共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 265 毫秒
1.
利用氢氧稳定同位素示踪法，研究了人工控水条件下小白龙常规灌溉（X）与滴灌（D）不同灌水量（X1、D1:15 mm;X2、D2:30 mm;X3、D3:45 mm）夏玉米土壤水稳定同位素分布特征，以及土壤耗水量、光合作用及水分利用特征。结果表明：随生育期的推进，根系吸水逐渐加深。在拔节期，均以0～20 cm土层的水分贡献率最大，达60%以上。在D1和D2条件下，60～80 cm和20～40 cm土层的贡献率分别占21.4%和23.8%。到灌浆期，与常规灌溉相比，滴灌条件下更利于促进根系对40 cm以下土层水分的利用，从而减少水分的无效蒸发。随生育期的推进与灌水量的增加，玉米的日耗水量明显增加，滴灌低于传统灌溉。与常规灌溉相比，滴灌D2处理更利于提高玉米光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度及叶片水分利用效率。此外，滴灌处理明显提高了收获期玉米的生物量。最终，与常规灌溉相比，滴灌降低了玉米总的耗水量，产量提高了5.3%～21.7%和水分利用效率提高了9.2%～26.8%，均以D2处理最高。相关分析表明：玉米拔节期20～40 cm和灌浆期60～80 cm土层水分更利于促进玉米产量的提高，而拔节期60～... 相似文献
2.
《中国农村水利水电》2016,(9)
为深入探究沟灌覆膜条件下土壤水分运动规律及其转化机理,利用了稳定氢氧同位素技术分析了土壤水和膜下凝结水的同位素分布特征。表明,膜下凝结水富集~(18)O,富集程度明显高于由表层土壤蒸发而富集的重同位素;膜下表层土壤蒸发后凝结于膜下形成水珠的过程经历了重同位素贫化后再富集,之后凝结水发生二次蒸发,重同位素再次富集;覆膜沟灌下土壤水氧同位素随土壤深度呈梯度分布,垄上富集~(18)O比沟中显著;沟中蒸发前缘发生在0~10cm土层,土壤水直接以水汽分子形式扩散到大气中;垄上蒸发前缘主要发生在10~20cm土层,蒸发水汽分子通过土壤孔隙向上扩散,部分水汽分子被0~10cm的土壤水吸附并与其水分子发生交换进而扩散到土壤表面。 相似文献
3.
直插式根灌技术的研究与应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
直插式根灌技术,是一种新型的节水灌溉技术,它结合了地面滴灌与地下渗灌的优点,能够把水直接灌溉到一定深度土壤层,起到对植物根系层,进行直接灌溉的目的;能有效减少表层土壤水分蒸发损失,提高灌水效率、提高灌溉水的有效利用率。过去的地埋式渗灌技术,有较好的灌水效果和抑制表层土壤水分蒸发损失作用,但其易堵塞、检修难的缺点,限制了地下渗灌技术的发展。地表滴灌技术成熟,但其表层土壤水分蒸发损失,影响滴灌水分的利用效率和灌水效率。为了结合滴灌与渗灌的优势,克服滴灌与渗灌的缺点;所以,开展对直插式根灌技术的研究,把地表滴灌的水分,直接引灌到一定深度的土壤层,实现土壤的越层灌溉,起到较好的灌水效果,根灌产品,安装简便,便于维护。 相似文献
4.
