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1.
鉴于低洼粘朽稻田采用翻(14-16 cm深)-耙-耢耕作方法有许多不足之处,影响水稻的产量和作业成本的降低.因此设计了稻田少耕轮耕体系.经过第一、二阶段试验——平翻深松少耕体系,肯定了稻田加深耕层的增产作物及两年的后效.为了降低平翻深松作业次数和成本,设计了旋耕深松-耙茬(或旋耕)一耙茬的三年少耕轮耕体系.经过三年试验,证明这种耕作体系有增产10%以上和降低作业成本52.8%的效果.同时设计和制造了相应的农具—水旱兼用旋耕机. 相似文献
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苏联考斯特洛夫从1973年在莫尔多科夫农业试验站开始进行少耕的研究,试验的土壤为淋溶黑土,耕层腐植质8%,全氮0.36%。轮作采用玉米、豌豆、冬黑麦、大麦、玉米等五年五区轮作制。耕深处理,翻地耕深有30、25厘米,耙槎8厘米。试验的气候条件,73年降雨量和气温接近平均年,74年春夏热,75年大旱,76年是湿润年,77年为旱年。试验结果表明,进行耙茬和翻耕比,没使土壤坚实度变紧。土壤水分状况并没有变坏,如1975年6月8日测定0～20厘米土壤水分,连年翻25厘米为20.5%、30厘米为21.5%,而耙茬的为21.1%。花20至40厘米土甚水分相应为25.4%、23.1%、25.4%。 相似文献
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1979～1985年,在小麦-玉米一年两熟种植方式中,以耙地并投入玉米秸或投入玉米秸和小麦秸代替传統的麦前翻耕法,结果表明,“少耕”和“培肥”相结合,可以全面改善土壤营养状况和土壤水分状况,耙层土壤容重偏小,促进小麦根系和地上部的生育,使小麦、玉米增产。便耙秸还田延至三、四年,耙层下部的容重比对照偏大,耙层的容重亦逐漸大于对照,影响根系良好发育,小麦、玉米不再表现增产。据此,提出了在小麦-玉米一年两熟方式中,將小麦播前翻耕的传統耕法改为耙、耕交替,即耙秸两年,翻耕一年的土壤耕作制。以改善土壤的营养和物理状况,提高作物产量,降低成本。并克服连续耙秸,土壤容重增大,有碍作物根系生育的缺点。 相似文献
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1989～1990年在内蒙古武川旱农实验区进行了马铃薯茬耙茬少耕的试验,结果表明:少耕能维持土壤结构的稳定性,增加了耕层当量直径为3～30μm的中等孔隙(主要为有效持水孔隙),减少了大于30μm的大孔隙(主要为引起失墒的通气孔隙);耕层总孔隙度减小,饱和导水率降低,且与总孔隙度高度相关(r=0.9957);在基模势为0.1×10~5～0.7×10~5 Pa 时,少耕不饱和导水率大于翻耕;少耕犁底层总孔隙度增大,有利于上下层土壤的水气交换,少耕改善了土壤物理性质。 相似文献
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[目的]探讨不同耕作方式与秸秆还田对土壤肥力影响。[方法]利用扬州大学连续定位的稻麦两熟保护性耕作试验平台为主要技术,试验共设置6个处理(连续免耕秸秆覆盖、轮耕1、轮耕2、翻耕秸秆全量还田、少耕秸秆半量还田、翻耕秸秆不还田)。[结果]秸秆还田,特别是翻耕秸秆全量还田(CTS)有助于提高土壤耕层有机质的含量,但土壤有机质含量受秸秆还田量的多少和翻耕程度影响不大。与其他处理相比,少耕(MTS)和翻耕秸秆还田(CTS)处理均能提高土壤全氮含量。[结论]连续免耕秸秆覆盖处理显著提高了土壤表层的碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量。一定程度的秸秆还田也有助于土壤养分的提高。 相似文献
6.
