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1.
Abstract

In order to determine the nutrient level and other characteristics of the soil a new mechanical soil sampling machine has been constructed. The machine ellimates the errors caused by taking the samples manually and It speeds the sampling procedure as well. The sampling machine equipped with discs drawn by a tractor with hydraulics can work continuously. Specially designed spoons on the discs take the samples out of the soil at a given depth. Using two discs collection of parallel samples is possible. Shoots and stubbles on the field do not interfere or contaminate the samples. Using a double disced type machine for taking 2 average samples on every twelve hectares the output of the machine is 50–100 hectares/hour. A new evaluation method has been worked out for the calculation of the characteristics values of the field.  相似文献   

2.
Abstract

The availability of soil Mn to corn in relation to extractability of soil Mn by EDTA, Mg(NO3)2, CH3COONH4, hydroquinone, H3PO4, and NH4H2PO4 as affected by liming was evaluated under field conditions on a single soil type. EDTA, Mg(NO3)2 and CH3COONH4‐extractable Mn were related inversely to available Mn. No useful relationships were found between hydroquinone, H3PO4, and NH4H2PO4‐extractable soil Mn and Mn uptake by sweet corn.  相似文献   

3.
ABSTRACT

This study was carried out to determine the producers' conditions and some technical and economic characteristics of peach growing in Kemalpasa, Izmir. Main data was collected by interviewing peach growers selected by using the random sampling method. In this study, average yield per hectare and average yield per tree were determined to be 16,848 kg and 37.7 kg. Average size of the peach orchard was found to be 1.09 hectares. It was observed that the growers preferred square planting with 4.5 m × 4.5 m spacing, rather than triangle planting. Input use and number of replications of cultural practices during production season were also determined in the study. It was observed that more than 82% of peach growers harvested their crop themselves. Net return obtained per hectare and per tree from peaches was determined to be $839 and $1.88, respectively.  相似文献   

4.
Abstract

The potential for extending organic wine production in Chile is discussed in relation to its history and present situation. The main objective is to present an overview of the production of organic wine in Chile, its certification, and national and international markets. During the wine harvesting season in March and April 2006, the authors visited and interviewed staff at four Chilean organic wineries. The wineries were all situated in the wine-producing centre of the country and were of variable sizes. One of the certification bodies in Chile was also interviewed. In addition to the field studies and interviews in Chile, various written information has been used. Second to Argentina, Chile is the country that produces most wine in Latin America. Vineyards cover a total of 110 000 hectares of the country's two million hectares of arable land. A study carried out in 2005 showed that 2000 hectares (almost 2%) of vineyards are organically cultivated. The organic production is operated by 32 different companies, which produce organic wine mainly for exportation to the international market. In Chile, the number of certified organic wine producers has increased in recent years in a trend directed by international demand and possible competitive advantages for Chilean wines. In order for a wine to be called ‘organic’ or ‘wine made from organically grown grapes’, the cultivation and final product must be approved by a certification company. In Chile there are three main active certification bodies; one national (Certificadora Chile Orgánico, CCO) and two international (the Swiss company IMO and the German company BCS). The study reveals a country with innovation and energy but facing strong pressures from the international market and its jungle of laws and directives, and the differing prestige of different certifications and labels. Chile as a wine-producing country has many competitors, and the production of organic wine could be a way to find diversity and exploit new market ground where environmental consideration concerns and sustainability are important targets.  相似文献   

5.
Abstract

It is well known that some fungal species are remarkably tolerant of high copper concentration, although copper is toxic to most fungi (Garraway and Evans 1984). Bedford (1936) and Jurkowska (1952) reported that Penicillium and Aspergillus species can grow in liquid media saturated or nearly saturated with copper sulfate. Okamoto and Fuwa (1974) isolated Penicillium ochro-chloron from the laboratory air, and found that the fungus was able to grow in a medium saturated with copper sulfate.  相似文献   