以宁夏枸杞为研究对象,采取试验区降水、不同灌溉量下枸杞根区土壤水、根系及茎秆样品并测定其氢氧稳定性同位素比率δ18O和δD,分析不同降水量及灌溉量下枸杞稳定同位素的变化特征,利用IsoSource模型计算了枸杞对各潜在水源的可能利用比例.结果表明:试验区降水中δD和δ18O之间有很好的线性关系,并得出了当地大气降水线的回归方程;不同灌溉量,枸杞主根系层(20~60 cm)的土壤含水率和与其对应的δD呈负相关趋势变化,随着土层深度加深,δD减小;降水量不同时,各土层δD变化规律相似,5 mm以下20 cm处的δD最大(-64.39‰),枸杞主要利用表层(0~20 cm)及部分中层(20~40 cm)的土壤水,分别占35.2%及25.1%;降水量为13.9 mm时,20~60 cm处δD相对较丰,为-65.20‰以上,枸杞可利用0~60 cm土层土壤含水量:0~20,20~40,40~60 cm土层的土壤水利用量分别占比22.4%,25.3%及23.2%.结论可为干旱区枸杞科学灌溉提供有益借鉴. 相似文献
5.
为了探究石羊河流域适宜春玉米生长的咸水非充分灌溉模式,应用SWAP模型模拟不同灌溉模式下的土壤水盐平衡、春玉米相对产量和相对水分利用效率,并预测了较长时期土壤水盐动态变化规律.研究结果表明:灌溉水矿化度为0.71 g/L和3.00 g/L的春玉米最优灌溉模式为生育期内灌4次水,灌溉定额均为408 mm,2种灌溉模式均能达到节约灌溉用水、提高作物产量和水分利用效率以及减少土体盐分累积量的目的.较长时期土壤水盐动态变化规律模拟结果表明:在冬灌条件下,春玉米最优灌溉模式下的土壤水分和盐分能够在模拟期内保持相对平稳的状态;在不同年份,相同土层土壤含水率随着土层深度的增加而增大,0.71 g/L的淡水灌溉土壤盐分主要累积在40~80 cm土层,3.00 g/L的微咸水灌溉土壤盐分主要累积在10~40 cm土层;5 a的模拟结果表明0.71 g/L和3.00 g/L的水持续灌溉5 a,不会引起土壤次生盐渍化. 相似文献
6.
氢氧稳定同位素在土壤蒸发规律研 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
介绍了利用氢氧稳定同位素研究土壤蒸发的基本原理,综述了国内外对土壤蒸发中氢氧稳定同位素技术应用的研究现状,分析了盐类、温度梯度、土壤水迁移机制和土壤分层及植被等因素对各种土壤蒸发机理及其描述计算方法的影响,利用氢氧稳定同位素在土壤蒸发过程中的分馏特性揭示了土壤蒸发机理。最后,指出了选择合适土壤水提取技术的重要性和土壤蒸发研究存在的不足与值得进一步研究的问题。 相似文献
7.
以棉花各生育期适宜土壤含水率上、下限差值为灌水控制指标,设置3水平灌水处理,开展膜下滴灌大田试验,分析研究适宜试验区棉花生长、水分利用效率高的灌溉制度及膜下滴灌棉田土壤水盐运移规律。结果表明:适宜土壤含水率上、下限差值形成的灌溉制度,决定了土壤水盐运移规律、盐分分布和积累特征。总体表现为:空间上土壤水分分布与滴灌带间距呈负相关系,盐分分布则相反,0~40 cm深度土壤水分在灌后重分布,盐分在滴灌水分的淋洗作用下定向运移,至湿润体边缘积聚。综合分析关键点与主根层的土壤水盐时间序列变化,T2处理(385 mm/18次)主根层0~40 cm深度水分处于棉花生长的适宜含水率范围,并形成淡化脱盐区,对盐分的调控最佳。T2处理棉田产量最高,为6 083 kg/hm~2,水分利用效率为1.05 kg/(mm·hm~2),为适宜的灌溉制度。 相似文献
8.
基于稳定同位素的干旱半干旱地区杨树水分来源研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
作物水源是土壤-植物-大气连续体和农业节水的重要研究对象。为深入研究干旱半干旱地区杨树水分来源情况,利用稳定氢氧同位素技术对不同水源氢氧同位素组成的变化规律进行分析,并应用多元混合模型定量分析杨树的水分来源。结果表明:土壤水线与当地的大气降水线斜率与截距都小于全球大气降水线,表明研究区土壤水、降水受到强烈的蒸发影响发生不平衡的分馏;随着季节变化,生长初期杨树主要利用0～80 cm的浅层土壤水,快速生长期杨树主要利用80～120 cm的中层土壤水同时开始利用地下水,生长末期杨树主要利用160～220 cm的深层土壤水同时利用地下水,表明杨树能够根据水分条件逐渐的调整对各潜在水源的利用率。 相似文献
9.