稻田轮耕土壤氮素矿化及土壤供氮量的研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
在稻田连续少耕3季的基础上，分区设定“2年4熟”一个轮耕周期的试验组合，对试验第3季的水稻进行较系统的测定。结果表明：①淹水密闭培养测定的矿化氮，连少耕土壤较高，连耕、轮耕土壤较低。②施氮处理植株含氮率轮耕前期较低，后期较高；土壤供氮量连耕较高，连少耕最低，与培养法测定的矿化氮结果相反。③轮耕有较高的氮肥利用效率，在生产上，与常规耕和连续少耕相比，轮耕可适当减少氮肥施用量。④轮耕后土壤容重和穿透阻力居于连少耕和连耕之间，但仍保持在水稻生长的适宜范围内；连少耕7～14cm土层紧实，影响水稻根系生长和对氮素的吸收。 相似文献
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耙秸轮耕土壤耕作制是一套可实现粮食作物高产高效的新型土壤耕作技术体系,该技术在小麦——玉米一年两熟条件下,以机械化为手段,将“少耕”和“秸秆培肥”有机结合起来。它能充分利用剩余的小麦和玉米秸杆,全面改善土壤的理化状况,提高土壤肥力并增强抗旱保墒能力,有效地促进作物产量的提高。同时,农艺与农机紧密结合,开创了一条既能实现粮食作物高产高效,又能提高农业机械化水平的新途径。 配套技术措施;用免耕播种机铁茬播种夏玉米或在套种玉米后采用谷物联合收割机收获小麦,留茬高度在20厘米以上,脱出秸杆均匀覆盖田间。有条件的可在玉米播后喷阿特拉津除草(每亩用0.2公斤原液),也可结合田间管理在雨季前进行玉米行间松土(20—25厘米)。 相似文献
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9.
１９８９－１９９０年在内蒙古武川旱农实验区进行了马铃薯茬耙茬少耕的试验，结果表明：少耕能维持土壤结构的稳定性，增加了耕层当量直径为３－３０μｍ的中等孔隙（主要为有效持水孔隙），减少了大于３０μｍ的大孔隙（主要为引起失墒的通气孔隙）；耕层总孔隙度减小，饱和导水率降低，且与总孔隙度高度相关（ｒ＝０．９９５７）在基模势为０．１×１０＾－０．７×１０＾５Ｐａ时，少耕不饱和导水率大于翻耕；少耕犁底层总孔隙度 相似文献
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2009—2010年,通过大田试验,在不同灌水梯度下,研究了少耕和秸秆覆盖对小麦间作玉米产量、耗水特性及水分利用效率的影响,旨在为高效节水间作技术体系的构建提供新思路。研究表明：间作处理的土地当量比(LER)为1.46～1.56,间作优势明显;高灌水平与低、中灌水平相比,少耕留茬间作及传统间作中,玉米组分经济产量平均提高44.4%和9.31%,小麦组分经济产量平均提高10.22%和2.36%;少耕留茬显著提高了小麦间作玉米播种前和收获后0～120 cm土层平均贮水量。少耕留茬、间作及灌水量均是影响小麦、玉米耗水量的主导因子,将少耕留茬集成于间作,并结合中灌水处理,为提高小麦、玉米WUE的最优组合。 相似文献
11.
深松（耕）方式对砂姜黑土耕层特性、作物产量和水分利用效率的影响 总被引：18，自引：2，他引：16
【目的】研究深松（耕）方式对砂姜黑土耕层特性、作物产量、水分利用效率和经济效益的影响,筛选砂姜黑土区适宜的土壤耕作制度,为构建砂姜黑土合理耕层提供依据。【方法】试验设置5个冬小麦-夏玉米周年耕作处理,分别为秋季旋耕+夏季免耕（ART+SNT,对照）、秋季深松+夏季免耕（ASS+SNT）、秋季深耕+夏季免耕（ADMP+SNT）、秋季深耕+夏季下位深松（ADMP+SSSS）和秋季深耕+夏季侧位深松（ADMP+SSSL）。研究深松（耕）方式对冬小麦-夏玉米土壤物理特性、根系形态、作物产量和水分利用效率的影响。【结果】深松（耕）显著降低了土壤紧实度和土壤三相比R值,促进了冬小麦和夏玉米根系生长,提高了作物产量和水分利用效率,且深耕的效应大于深松,在冬小麦季深松（耕）的影响大于夏玉米季。与秋季旋耕+夏季免耕相比,秋季深松（耕）土壤紧实度降低20.9%,土壤三相比R值降低12.9%,作物根系干重密度增加29.8%,冬小麦、夏玉米及周年总产分别增加22.0%、8.8%和15.2%,冬小麦季、夏玉米季及周年水分利用效率分别增加18.2%、7.9%和14.0%,经济效益增加19.8%。秋季深耕+夏季深松对土壤耕层特性的改良效果优于单一秋季深松（耕）,其作物根系生长、产量和水分利用效率均高于单一秋季深松（耕）。与单一秋季深松（耕）相比,秋季深耕+夏季深松土壤紧实度和土壤三相比R值降低5.6%和15.0%,作物增产4.4%,水分利用效率和经济效益增加4.0%和3.3%。5个处理中,以秋季深耕+夏季侧位深松对土壤耕层特性的改良效果最好,作物根系生长量、产量和水分利用效率最高。秋季深耕+夏季侧位深松土壤紧实度和土壤三相比R值比秋季旋耕+夏季免耕分别降低28.4%和26.6%,夏玉米根长、根系表面积、根系体积和根系干重密度分别增加67.0%、45.3%、23.1%和49.5%。秋季深耕+夏季侧位深松冬小麦、夏玉米和周年作物产量比秋季深耕+夏季免耕分别增加5.5%、3.4%和4.4%,比秋季旋耕+夏季免耕分别增加27.8%、11.6%和19.4%;冬小麦季、夏玉米季及周年水分利用效率比秋季深耕+夏季免耕分别增加3.7%、3.5%和4.1%,比秋季旋耕+夏季免耕分别增加20.9%、10.7%和18.1%;经济效益比秋季旋耕+夏季免耕增加24.4%。【结论】秋季深耕+夏季深松的作物产量和水分利用效率均高于单一秋季深松（耕）。在5个不同的深松（耕）方式处理中,秋季深耕+夏季侧位深松的产量和水分利用效率最高,是砂姜黑土区适宜的深松（耕）方式。 相似文献
