
12.
CYP酶代谢是药物生物转化的主要途径,其数量和活性大小直接影响药物在体内的活化与代谢。我们对草鱼肝微粒体CYP酶含量及其活性进行了初步研究,以差速离心法提取草鱼肝微粒体,以CO还原差示光谱法测得CYP酶及细胞色素b5含量分别为0.619±0.102 nmol/mg、0.264±0.042 nmol/mg。以7-乙氧异吩噁唑酮-O-脱乙基反应、苯胺-4-羟化反应、氨基比林-N-脱甲基反应作为CYP1A、CYP2E、CYP3A的探针反应,测得EROD酶活为0.043±0.004 nmol/mg/min,ANH酶活为0.028±0.002 nmol/mg/min,AMND酶活为0.207±0.035 nmol/mg/m in。结果表明草鱼肝微粒体中CYP酶发育完好,并且具有参与药物代谢的3种主要亚型活性,其含量与活性大小与其它实验动物相差较大。本实验的方法与结果为草鱼CYP酶的系统研究提供可靠手段,最终为指导水产合理用药提供理论依据。 相似文献
13.
An overview of the circulation of the liver and of the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy as a result of portal vascular anomalies is given. Clinical signs associated with portal systemic shunts are described on the basis of 16 cases, 14 dogs and 2 cats. These animals ranged in age at the time of presentation from 4 months to 7 years. The predominant abnormality observed were central nervous signs, which differed in severity. 15 animals showed a reduction in liver size. The different techniques of contrast angiography allowing demonstration of a portal systemic shunt are presented along with a discussion of the pros and cons of each. Additionally the significance of making portal venous pressure measurements prior to each angiography is also explained. In most cases mesenteric portography was chosen. Based on their location the anomalies could be categorized as intrahepatic (4 dogs) or extrahepatic (10 dogs, 2 cats). In both groups breeds of various size are represented. The extrahepatic shunts could be further described as portal-caval (n = 5), portal-phrenic (n = 4) and portal-azygos (n = 3). In five of the older animals angiography showed in addition some hepatic perfusion by the portal vein. Laboratory evaluation revealed increased resting blood ammonia concentrations (greater than 200-912 micrograms/100 ml) in all animals. Seven dogs had definitely subnormal BUN concentrations (less than 10 mg%) and ten dogs low total plasmaprotein levels (less than 5.4 g%). Free amino acids (24) were determined in four dogs and a lowered hepatic encephalopathy index (less than 1.64) was found. Medical palliative therapy to control the clinical signs is discussed. The only effective long term therapy is, however, surgery. The shunt vessel is narrowed so that a greater volume of portal blood reaches the liver. Experience gained from the surgical therapy of 14 animals is presented. Ten of these survived well without requiring further therapy at a later time. Finally the etiology, prognosis, and differential diagnosis are summarized. 相似文献
14.
湿地水环境生态恢复及研究展望 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
水环境退化是全球面临的重要问题,为了恢复受损的水生态系统,促进良性的生态演替,保证人类可持续发展的需要,湿地水环境生态恢复技术已成为当前各国关注的焦点。湿地水环境恢复主要有生态拦截技术、湿地植物净化技术、水生动物净化技术、基于水环境处理的人工浮岛技术和人工湿地净化技术等。在这些技术的研究与应用中,湿地植物对污染物的耐受性和多种生态恢复模式的整合将成为今后湿地恢复研究的焦点;同时应该深入研究湿地水环境恢复的基础理论和技术,探讨其内在的规律和机理,并建设典型湿地水环境恢复示范工程;建立湿地水环境生态恢复技术标准和规范,完善水生态系统健康评估体系,为该技术在我国的广泛推广和应用提供理论和技术支持。 相似文献
15.
A Mayr 《Tier?rztliche Praxis》1989,17(4):399-402
The general problems of immunization against parvoviroses are only understandable when knowing the basic principles of epidemiology, pathogenesis and immunology of those virus infections. The main difficulties with regard to vaccinations are 1. efficacy of homologous respectively heterologous vaccines, 2. indications for live resp. inactivated vaccines, 3. combination with other vaccines, 4. bridging of the "immunological gap" (refractory phase) of puppies, 5. mode of application and timing of vaccinations (schedule of vaccinations), 6. failure in vaccinated animals, 7. complications originating from vaccinations, 8. passive immunization. 相似文献
16.