10.
【目的】为干旱区节水灌溉和土壤盐渍化的预防提供依据。【方法】采用野外采样、实验室分析以及统计分析等方法,并基于空间换时间的研究方法,以玛纳斯河中游灌区为例,开展了灌溉方式(荒地、漫灌、滴灌)对棉田土壤盐分分布特征的研究。【结果】各灌溉方式变化过程0~40 cm及0~100 cm剖面内各层土壤含盐量分布特征大致为:荒地最高,滴灌棉田灌溉初期次之,漫灌棉田相对最低;随滴灌年限增加,土壤含盐量呈波动上升趋势;随着土层深度增加,各样地土壤含盐量大致呈现出:荒地各层土壤含盐量均比较高,漫灌棉田土壤含盐量主要集中在20~60 cm土层,0~20、60~100 cm土层相对较少,滴灌棉田各层土壤含盐量规律不明显。不同灌溉方式棉田纵剖面土壤含盐量的变异性为:荒地最低,漫灌棉田最高,而滴灌棉田变异性位于荒地和漫灌棉田之间,并且随滴灌年限增加土壤含盐量变异性呈现出1~4 a内波动减小,4~5 a间达到最小,4~5 a后波动增大的趋势;在灌溉方式变化过程中随土层深度增加各层土壤含盐量变异性呈波动下降的趋势。【结论】综上可知,不同灌溉方式以及灌溉年限的变化对棉田各层土壤含盐量及其变异性会有明显的影响。 相似文献
11.
A study of root water uptake of crops indicated by hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes: A case in Shanxi Province, China 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Mechanisms of crop root water uptake play an important role in agricultural water management. In this study, stable isotopes were used to understand root water uptake patterns for the main crops (summer corn and cotton) in Shanxi Province, China. Precipitation, irrigation water, soil water, groundwater and stem water were sampled for stable isotopes analyses, and supported by hydrological observations. Both direct inference of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes between stem water and the soil water profile, and multiple-source mass balance assessment were applied to estimate the main depths of root water uptake of crops in different growing seasons. The results show that summer corn and cotton have different root water uptake patterns: summer corn mainly uses the shallow soil water from 0 to 20 cm layer (96-99%) in jointing stage and extending to 20-50 cm (58-85%) in flowering stage, then 0-20 cm (69-76%) again in full ripe stage. In contrast, the main depth of root water uptake of cotton gradually increases during the whole growth stage: from 0 to 20 cm (27-49%) in seedling stage, 20-50 cm (79-84%) in bud stage, 50-90 cm (30-92%) in blooming stage and >90 cm (69-92%) in boll open stage. 相似文献
12.
【目的】提高华北地区紫花苜蓿水分利用效率,兼顾产量与品质。【方法】于2018年4―9月,在河北涿州中国农业大学教学实验场,以紫花苜蓿品种WL363HQ为试验材料,开展紫花苜蓿田间灌溉试验。试验设置3个灌水处理:W1处理,灌水下限45%FC(田间持水率),灌水上限90%FC;W2处理,灌水下限60%FC,灌水上限90%FC;W3处理,根据当地生产经验定额灌溉为39 mm,研究了不同灌水下限对紫花苜蓿生长、产量和品质的影响。【结果】建植第5年的紫花苜蓿,全生长季需水量511.9 mm。苜蓿细根根系主要分布在0~40 cm土层,0~20 cm土层根系密度最高。灌水对第1、第2茬及全年产量没有显著影响(P>0.05),对第3茬产量有显著影响(P<0.05)。第1、第2、第3茬内采用W1处理苜蓿水分利用效率最高。不同灌水处理对苜蓿粗蛋白量没有显著影响(P>0.05),减少灌水量能增加苜蓿相对饲喂价值。【结论】建议华北地区紫花苜蓿第1、第2、第3茬采用45%FC灌水下限,第4茬采用60%FC灌水下限。 相似文献
13.