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耕种方式对小麦产量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以矮抗58为试材,采取旋耕后直接播种（ CK）、旋耕＋耙实后播种、深耕（25 cm 左右）＋旋耕后播种、深耕（25 cm左右）＋耙实后播种4种耕种方式处理,研究了不同耕种方式对小麦生育进程、干物质积累动态、群体茎蘖数量动态以及小麦穗粒数、千粒重和产量的影响。结果表明：不同耕种方式对小麦生长发育进程、干物质积累动态、茎蘖数量变化动态以及穗粒数和千粒重均无显著影响,但对籽粒产量的影响达到了极显著水平。深耕（25 cm 左右）和耙实后播种均对小麦增产作用非常明显。采取深耕（25 cm左右）＋耙实后播种方式小麦产量最高,在生产上具有很好的推广应用价值。 相似文献
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不同耕作方式对土壤理化性状及玉米产量的影响 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
通过2010,2011年的大田试验,对常规耕作、免耕、深翻、深松4种处理的土壤含水量、容重和氮、磷、钾、有机质含量以及玉米产量进行分析。结果表明,各处理在玉米拔节期、大喇叭口期、灌浆期和成熟期的土壤含水量由高到低的顺序均为:深翻>深松>常规耕作>免耕;深翻和深松处理0～30 cm,土壤容重较常规耕作分别降低10.27%和2.10%,免耕较常规耕作增加4.1%;深翻和深松处理较常规耕作的土壤速效钾、有效磷、有机质含量增加;深翻和深松处理的玉米产量分别较常规耕作提高20.38%和3.74%,免耕处理较常规耕作减产15.11%。选择合理的耕作方式,能够有效改善土壤结构,提高土壤含水量、有机质含量和作物产量。 相似文献
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耕作覆盖对宁南旱区土壤团粒结构及马铃薯水分利用效率的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
【目的】探讨耕作覆盖对旱作土壤团粒结构、马铃薯产量和水分利用效率的影响。【方法】于2013—2016年进行连续3个作物生长季定位试验,通过设置3种耕作方式（深松、免耕、翻耕）和3种覆盖措施（秸秆覆盖、地膜覆盖和不覆盖）,研究耕作结合覆盖对土壤团聚体数量、土壤蓄水量及马铃薯产量和水分利用效率的影响。【结果】耕作方式、覆盖措施及二者交互作用可显著增加0—40 cm土层>0.25 mm土壤团聚体含量,深松覆盖秸秆处理0—20 cm土层>0.25 mm土壤团聚体含量在欠水年（2016）和相对欠水年（2014）分别较翻耕不覆盖显著提高14.2%、16.9%,而免耕覆盖秸秆处理在平水年（2015）较翻耕不覆盖显著提高8.5%;20—40 cm土层>0.25 mm土壤团聚体含量在欠水年以深松覆盖秸秆、相对欠水年深松覆盖地膜和平水年免耕覆盖秸秆处理最高,分别较翻耕不覆盖显著提高18.2%、21.5%、18.7%。耕作方式、覆盖措施及二者交互作用对0—200 cm土层蓄水量影响显著,深松覆盖秸秆处理休闲期土壤蓄水量分别在相对欠水年、欠水年和平水年较翻耕不覆盖处理显著提高29.6%、9.3%、11.4%;其关键生育时期平均土壤蓄水量分别在欠水年和相对欠水年较翻耕不覆盖显著增加21.9%、28.9%,而免耕覆盖秸秆处理在平水年较翻耕不覆盖处理显著增加17.1%。在相对欠水年,耕作方式对马铃薯产量和水分利用效率无显著影响,而覆盖措施及耕作与覆盖交互作用对其有显著影响,以免耕覆盖秸秆处理最佳,分别较翻耕不覆盖处理显著提高51.8%和50.5%;在平水年和欠水年,耕作方式、覆盖措施及其二者交互对马铃薯产量和水分利用效率有极显著影响,产量、水分利用效率均以深松覆盖秸秆处理效果最佳,平均较翻耕不覆盖处理显著提高56.9%和44.8%。【结论】耕作结合覆盖措施可改善耕层土壤团粒结构,显著增强休闲期和生育期土壤蓄水保墒能力,从而显著提高马铃薯产量和水分利用效率,在平水年和欠水年采用深松结合秸秆覆盖、相对欠水年采用免耕结合秸秆覆盖模式可实现宁南旱作马铃薯增产。 相似文献
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本文剖析了沿江砂壤土的成土特点、土壤耕作方面存在的主要问题.以7年不同耕法的定位试验和大面积生产实践为依据,提出了以少耕为主体,少、免交替,2-3年一耕的深、浅、免结合的轮耕配套模式.实践证明,这种耕法具有保护土壤、争取农时、省工降本、持续高效等经济效益和生态、社会效益.近3年推广面积达221.7万亩,平均比常规耕法增产5.2％-14.9％,节约农本5％-8.9％,增加纯收入20％-30％。 相似文献
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[目的]研究稻茬麦在延期播种条件下,不同耕作方式对半冬性品种小麦产量及其构成的影响,以期找出节本、高产、稳产、增效的耕作方式。[方法]小麦品种为洛麦23。采用5种种植方式。试验期间,调查小麦群体动态、产量及其结构、子粒干物质含量。[结果]稻茬小麦不同耕作方式的基本苗、高峰苗、有效穗数都表现出差异性,早播浅旋耕(方式5)这3项指标均最高;5种不同耕作方式中,打捆和鼠道犁的耕作方式(方式2)比其他耕作方式成本高,打捆方式的经济效益最低,早播浅旋耕(方式5)的经济效益最高。[结论]早播稻茬小麦可以争取足够基本苗,提高分蘖成穗率,增加有效穗数,获得高产。在秸秆还田、提高产量的同时,降低机耕作业成本是增加单位面积效益的途径之一,因此减少灭茬碎垡的作业次数可以作为改进的方向。 相似文献
17.
Effects of subsoiling depth,period interval and combined tillage practice on soil properties and yield in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain,China 
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下载免费PDF全文 WANG Yun-xia CHEN Shu-ping ZHANG Dong-xing YANG Li CUI Tao JING Hui-rong LI Yu-huan 《农业科学学报》2020,19(6):1596-1608
