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1.
Phosphorus in soils is found to be present in organic combinations, inorganic form or in adsorted form on clay complex. Different forms of soil phosphorus have different solubilities and consequent availability in soils. A knowledge about the content and types of soil phosphorus enables one to understand the organic behaviour and predict the response of added phosphatic material to crops (Parker 1953). The form in which phosphorus is present in soil is directly related to pH and CaCO3 in the soil as well as the intensity of the development of the soil. Williams (1950) has found that in calcareous soils of South Australja most of the phosphorus was in combination with calcium, whereas in acid soils it forms compounds with alumina and iron. Hibbard (1931) concluded that in alkaline and calcareous soils, phosphorus exists mostly in the form of hydroxyapatite, chloroapatite, and the like. Kanwar and Grewal (1959) studied fractionation of phosphorus in Punjab soils and reported that differences in the nature and amounts of the phosphorus present in acid and alkaline soils of the State explain the causes of different phosphatic fertilizer responses to the crops. A similar report has been given by Goel and Agarwal (1959) who studied the fractionation of phosphorus in Kanpur soils and concluded that the mature soils are rich in iron and aluminium bound phosphorus and respond better to phosphatic fertilizer than the immature soils rich in Ca2+ and Mg2+ bound phosphorus. Chai Moo Cnoo and Caldwell (1959) reported that Fe3+ and Al3+ bound phosphorus was abundant in acid soils while Ca2+ and Mg2+ bound phosphorus content in alkaline soils, and organic phosphorus agreed, in general, with the content of organic matter, with some deviations.  相似文献   

2.
The central districts of Japan are mountainous areas rising to 3,000 metres which are predominantly covered with forest vegetation. A comprehensive and systematic classification of the soils in this region has not yet been made, but the following soil types have been reported to occur: - 1. 1. Brown forest soils, podzolic soils, black soils and red soils. [Described by OHMASA (14)]

2. 2. Alpine grassland soils and alpine meadow soils. [Described by KUMADA et al. (9)]

3. 3. A series of randzina-like soils with a very restricted distribution. These are derived mainly from limestone and show various degrees of maturity. [Described by KUMADA et al. (8)]

4. 4. Red-yellow soils. These sometimes show a close resemblance to OHMASA's red soils and are found on diluvial plateaux and hills. [Described by KANNO (1)]

5. 5. Paddy soils.

  相似文献   

3.
Investigations on the extraction and determination of organic acids in flooded soil have been reported by TAKAI (1) and TAKIJIMA (2). TAKAI applied water to extract acids from soil and determined them by BULLEN's method (3). However, TAKIJIMA reported that organic acid could not be completely extracted by TAKAI's procedure, especially in soil with a high organic matter content such as muck and peaty soils, and proposed an extraction procedure with 0.5 N sulfuric acid. He also discussed the absorption of acids by soil.  相似文献   

4.
Blast disease is one of the biggest diseases of rice plant in Japan. For example, in 1953, the total area of damage by blast disease was about 160 × 104 hectare and the decreased yield of rice Was about 67.5 × 104 ton in Japan. There have been many studies on blast disease for a long time. Tanaka and Katsuki (7)studied the relation between environmental conditions and blast disease. They always used adult healthy rice plants as plant materials and have not analysed the plants damaged by blast fungus directly. They suggested the presence of growth-promoting factors of blast funngus especially in susceptible rice varieties. Tamari and Kaji (5, 6) suggested that the blast fungus produced some effective toxic substances which might cause the disease. Suzuki, Doi and Toyoda (4) continued to study the mechanism of rice blast resistance and they have proposed 3 phases of resistance. They are (a) resistance and environtmental factors, (b) resistance and host camponents and (c) relation of host variety to fungus race.  相似文献   

5.
There have been several papers dealing with the difference in chemical composition between callus tissue and normal parent tissue. WEINSTEIN, TULECKE, NICKELL, and LAURENCOT (1–3) revealed, in a series of papers, that the contents of amino acids, sugars, and nucleic acids often differed strikingly between callus and normal tissue of Agave toumeyana Trel. (1), Ginkgo biloba, L. (2), and PAUL's scarlet rose (3). STEWARD, THOMPSON, and POLLARD (4) also reported that the content of some amino acids of rapidly growing and randomly proliferating tissue is outstandingly different from that of normal tissue.  相似文献   

