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1.
Recently, micropedological investigations have become an important means to explain some pedogenetical processes. The micromorphological features of Brown Forest soils and Mountain Brown Forest soils have been reported by several investigators(12, 14–15), Braunerde can be distinguished from Braunlehm by the presence of a spongy structure, immobility of peptizable iron hydroxides, or by the absence of any fluidal structure in its (B) horizon. In his review on micropedology, osmond(16) has stated that Brown Earths do not show any evidence of illuviation of ferruginous compounds or clay formed by oxidative weathering. As a result of micromorphological investigations on soils derived from serpentine in Greece, Krause(12) has described that the dominant soil of the hillsides is rubefied Braunlehm (Rotlehm), whereas the soil developed on valley terraces is Braunerde which appears as a transformation product of Rotlehm and has a spongy fabric in the A horizon. 相似文献
2.
Hiroaki Kurihara Shizuo Nagatsuka Yasuo Kitagawa 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(6):815-823
The bioclimatic conditions, profile morphology and physico-chemical properties of five different soils under the Warm-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest climate, Warm-temperate lucidophyllous forest climate, and Cool-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest climate in the northern part of the Nyu mountains in Fukui Pref., Central Japan were examined. The outline of the results is as follows: 1) The Dark red soil, Kunimidake series, derived from pyroxene andesite may have been formed by the hydrothermal action of volcanism. 2) The Dry brown forest soil, Takasu-1 series, showed a brighter colour in the Bw horizon and a sudden decrease in the humus content below the AB horizon, suggesting that this soil was similar to Yellow-Brown Forest soils rather than to Brown Forest soils. 3) The Dry brown forest soil (reddish), Tega series, is likely to be a Yellow-Brown Forest soil derived from the loess which covered the underlying paleo-red soil. 4) The Red soil, Oshibayama series, was a paleo-red soil in which the upper part had been lost by erosion. 5) The Yellow soil, Yada series, on the Takasu coastal terrace was also considered to be a Yellow-Brown Forest soil affected by the seawater components from the neighboring coast. 6) It was suggested that zonal soils formed under the Warm-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest climate in the northern part of the Nyu mountains, in the northwestern region of Fukui Pref. were Yellow-Brown Forest soils like those under the Warm-temperate lucidophyllous forest climate. 相似文献
3.
《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(3):424-433
Abstract This study aimed to clarify pedogenetic processes and classification of yellowish Brown Forest Soils according to the Classification of Forest Soils in Japan and the Yellow Brown Forest soils according to the Unified Soil Classification System of Japan in the warm and cool temperate forest of Kyushu district, Japan. In addition, the study aimed to clarify a problem with the Unified Soil Classification System of Japan. Thirty-six soil profiles of Brown Forest Soils, including 13 yellowish Brown Forest Soils and 15 Yellow Brown Forest soils, were compared with regard to their chemical properties and the relationship with climatic conditions was assessed. The yellowish Brown Forest Soils had thin A horizons, low pH and low levels of free oxides in the B horizons, and a low amount of silica and a high aluminum and iron to silica ratio. These features were related to the paleo reddish weathering. The immaturely developed A horizon of the yellowish Brown Forest Soils was caused by these weathered, low-activity substances. The Yellow Brown Forest soils had low levels of active iron oxides and a low activity ratio of free iron oxides compared with the Haplic Brown Forest soils in the same thermal climatic conditions. The activity ratio of free iron oxides was correlated to mean annual air temperature with the carbon stocks and with many other chemical properties. Accordingly, classification of Brown Forest Soils was clearer according to thermal climatic conditions. The activity ratio of free iron oxides can become an effective index that distinguishes Yellow Brown Forest soils under warm temperate lucidophyllous forest and Haplic Brown Forest soils under cool temperate broad-leaved deciduous forest with considerable vertical soil zonality. 相似文献
4.