Patterns of water withdrawal beneath an irrigated peach orchard on a red-brown earth 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Summary Water withdrawal from the soil beneath an irrigated peach orchard is described over depth and time after irrigation for a red-brown earth where the hydraulic properties vary with depth. Relationships between water uptake by roots, root concentration and soil-water suction were explored over protracted drying cycles. In the early stages of drying water uptake by roots was well correlated with root concentration over the profile but, over time, water uptake was redistributed over the root system. Theoretical analysis suggests that poor utilization of water from depth on this soil was associated mainly with low root concentrations and low root (radial) conductance. Practical considerations for improved water management in the root zone of peach orchards on shallow soils are discussed. 相似文献
14.
交替隔沟灌溉下玉米根长密度分布及水分利用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了探明交替隔沟灌溉和常规沟灌条件下玉米根长密度的分布规律及水分利用效率(WUE),研究了2种沟灌方式下玉米根长密度的空间分布和水分利用情况。结果表明,玉米根长密度在根区水平向和垂向呈指数分布。交替隔沟灌溉促进了玉米根系的水平向伸展和下扎深度,常规沟灌在垄位的大密度根系分布集中在20～60cm。交替隔沟灌溉增大了根系下扎深度,有利于根系吸收深层土壤水分,在非充分供水条件下提高了作物的水分利用效率,交替隔沟灌溉水分利用效率较常规沟灌提高5%以上。 相似文献
15.
《Agricultural Water Management》1997,33(1):63-78
The oft-touted reason for the efficiency of drip irrigation is that roots can preferentially take up water from localised zones of water availability. Here we provide definitive evidence of this phenomenon. The heat-pulse technique was used to monitor rates of sap flow in the stem and in two large surface roots of a 14 year old apple tree (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Braeburn). The aim was to determine the ability of an apple tree to modify its pattern of root water uptake in response to local changes in soil water content. We monitored the water status of the soil close to the instrumented roots by using time domain reflectometry (TDR) to measure the soil's volumetric water content, θ, and by using ceramic-tipped tensiometers to measure the soil's matric pressure head, h. A variation in soil water content surrounding the two roots was achieved by supplying a single localised irrigation to just one root, while the other root remained unwatered. Sap flow in the wetted root increased straight away by 50% following this drip irrigation which wetted the soil over a zone of approximately 0.6 m in diameter and 0.25 m in depth. Sap flow in the wetted root remained elevated for a period of about 10 days, that is until most of the irrigation water had been consumed. A comparative study of localised and uniform irrigation was then made. Following irrigation over the full root zone no further change in sap flow in the previously wetted root was observed when referenced to the corresponding sap flow measured in the stem of the apple tree. However sap flow in the previously dry root responded to subsequent irrigations by increasing its flow rate by almost 50%. These results show that apple roots have the capacity to transfer water from local wet areas at much higher rates than normally occurs when the entire root zone is supplied with water. They are also able to shift rapidly their pattern of uptake and begin to extract water preferentially from those regions where it is more freely available. Such an ability supports the use of drip irrigation for the efficient use of scarce water resources. We conclude that the soil-to-root pathway represents a major resistance to water uptake by apple, even at the relatively high soil water pressure heads developed during parts of this experiment, during which the tree was not even under any stress. 相似文献
16.
17.