Compaction layers are widely distributed in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, China, which restrict root growth and reduce yields. The adoption of subsoiling has been recommended to disrupt compacted soil layers and create a reasonable soil structure for crop development. In this paper, the effects of subsoiling depth(30, 35 and 40 cm), period interval(2 or 3 years) and combined pre-sowing tillage practice(rotary cultivation or ploughing) on soil condition improvement was studied on a tidal soil in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. Seven tillage patterns were designed by combining different subsoiling depths, period intervals and pre-sowing. The evaluation indicators for soil condition improvement were as follows: thickness of the plough layer and hard pan, soil bulk density, cone index, soil three-phase R values, alkali nitrogen content, crop yield, and economic benefits. The results showed that subsoiling can significantly improve the soil structure and physical properties. In all subsoiling treatments, the depth of 35 or 40 cm at a 2-year interval was the most significant. The thickness of the plough layer increased from 13.67 cm before the test to 21.54–23.45 cm in 2018. The thickness of the hard pan decreased from 17.68 cm before the test to 12.09–12.76 cm in 2018, a decrease of about 40.07%. However, the subsoiling combined presowing tillage practice, that is, rotary cultivation or ploughing, was not significant for soil structure and physical properties. For all subsoiling treatments, the soil bulk density, cone index and soil three-phase R values of the 15–25 cm soil layer were significantly lower compared to single rotary cultivation. Subsoiling was observed to increase the soil alkaline nitrogen and water contents. The tillage patterns that had subsoiling at the depth of 35–40 cm at a 2-year interval combined with rotary cultivation had the highest alkali nitrogen and water contents, which increased by 31.08–34.23% compared with that of the single rotary cultivation. Subsoiling can significantly increase the yield both of wheat and corn, as well as the economic benefits. The treatment of subsoiling at the depth of 35 cm at an interval of 2 years combined with rotary cultivation had the highest annual yield and economic benefits. For this treatment, the annual yield and economic benefits increased by 14.55 and 62.87% in 2018, respectively. In conclusion, the tillage patterns that involved subsoiling at a depth of 35 cm at a 2-year interval along with rotary cultivation are suitable for the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. 相似文献
18.