6.
The soils of Rajasthan vary from desert sand to heavy clay with all intermediate stages like sandy loam, loam and clay loam. The last two textural groups are more prevalant on the eastern, northeastern and southeastern part of the Aravallies which run almost in the middle of the State from southeast to northeast. The latter groups of soils have more potential from the point of agricultural development in the State. These soils are widely termed as alluvial soils which is a general term to indicate the nontaxonomic group of soils that have parent material of alluvial origin, Riecken 17, Kelloog 8 has referred to the soils developed from the alluvium as classified under variety of world soil groups. In our country many of the alluvial soils have not yet been studied from the soil genesis point of view as a measure to classify the soils under taxonomic groups. Ray Chawdhary and Mukerji 15, concluded that the alluvial soil groups of our country are ill defined and the classification of these soils need more study. Basu 3 was able to distinguish the genetic characteristics of the soils of Deccan. Agrawal and Mukherji 1) established that distinct genetic soil types have come into expression under Gangetic alluvium. Agarwal 2 has concluded about the three types of soils in the toposequence with precipitated calcium throughout, zone of calcium accumulation in the bottom of the profile and soils free of calcium, and suggests that the soils of Gangetic plain be called as derived from alluvium. A process of reclassifying the alluvial soil series into taxonomic groups is a common trend in the United States since the last two decades.  相似文献   

7.
A method is described for the rapid and simple assay of soil β-glucosidase activity. It involves colorimetric estimation of ρ-nitrophenol released by β-glucosidase activity when soil is incubated in McIlvaine buffer (pH 4.8) with ρnitrophenyl βd-glucoside and toluene at 30°C for 1 hr. The method has been applied to three different soils. The range of β-glucosidase activity in cultivated soils was from 10.1 to 15.2 mµ mole per min per gram of dried soil. Km value for ρ-nitrophenyl β-d-glucoside was 3.3 × 10-4 M. Optimum pH was 4.8.  相似文献   

8.
Kursanov et al. conducted a series of studies on the CO2 uptake by roots and translocation and uilization in plant, using carbon-l4 labelled CO2. Kursanov, Kuzin and Mamul1) first studied the uptake of CO2 by the roots of intact bean seedlings and found that after 18-hours exposure in the light, most of the radioactive carbon was translocated upwards. Later on, in a more detailed paper2) these Russian workers estimated that under their experimental conditions, the amount of CO2 absorbed by roots is as much as 25 per cent of that taken up from the atmosphere by leaves. They also reported that soluble carbonates supplied as a fertilizer increased the yield of bean, barley, potato and sugar beet by 15 to 18 per cene). In addition Grinfeld 4) stated that 30–50 kg of CO2 per hectare, dressed as ammonium carbonate, increased the yield of sugar beet by 7 to 16 per cent.  相似文献   

9.
A greenhouse experiment was conducted at Land Resources Research Institute, NARC, Islamabad to examine the impact of humic substances (HSs) coating on potassium fertilizers use efficiency. Tomato variety “Rio Grande” was used. The treatments applied were T1= Control (N, P at 250 and100?mg kg?1 respectively), T2?=?N, P?+?K at 200?mg kg?1 as SOP, T3?=?N, P?+?K at 200?mg kg?1 as NPK blend, T4?=?N, P?+?K at 200?mg kg?1 HSs coated SOP) and T5?=?N, P?+?K at 200?mg kg?1 HSs coated NPK blend. Results indicated a positive impact of sole and HSs coated products on agronomic traits, nutrient concentration, fruit quality traits, flower number, fruit umber, fruit weight, chlorophyll contents, fresh and dry biomass, tissue water contents, diameter and fruit mineral composition. The response of afore said traits to applied treatment varied.  相似文献   

10.
A characteristic gel-like substance has been noticed around weathered pumice grains in the pumice beds of Kanuma near Utsunomiya and of Kitakami, Iwate prefecture. This substance was first studied by SHIOIRI (6) in 1934, and reported as allophane according to its chemical composition, refractive index, and dye-adsorbing nature similar to the colloid of volcanic ash soils of the Onji-type. Recently, KUWANO and MATSUI (5) remarked that the colloidal film in the Kanuma and Imaichi pumice beds diffracted x-rays at about 8 and 33 Å, and they presumed that this substance might be an early transitional material from allophane to some crystalline clay minerals. KANNO (2) and KANNO et al. (3) examined this gel-like substance from Imaichi and Kitakami districts precisely by the x-ray diffraction, differential thermal, infrared spectroscopical, electron microscopical, and chemical methods, and they concluded that the substance was a mixture of poorly crystallized montmorillonite, allophane in various weathering stages, and free sesquioxide, although there was no positive evidence of montmorillonite. YOSHINAGA and AOMINE (7) noticed that the properties of imogolite designated by themselves bore a striking likeness to those of the gel-like substance reported by KANNO et al. (3), and they considered that both substances were essentially of the same kind irrespective of occurrence.  相似文献   