基于SALTMOD模型的灌溉水矿化度对土壤盐分的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
以河套灌区沙壕渠灌域为例,运用SALTMOD模型探讨了区域尺度灌溉水矿化度对根层土壤盐分的影响。结果表明,根层土壤盐分随灌溉水矿化度的增大而增加,加大排水沟深度和提高渠道衬砌水平可缓解高矿化度灌溉水对土壤积盐的影响;采用地下微咸水和黄河水混合灌溉可有效控制盐渍化的发展,混合比在1∶1范围内时,根层土壤处于脱盐状态,最高脱盐率为23%,脱盐率高于引用黄河水灌溉的脱盐率(4%)。因此,适度利用地下微咸水灌溉,可有效的控制地下水位,节约淡水资源。 相似文献
18.
覆膜滴灌条件下灌水量对玉米根系分布特征的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
根系生长决定了植物吸收养分和水分的能力,在作物生长中扮演了重要的角色。为了探讨水分差异对玉米根系分布规律的影响,在民勤试验站进行了不同灌水量对覆膜滴灌玉米0~100cm土层根系质量、根径及根长的影响研究,结果表明,灌水量对膜下滴灌玉米根系特征产生了重要影响:灌水量越大,其根系所占百分比和根径越大;同一生育时期,各处理不同土层根重变化较大,但其变化规律基本一致,均随着土层深度的增加,根重逐渐减小,0~40cm土层所占的重量百分比较大,同时0~40cm土层平均根径及根长也较大。试验为探索覆膜滴灌条件下玉米根系分布特征提供一定的参考,为完善覆膜滴灌灌溉制度提供一定的指导意义。 相似文献
19.
The 2-year field experiments were carried out to research the effect of different irrigation methods, namely border irrigation,
sprinkler irrigation, and surface drip irrigation, on root development and profile water uptake in winter wheat. Results showed
that the main root distribution zone moved upward under sprinkler and surface drip irrigation when compared to the traditional
border irrigation. Profile root distribution pattern changed with irrigation methods. Soil profile water uptake was correlated
to the root system and soil water dynamics. Due to the appropriate soil water and higher root density in the surface soil
layer under sprinkler and surface drip irrigation, the main water uptake zone was concentrated in the upper layer. Because
of the water deficit in the surface layer under border irrigation, water uptake in 50–100 cm depth was stimulated, which caused
the main uptake zone downward. The amount and pattern of root water uptake varied with irrigation methods. This may provide
valuable information on the aspect of agricultural management. 相似文献
20.
Effective irrigation uniformity as related to root zone depth 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
R. Wallach 《Irrigation Science》1990,11(1):15-21
Summary In models used for relating the yield to irrigation uniformity it has been assumed that the spatial distribution of irrigation water, as measured at the soil surface, is indeed the water distribution at any depth throughout the root zone. In the present paper the distribution of infiltrated water within the soil bulk, as determined by an analytic solution of the two-dimensional unsaturated flow equation, did not conform to this assumption. A new alternative definition of irrigation uniformity is proposed under the assumption that water uptake by roots does not affect the flux distribution within the soil profile. In this analysis the spatial distribution of irrigation water flux at the soil surface, which is the upper boundary condition of the flow equation, is assumed to be a sine function. The solution to this problem indicates that there is a damping effect, which increases with soil depth, on the surface flux fluctuations. Furthermore, the actual irrigation uniformity at a given depth below the soil surface depends upon the initial uniformity at the surface and the distance between adjacent water sources. The closer the water sources are to each other, the shallower is the depth needed to damp the oscillations down to a certain level. This may explain why the actual uniformity of drip irrigation is high while the detailed distribution is very nonuniform and on the other hand, why the actual uniformity of sprinkler guns is low while the detailed actual distribution is close to uniform. Two uniformity coefficients are derived in this study: 1. A depth dependent coefficient which is made up of the damping factor that multiplies the flux fluctuations at the soil surface; 2. An effective uniformity coefficient, which is an average of the depth dependent coefficient over a part or the entire root zone. Different degrees of uniformity are expected when water is applied by different irrigation systems having similar uniformity coefficients at the soil surface, but dissimilar distances between the emitters. Assuming that crop yield depends to some extent on the uniformity of water depth actually available to the roots, the yields associated with such irrigation systems will probably also vary. 相似文献