Evaluation of new technologies using guidance systems is very important and can help producers with choosing the right equipment
for their applications. Without using satellite navigation during field operations, there is a tendency for passes to overlap.
That results in waste of fuel and pesticides, longer working times and also environmental damage. When utilising satellite
guidance for field operations, there is a close connection with controlled traffic farming (CTF) as well. CTF is currently
a quite quickly developing farming system based on fixed layout of machinery passes across a field. Tracks precisely set out
for a machine’s tyres in the field could be a tool for minimising soil compaction risk which is another threat to the environment.
The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the accuracy of currently available guidance systems for agricultural machines.
Real pass-to-pass errors (omissions and overlaps) in a field were measured. Consequently, comparison between observed guidance
systems was made regarding final working accuracy. Further, intensity of machinery passes, percentage of wheeled area and
repeated passes in fields were monitored. These measurements were made in fields under real operating conditions using a conventional
tillage system with ploughing and also a conservation tillage system, both systems with randomly organized traffic. Finally,
the same parameters were monitored in fields where fixed machinery tracks were used for all operations and passes but only
under a conservation tillage system. Pass-to-pass accuracy was measured for the evaluation of different guidance systems.
Size of missed areas or overlaps was evaluated statistically. Concerning intensity of machinery passes and total field area
affected by machinery passes, the following facts were found out. The experiments with randomized traffic showed a significant
difference of the parameters mentioned above between a conventional tillage system with ploughing and a conservation tillage
system. Wheeled area was 86 and 64%, respectively which proves benefits of conservation tillage. The experiments with a fixed
track system showed that the total run-over area by machinery tyres decreased even more (up to 31%) in comparison to randomized
traffic in a field (only fields under conservation tillage system were monitored and evaluated). The following statements
based on our results can be made. The navigation and therefore possibility for better accuracy of machinery passes in fields
together with permanent machinery tracks utilization could help with soil condition improvement and also energy savings which
would result from that. The CTF system will help with further development of a system for soil compaction protection which
is currently a real necessity. 相似文献
19.
Measurements of mouldboard plow draft can potentially provide a useful tool for continuously mapping, as a surrogate variable, crop limiting soil properties such as soil strength/compaction. Numerous researchers have shown that loading on tillage tools can be periodic. One source of higher frequency periodic loading has been related to failure modes in the soil. Lower frequency periodic loading on tillage tools, assuming tillage depth is relatively constant, more often reflects local spatial variability in soil physical properties such as soil moisture, soil texture, organic matter, and/or soil strength/compaction. This study presents a spectrum and cross-spectrum analysis of mouldboard draft recorded during normal fall plowing operations along adjacent transects. One objective of this study was to determine the dominant periodic components in order to elucidate meaningful frequencies which might be better related to variation in soil physical properties. Spectral densities were generally dominated by signals with a few cycles per 300-m transect. The cross-amplitude and squared coherency between draft recorded on adjacent transects provided further indication of the frequencies which characterized the signals because they provide an indication of correlation as a function of frequency. Spatial dependence in the data was quantified using spatial autocorrelation and cross-correlation. An additional objective was to use the spectral information to help design more physically meaningful filters for the raw draft data. Taking the Fast Fourier Transform of the raw draft data and filtering in the frequency domain using an optimal filter informed via the spectrum and cross-spectrum analysis, provided a convenient method for isolating a more physically meaningful signal. 相似文献
20.
旱地小麦深松覆盖技术研究 总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1
１９９１～１９９３年，对旱地小麦少耕覆盖栽培体系进行了系统研究。结果表明，在平原旱作区，以深松后麦秸覆盖为最佳，能较好地调控土壤水热状况，０～１００ｃｍ土体蓄水量提高１８．８～２６．３ｍｍ，高温季节土壤温度降低１．４～４．２℃，耕层土壤３大类微生物数量均有不同程度的增加。同时能培肥土壤，每亩地增产小麦１２．０～２６．０ｋｇ，增产幅度１２．２９％～１９．３８％。 相似文献