Abstract Properties and classification of four selected volcanic ash soils from Abashiri, Hokkaido were studied and the transition of Andisols to Mollisols was discussed. Two of the four pedons (Brown Andosol and Cumulic Andosol)1 showed morphological, clay mineralogical, physical, and chemical properties common to most Andisols in Japan. However, the properties of the other two pedons (Acid Brown Forest soil and Brown Forest soil)1 were considerably different from those of common Andisols in Japan. It was found that the changes in the andic soil properties or transition of Andisols to Mollisols was closely related to the progression of clay weathering, mainly the transformation of noncrystalline clay materials to halloysite. One of the four pedons (Brown Forest soil)1had the clay fraction dominated by halloysite from the uppermost horizon down to the bottom of the profile and satisfied both andic and mollic requirements. Thus we concluded that the pedon is a transitional soil between Andisols and Mollisols and that the transition is closely related to the duration of surface weathering under relatively weak leaching conditions. The four pedons were classified according to the Andisol Proposal (Leamy et al. 1988, New Zealand Soil Bureau) as follows: Pedon 1: Medial, amorphic (allophane/imogolite), frigid Typic Hapludand (Brown Andosol).1 Pedon 2: Medial, amorphic (allophane/imogolite), frigid Typic Melanudand (Cumulic Andosol).1 Pedon 3: Medial, amorphic (allophane/ imogolite), over kandic, frigid Typic Melanudand (Acid Brown Forest soil).1 Pedon 4: Medial, kandic, frigid Typic Hapludand (Brown Forest soil).1 相似文献
5.
Vertical distribution of low molecular weight aliphatic carboxylic acids in some forest soils of Japan 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Low molecular weight organic acids are widespread and reactive in soils, but their distribution among mineral horizons is uncertain. We investigated the distribution of low molecular weight aliphatic carboxylic acids (LACAs) in three Japanese forest soils, two Acid Brown Forest soils and one Podzolic soil. The total LACAs ranged from 207.3 to 411.8 μmol kg–1 and were abundant in the lower horizons as well as in the surface horizons of these soils. The illuvial horizons of the Podzolic soil were rich in adsorbed oxalic acid and citric acid. Total LACAs were similar in the two subtypes of Brown Forest soils derived from different parent materials but formed under similar vegetation and climate, and were larger than that in the Podzolic soil. Among the volatile LACAs, formic acid and acetic acid dominated the moist horizons containing much organic material, whereas the non-volatile LACAs, the most abundant being oxalic acid and citric acid, increased in the subsurface horizons. The distribution of water-soluble LACAs in the Brown Forest soil profiles was closely correlated with soil acidity. 相似文献
6.
Hideaki Hirai Kazuhiro Yoshikawa Katsutoshi Sakurai Kazutake Kyuma 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(3):509-519
Abstract Properties of sesquioxides, clay mineralogical composition, and charge characteristics of the soils developed under broad-leaved evergreen forests in Okinawa Prefecture (subtropical climate) and the Kinki District (warm temperate climate) were studied with special reference to their pedogenetic processes in order to reexamine the corresponding parameters of Brown Forest soils and related soils in Japan. The soils in Okinawa Prefecture were characterized by a higher degree of weathering as compared to the soils in the Kinki District. Major differences involved the values of the Fed/Fet ratio for the soil samples throughout the profile, and those of the ratios of (Fed-Feo)/Fet, CEC/clay, and (Feo + Alo)/ clay and the content of CaO plus Na2O for the B horizon. The soils in the Kinki District did not show andic soil properties, nor Al translocation in the profile and, both of which were characteristic of Brown Forest soils developed under cool temperate climatic conditions at high altitudes in the same District. The difference in the degree of weathering were reflected on the charge characteristics at the very surface of the soils, i.e., the surface of the particles of the soils in Okinawa Prefecture exhibited a lower reactivity as compared with those of the soils in the Kinki District. 相似文献
7.