6.
Abstract

Rice–wheat cropping system covers about 24 million hectares in China, India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Bangladesh, and zinc deficiency is widespread in rice–wheat belts of all these five countries. The current practice of applying zinc sulfate heptahydrate (ZnSO4 · 7H2O) to soil is problematic because of the poor quality of the nutrients available in the market to the farmers. Zinc (Zn)–coated urea is therefore being manufactured to guarantee a good‐quality Zn source. This article reports the results from a field study conducted to study the relative efficiency of zinc sulfate and zinc oxide (ZnO)–coated ureas in rice–wheat cropping system. The highest grain yield of rice–wheat cropping system was obtained with 2.0% coating of urea. Zinc sulfate was also a better coating material than ZnO. Partial factor productivity, agronomic efficiency, apparent recovery, and physiological efficiency of applied Zn decreased as the level of Zn coating was increased.  相似文献   

7.
Abstract

A technique was developed to eliminate chloride interference using antimony (III) in the determination of nitrates in soils by phenoldisulphonic acid method. This method was found effective upto nearly 300 ppm Cl‐ in soils ranging in pH from 5.6 to 8.3. By avoiding repeated filtrations of chloride precipitates, this method allowas quick analysis of soils for nitrates in single soil extracts containing other mineral nitrogen fractions.  相似文献   

8.
Abstract

We investigated the effect of foliar application of potassium nitrate (KNO3) and zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) on the fruit quality of pomegranate (Punica granatum L. cv. Malas-E–Torsh in Saveh). Potassium was applied as KNO3 at concentrations of 0%, 0.25%, and 0.5% and zinc was applied as ZnSO4 at concentrations of 0%, 0.5%, and 1% in a completely randomized block design. To determine the effect of the treatments on fruit quality, we measured fruit weight, peel thickness, aril diameter, phenol content of the juice, pH, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), and antioxidant capacity. Foliar application of KNO3 significantly increased fruit weight, 100 aril weight, peel weight, peel thickness, TTS, and antioxidant capacity. In contrast, pH, TA, TSS/TA, and phenol content of the juice were not influenced by foliar application of KNO3. ZnSO4 significantly increased fruit weight, aril diameter, and phenol content of the juice. KNO3 1% and ZnSO4 0.5% were identified as the most appropriate treatments in improving quality and quantity of pomegranate. The fatty acid profile of the pomegranate oil was primarily composed of punicic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid.  相似文献   

9.
Abstract

Tomato plants were grown in sand culture with NH+ 4, and NO? 3, forms of N and three levels of light. Plants supplied with NH+ 4, nutrition under high light intensity had symptoms of stunting, leaf roll, wilting, interveinal chlorosis of the older leaves, and one third the dry weight of N03‐fed plants. In contrast, growth of plants receiving NH+ 4, nutrition under shade appeared normal although dry weight was reduced. NH4‐N nutrition suppressed K, Ca and Mg accumulation in tissues and increased P contents as compared to NO3‐N nutrition.  相似文献   

10.
Abstract

Humic substances from an Argentinian chesnut (Mollisol) soil were extracted with Na‐Dowex A‐1 resin, 0.1 N NaOH and 0.1 M Na4P2O7 without decalcification and with 0.1 N NaOH after decalcification. Humic to fulvic (Ch/Cf) acid and E4/E6 ratios of the extracts were determined and compared.