11.
Nonexchangeable potassium (K-ne), i.e. 1 M NH4OAc-nonexchangeable K, often contributes significantly to plant nutrition. However conventional extraction methods often extract much more K-ne than plants even after intensive cropping, suggesting the difficulty in evaluating the amount of readily available soil K-ne. In this study, we used a milder extraction method (0.01 M HCl method) to examine its applicability to evaluate the amount of readily available K-ne in soil. In the first experiment, the concentration of K-ne in twenty surface soils sampled from agricultural fields in Japan and K-bearing minerals was determined by the 0.01 M HCl method, i.e. sequential extraction with 0.01 M HCl over a period of 10 d after removal of exchangeable K, and by conventional methods. The average percentage of the soil K-ne extracted by the 0.01 M HCl method amounted to 0.66% of the total K amount, and was much lower than that by a single extraction with 1 M HNO3 (2.0%) or with 0.2 M sodium tetraphenylboron for 2 d (22%). In the second experiment, the amount of K-ne removed by chemical extractions was compared with that of K-ne removed by maize plants grown for 29 d in five of the above soils. The amount of the K-ne evaluated by the 0.01 M HCl method gave the highest correlation (p < 0.05) with that of the K-ne utilized by plants among the extraction methods applied. The amount of soil K-ne extracted by the 0.01 M Hel method could therefore become a suitable index of the amount of readily available K-ne in soil. Extraction of K-ne in soils after maize planting further indicated that plants had removed K-ne more intensively than the 0.01 < HCl method probably only from the rhizosphere, although a high correlation was observed between the amount of K-ne removed by the 0.01 M Hel method and that by plants. This implies that the estimation of the amount of K-ne utilized by plants requires not only soil chemical analysis but also the evaluation of the percentage of the soil volume where the plant-induced release of K-ne actually occurs.  相似文献   

12.
Fractional analysis of phosphorus compounds in plant tissue has been carried out by many workers, and reported on tobacco plant by Holden (1) and Komatsu (2). The fractional distribution of foliar absorbed phosphorus was investigated by Yatazawa (3) who indicated that the phosphorus was first converted into the phosphate-ester as an intermediate substance on the phosphorus metabolism. The methods of fractional analysis used by these authors were based on the method proposed by Page and Umbereit (4) in which they used trichloroacetic acid as the first extracting reagent. Recently, in order to separate the protein bound phosphorus, Wildmann, Campell and Bonner (5) adopted the salting-out method without using trichloroacetic acid. They reported that the protein-bound phosphorus plays an important role and is in the dynamic state. Fujiwara and Kadowaki (6) paid attention to the phosphorus bound to cytoplasmic protein as energy-rich phosphate compounds, and adopted the method so as to separate such compounds. In order to reveal the utilization of foliar absorbed phosphorus by the tobacco plant, the fractional distribution of phosphorus was examined. In this paper, the degree of change to organic phosphorus was taken as an index of phosphorus utilization. Paper electrophoresis was used for this purpose because the inorganic and the protein-bound phosphorus could be separated easily.  相似文献   

13.
Abstract

Several silicon (Si) extractants are being employed in different countries mostly for lowland acidic soils. Present investigation was conducted to evaluate suitable extractants for upland paddy grown on alkaline soils. Available Si was extracted by using ten different extractants. Tris buffer pH 7.0 (1:10) in Inceptisols showed positively highest and significant correlation with grain yield (r?=?0.870), grain Si uptake (r?=?0.887), straw yield (r?=?0.852), and straw Si uptake (r?=?0.919). However, 0.5?M acetic acid (1:2.5) in Vertisols showed positively highest and significant correlation with grain yield (r?=?0.810), grain Si uptake (r?=?0.852), straw yield (r?=?0.850), and straw Si uptake (r?=?0.929). The application of Si @ 200?kg ha?1 along with chemical fertilizers significantly increased yield and nutrient uptake of upland paddy on Vertisols. Tris buffer pH 7.0 (1:10) and 0.5?M acetic acid (1:2.5) were suitable extractant for Inceptisols and Vertisols, respectively based on its correlation with yield and nutrient uptake.  相似文献   

14.
G. W. ROBISON et al. (1) introduced a method of H2O2 treatment for study of humification based on the fact that the humus substances in soils are perfectly destroyed under the treatment of H2O2. W. O. ROBINSON (2) used 15% H2O2 for the determination of total organic matters.  相似文献   