Acute toxicity and anesthetic effects of clove oil were studied in P. semisulcatus (1.8–2.1 g body weight). The EC50 1-h (the concentration effective for 50% of test animals), LC50 1-h (the concentration lethal to 50% of test animals after 1 h) and LC50 24-h (the concentration lethal to 50% of test animals after 24 h) were calculated at concentrations of 25, 130 and 30 mg/l, respectively, at 30°C, salinity 40 ppt, pH 8.6 and dissolved oxygen >6 mg/l. Generally, with increasing concentrations of clove oil, the times required for sedation and anesthesia decreased, while the recovery times increased. At concentrations 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/l under temperature of 30°C and salinity of 40 ppt, the times required for sedation were 6 ± 0.2, 2.5 ± 0.3, 2 ± 0.08 and 0.5 ± 0.08 min, while times required for complete recovery were calculated to be 4.5 ± 0.3, 5.5 ± 0.17, 6.5 ± 0.25 and 11 ± 0.38 min, respectively. Also, the times required for deep anesthesia were 20 ± 1, 5 ± 0.5, 3 ± 0.4 and 2.2 ± 0.5 min in the above concentrations, while the times required for complete recovery were 10 ± 1, 11 ± 1.5, 14 ± 2.2 and 16 ± 3 min, respectively. Furthermore, considering the times to sedation, deep anesthesia and recovery at different temperatures of 20°C, 25°C, 30°C and 35°C and salinities of 25, 30, 35, 40 and 48 ppt; the combinations of salinity plus temperature and clove oil concentration plus salinity had the greatest and the least effects. 相似文献
17.
The plasma membrane from spermatozoa of rainbow trout was isolated by four techniques: sonication, hypotonic shock, mechanical homogenization after freeze-thawing, and nitrogen cavitation, in combination with continuous sucrose gradient centrifugation. Nitrogen cavitation (900 PSI, 20 min equilibration at 4°C) was the most effective technique.Following nitrogen cavitation, four bands were recovered in the sucrose gradient at densities 1.03, 1.05, 1.09 and 1.15 g/ml. Electron microscopy revealed membrane vesicles of various sizes in bands 1 to 3, while enzyme analysis revealed a 3.9 to 5.5-fold enrichment in 5'-nucleotidase and little contamination by lactate dehydrogenase (cytosol) and succinic dehydrogenase (mitochondria). Lipid analysis of bands 1 and 2 indicated a 6 to 7-fold enrichment in cholesterol and a cholesterol: phospholipid ratio of 0.59–0.70. Seven classes of phospholipids were present in bands 1–3 with no significant differences observed among bands. These data indicate that the vesicles (in bands 1 and 2) obtained after nitrogen cavitation are primarily plasma membranes. Membranes in band 3 appear to be slightly contaminated with nuclear membranes.Most of the plasma membrane proteins were acidic to neutral. The 2 main membrane proteins were 42 and 30 Kilodaltons. 相似文献
18.
L Stitz 《Tier?rztliche Praxis》1991,19(5):509-514
Borna disease is a naturally occurring meningoencephalomyelitis of sheep and horses. After experimental infection of rats with Borna disease virus a biphasic disease with initial gait disturbances and later paresis and paralysis can be observed. The disease symptoms in these experimental animals resemble those of the natural hosts. The disease is not caused by the infecting virus itself but rather by a CD4+ T cell-mediated immune response. After the pathogenesis had been elucidated new strategies for the therapy of Borna disease by interfering with the immune reaction have been developed. Treatment with immunosuppressive drugs, with monoclonal antibodies directed against certain immune cells and with mediators of the immune reaction resulted in an inhibition or significant reduction of Borna disease symptoms. 相似文献
19.
药物防治的临床药理学与水产药物学问题 总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18
阐述了影响水产养殖中药物防治效果的临床药理学的几个重要参数和水产药物学在药物制剂、给药方案、治疗药物的检测和治疗效果等方面存在的问题,及其给水产养殖动物造成的不良后果。并提出了正确用药的原则和方法。 相似文献
20.
With the continued popularity of pet aquaculture and concurrent demands for advances in veterinary medicine of fish species, a need exists for a reliable, safe, and environmentally noncontaminating method of sedation. With appropriate sedation, fish can be more safely transported or handled for veterinary care. Sedation can minimize stress or physical damage caused by handling and capture, and prepare fish for the deeper planes of anesthesia necessary for more extensive handling, longer transport, or invasive procedures. This study assessed the efficacy of ketamine as a sedative when administered orally to three species of fish: common goldfish, Carassius auratus, ocellated river stingray, Potamotrygon motoro, and hybrid striped bass, Morone saxatilis×Morone chrysops. A practical application opportunity that became available at the end of the study demonstrated the use of oral ketamine in the transport of a single arapaima, Arapaima gigas. 相似文献