A simpler and more rapid procedure than the classical ones for extracting and characterizing soil humus is proposed. The procedure is based on the use of a chelating resin as extractant and on the direct determination of analytical properties of humus in aliquots of the extract.  相似文献   

11.
ABSTRACT

Kazakhstan is one of the top ten countries in the world that use careful farming with a total area of 2 million hectares, therefore, the priority area of scientific research in the field of agriculture is the development and improvement of effective means: seed drills, tillage machines and mechanisms. As part of the research, tests were conducted with the use of experimental seed drills with various combinations of coulters: (1) double-disc and chisel coulters installed in different rows, (2) double-disc coulters and cultivator sweeps with seed distributors for band sowing. The research showed a higher efficiency of the use of combined coulters in comparison with only sweep rows in seed drills both in terms of agrotechnical indicators (yield, stubble conservation, uniformity of seed depth and field fullness germination of seeds, drag force of the drill), and from the economic effect terms. The results of this research can be used in the agricultural sector, regardless of the country and region, with careful farming using No-till technology in similar soil and climatic zones.  相似文献   

12.
Abstract

The Langmuir parameters of orthophosphate (OP) and pyrophosphate (PP) sorption for the ammoniated tropical soils were determined. Positive linear relationships between OP and PP sorption maxima and amounts of anhydrous NH3 added were noticed. Indexes of bonding energy of OP and PP increased exponentially as ammoniation level of the soils increased from 33 to 100% of ammonia retention capacity.  相似文献   

13.
Abstract

The indirect procedure for sulfate determination by Ba absorption spectroscopy was modified so that low concentrations of SO4 in small volumes of solutions could be determined rapidly and precisely. Major modifications consisted of seeding the sample with BaSO4, precipitating in ethanol solutions to lower BaSO4 solubility, and determining Ba in a N2O‐acetylene flame using the absorption mode.

The results showed: complete SO4 precipitation as BaSO4 after 15 min of shaking, little or no effect from solution Al on SO4 determination, quantitative recovery of SO4 from 0.01 M Ca(H2PO4)2 soil extracts, and greater precision of SO4 measurement with indirect method than with turbidimetric method.  相似文献   

14.
Abstract

Plant responses to elevated CO2 are governed by temperature, and at low temperatures the beneficial effects of CO2 may be lost. To document the responses of winter cereals grown under cold conditions at northern latitudes, autumn growth of winter wheat exposed to ambient and elevated levels of temperature (+2.5°C), CO2 (+150 µmol mol?1), and shade (?30%) was studied in open-top chambers under low light and at low temperatures. Throughout the experiment, temperature dominated plant responses, while the effects of CO2 were marginal, except for a positive effect on root biomass. Increased temperature resulted in increased leaf area, total biomass, total root biomass, total stem biomass, and number of tillers, but also a lower content of total sugars and a weaker tolerance to frost. The loss of frost tolerance was related to the larger size of plants grown at elevated temperature. The 30% light reduction under shading did not affect the growth, sugar content, or frost tolerance of winter wheat. At the low temperatures found at high latitudes during autumn, the atmospheric CO2 increase is unlikely to enhance autumn growth of winter wheat to any significant extent, while a temperature increase may have important and major effects on its development and growth.  相似文献   

15.
Abstract

Lead uptake by four‐week‐old corn shoots grown in Fb‐amended soils was found to be dependent upon the level of Pb in the soil relative to the soil's capacity to sorb Pb. At a given level of added Pb, lead uptake by plants was found to decrease with an increase in soil pH, cation exchange capacity, and available phosphorus.  相似文献   

16.
Abstract

Fertilizer recommendations need to be based on reliable soil sulfate determinations. Airdrying samples changes irreversibly many properties of soils with variable charge and might affect the extractable sulfate. In this study, sulfate extracted from air‐dry and field‐moist samples was compared. Two extracting solutions [water and 00.1 M Ca(H2PO4) 2] and two quantification methods (turbidimetry and ion chromatography) were assayed on A and B horizon samples of five Humic Acrisols from southeast Mexico. Air drying increased water‐extractable sulfate in Ah horizons, whereas in Bt horizons, it increased the 00.1 M Ca(H2PO4)2‐extractable sulfate. Airdrying increased dissolved organic carbon contents in all samples and increased soil acidity and oxalate extractable iron in 70 and 60% of the samples, respectively. Results showed larger coefficients of variation in air‐dried samples. Turbidimetry resulted less sensible than ion chromatography. To enhance sensitivity and reproducibility, particularly organic soil samples should be analyzed field‐moist and by ion chromatography.  相似文献   