15.
One of the authors, Kumada(1), has presented the idea that humification must be regarded as browning phenomena of organic matter in soils. The browning reaction can be accelerated non-enzymatically as well as enzymatically, and it is considered that humification would be conducted under the influence of some catalytic actions of clay fraction, composed of various kinds of clay minerals, free oxides and electrolytes, as well as soil enzymes, under the prevailing hydrothermal conditions. This was well illustrated by Kyuma and Kawaguchi(2), who definitely demonstrated the catalytic effect of allophane on the oxidative polymerization of polyphenols.  相似文献   

16.
In the previous article (1), montmorillonitic soils were disclosed to have the ratio of total exchange acidity to y1 less than 3.0 and no ralation of the degree of base saturation to the ratio, although the relation was suggested by AMONINE and WATANABE (2).  相似文献   

17.
The concept of productive efficiency of nutrients has been discussed at length by Kimura and Chiba (1943)1). Considering that the effect of a nutrient for the production of grain and straw may be divided into several growing periods of plant.life, Kimura and Chiba (1943) conducted water culture experiments to study the effect of nitrogen absorbed at a definite period on the production of grain and straw. The total productive efficiency was divided into several partial efficiencies based upon the growing period of the rice plant. The following is a summary of their findings.  相似文献   

18.
It is well known that methyl mercaptan is porduced by the microbiological decomposition of methionine1),2),3). According to Kondo 4) and Onitake 1)not only hydrogen sulfide, but also methyl mercaptan were produced from cystine by E. coli and Proteus vulgaris in the medium containing one of glucose, lactose, sucrose, glycerin or histidine. Moreover, Onitake 1) found that methyl mercaptan was produced by the action of E. coli in the medium containing hydrogen sulfide and a trace of ethyl alcohol, and that evolution of methyl mercaptan began only 5 minutes after the start of experiment in the medium containing methionine, but it began after 12hrs in the medium containing 1-cystine and glucose. According to Birkinshaw, Findlay and Webb5) methyl mercaptan was found in the medium containing glucose, sulfate and other mineral salts, inoculated by Schizophyllum commune. In the same cultural condition as given above, methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide, and dimethyl disulfide were detected by Challenger and Chartons 5) from the data presented above, in addition to microbiological formation of methyl mercaptan from methionine, the possibility cannot be excluded of methyl mercaptan formation by microbes from cystine, sulfate or hydrogen sulfide in the medium containing one of organic compounds such as sugars, glycerin, histidine and ethyl alcohol, etc.  相似文献   

19.
Recent studies have shown that the incorporation of ammonium nitrogen into amino acids in the leaves is strictly dependent on light (1-4). It is speculated that the effect of light on ammonium assimilation may be through the synthesis of the precursors of amino acids, or by the supply of the energy required for amination and amidation with organic acids. In the Vicia faba chloroplasts Givan et al. (1) exhibited that the synthesis of glutamic acid from a-ketoglutarate was linked with the generation of reduced pyridin nucleotide by photosynthetic electron transport. Mitchell and Stocking (2) suggested the direct coupling of glutamine formation with photophosphorylation in the pea chloroplasts. On the other hand. the processes of nitrate assimilation are more indebted to light than those of ammonium assimilation, because the former ones involve the reduction of nitrate to ammonium which is believed to be light-dependent (5). Canvin and Atkins (6). and Atkins and Canvin (7) reported that the incorporation of 15N-labeled ammonium and nitrate into amino acid fractiom was depressed by the dark treatment and by photosystem inhibitors; 3-(3′,4′-dichlrophenyl)-1-1-dimethylurea (DCMU) and carbonyl-cyanide-m-chlorophenyl-hydrazone(CCCP).  相似文献   

20.
Abstract

The presence of 4-MeGln in the tulip plant was discovered by ZACHARIUS et al. (1954), and it was found that this amide generally occurred in the leaves of almost all the species of genus Tulipa (FOWDEN and STEWARD 1957a). The 4-MeGln compound has been detected in every part of the tulip plant, i.e., bulb scales, roots, basal plate, young shoots, leaves, stern, and flower (FOWDEN and STEWARD 1957a, b; OHYAMA 1986; OHYAMA et al. 1985, 1988a, b; ZACHARIUS et al. 1954, 1957). Especially 4-MeGln was found to be a major soluble N constituent in the leaves and stem of tulip of the flowering stage (OHYAMA et al. 1985; OHYAMA 1986).  相似文献   

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