17.
Abstract

Recently there has been developments in the measurement of N2 fixation due mainly to the C2H2 reduction method (1). This method, however, has several disadvantages, especially for submerged soil, and the estimated amount of fixed N2 on the basis of the C2H2 reduction activity is not very reliable. The tracer 15N2 technique which gives a reliable estimation of the fixed N2 is too expensive for common use. Development of an alternative method suitable for submerged soil would therefore be desirable. The present authors expected that the measurement of the ratio N2/Ar in the soil solution might provide advantages for the estimation of the fixed N2 in submerged soil.  相似文献   

18.
Abstract

Methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from an irrigated rice field under continuous flooding and intermittent irrigation water management practices in northern China were measured in situ by the static chamber technique during May to October in 2000. The intermittent irrigation reduced total growing‐season CH4 emission by 24.22% but increased N2O emission by 23.72%, when compared with the continuous flooding. Soil Eh and four related bacterial groups were also measured to clarify their effects on gaseous emissions. Three ranges of soil redox potential were related to gas emissions: below ?100 mV with vigorous CH4 emission, above +100 mV with significant N2O emission, and +100 to ?100 mV with little CH4 and N2O emissions. Intermittently draining the field increased soil oxidation, with a decrease in CH4 emission and an increase in N2O emission. In general the mid‐season drainage slightly increased the populations of methanotrophs, nitrifiers, and denitrifiers but decreased that of methanogens.  相似文献   

19.
Abstract

Seedlings of nine different conifers were exposed to 355 and 730 μmol mol-1 CO2, or low (> 15 nmol mol?1) and elevated 03 concentration (70 nmol mol?1) for 81–116 days. The experiments were conducted in growth chambers placed in a greenhouse. Increased CO2 concentration enhanced the mean relative growth rate (RGR) and total plant dry weight by 4 and 33% in Larix leptolepis, by 4 and 38% in Larix sibirica, by 7 and 47% in Picea glauca and by 3 and 16% in Picea sitchensis, respectively. The growth rates and dry weights of Pimis contorta, Pinus mugo and Pseudotsuga menziesii were not significantly affected. Carbon dioxide enrichment enhanced RGR of two provenances of Picea abies by 4 and 6%, respectively, while a third provenance was unaffected. In Pimis sylvestris, only the RGR of one of three provenances was stimulated by CO2 enrichment (4%).

After two growth seasons CO2 enrichment enhanced RGR and total plant dry weight by 11 and 35% in Picea abies and by 12 and 36% in Pinus sylvestris, respectively. Elevated CO2 decreased the shoot:root ratio in Larix leptolepis, and decreased the needlerstem ratio in Picea glauca, but increased it in Pseudotsuga menziesii.

Elevated O3 significantly decreased the plant dry weight in Picea sitchensis, Pseudotsuga menziesii and in one of three provenances of Pinus sylvestris, while the other species and provenances were unaffected. Increased O3 concentration increased the shoot:root dry weight ratio in one of three Picea abies provenances, in all three Pinus sylvestris provenances and in Pinus contorta. The needle:stem ratio was enhanced by O3 in seven of the nine species. The O3 exposure caused chlorosis of needles in all species except Pseudotsuga menziesii.  相似文献   

20.
Abstract

The absorption mechanisms for Na, K, SO4 and Cl were tested in a salt tolerant (PVR 1) and a salt sensitive (GEB 24) rice varieties. The salt tolerant variety accumulated significantly larger amounts of Na than the salt sensitive variety. Further, PVR 1 absorbed SO4 from Na2SO4 in preference to that from K2SO4. The absorption patterns for K and Cl were similar in both the varieties. It is concluded that the capacity of plant species to accumulate greater amounts of Na is a reflection of their halophytic feature.  相似文献   

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