Hideaki Hirai Katsutoshi Sakurai Kazutake Kyuma 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(3):497-507
Abstract Properties of sesquioxides, clay mineralogical composition, and charge characteristics of Brown Forest soils developed under beech forests in the Kinki (Ohdaigahara) and the Tohoku District (Hakkoda) were studied with special reference to their pedogenetic processes. The Brown Forest soils in the Kinki District were characterized by the translocation of free Al, formation of Al and/or Fe-humus complexes throughout the profile, and the predominance of 2:1: 1-2:1 intergrade minerals in the subsurface horizons, whereas those in the Tohoku District were characterized by the formation of allophane and no remarkable translocation of free Al oxides. This difference in the pedogenetic processes under the same vegetation was reflected on the amounts of Al released from primary minerals in relation to the amounts of organic matter accumulated. Major distinctive characteristics included the values of the Alp/Alo, the Fep/Feo, the Alo/Ald ratios, the Sio content, and the STPT-ZPC and pH(H2O) values. Among these the values of the Alo/Ald ratio and/or the Sio content were found to be suitable indices for the differentiation of Brown Forest soils from Andisols in Japan In addition to the criteria used to define andic soil properties. 相似文献
8.
In the course of chemical weathering, rockforming minerals release constituent ions changing into secondary minerals by alteration or recrystallization. Minerals formed in this way are primarily of colloidal nature, and are the most active portion in soils together with humus. The chemical weathering has dual meaning for soil fertility, that is, it provides soils with nutrients released and inorganic colloids formed, namely clay minerals. It has been well established that climate, vegetation, parent material, topography and time influence the formation of soils. Generally speaking, Japanese soils have developed under a warm and humid climate which causes leaching of released bases resulting in acid reactions, and a predominance of kaolin in soils. Accumulated information pertaining to Japanese soils, however, has disclosed that physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties of parent rocks are still obviously reflected in the clay minerals of soils. 相似文献
9.
主要运用土壤微形态学、粘土矿物学和土壤化学方法,对海南岛三个不同母质的砖红壤剖面的微形态特征和成壤过程进行研究,并将网纹红土和砖红壤进行比较.结果表明,砖红壤典型的微形态特征为易风化矿物颗粒和粘粒胶膜的缺失、均质状的b-垒结以及风化成因铁锰质结核的出现;典型的成壤过程为强烈的化学风化、红化、均质化、淋溶以及显著的脱硅富铝化过程.随着成土母质和土壤排水条件的变化,砖红壤的微形态特征亦有所差异.而我国南方的网纹红土的发育程度低于砖红壤,不宜被划分为砖红壤或氧化土,而更趋向归入老成土,在我国土壤发生学分类中大致相当于红壤. 相似文献
10.
11.
Evaluation of ferrolysis in soil formation 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The concept of ferrolysis as defined in the 1970s by Brinkman and co‐workers is mentioned in the recent literature as a dominant process to explain clay disintegration, interlayering of clay minerals, and strong texture contrast of duplex soils, in which bleaching and mottling are predominant features. Ferrolysis is based on biochemical reduction of free iron(III) oxides to Fe2+ and re‐oxidation of Fe2+ during alternating reducing and oxidizing conditions in the soil. The acidity produced during the oxidation is assumed to release cations from silicates which results in the destruction of clay minerals. A detailed analysis of data from chemical analyses, laboratory experiments, and mineralogical and micromorphological investigations, which have been considered to sustain the ferrolysis theory, has been carried out. Some soils in Belgium and France, which have been considered to be formed mainly by ferrolysis, show strong textural contrast or albeluvic features. It has been shown that the development of these soils is due to clay translocation rather than to clay destruction by ferrolysis. Fine quartz and chlorite, assumed to be secondary minerals formed during ferrolysis, are more likely formed by disintegration of larger quartz and chlorite particles. 相似文献
12.
The genetic characterization of soils developed from alluvial and proluvial deposits in the Gr?ndalselva River valley (West Spitsbergen) is presented. These soils are compared with analogous soils formed on marine terraces along the coasts of Isfjord and Gr?nfjord. Gray-humus (soddy) soils with an O-AY-C profile have been described on parent materials of different origins, including alluvial and proluvial sediments. The texture of the soils in the Gr?ndalselva River valley varies from medium to heavy loam and differs from the texture of the soils on other geomorphic positions in the higher content of fine particles. The soils developed from the alluvial deposits are characterized by their richer mineralogical and chemical composition in comparison with the soils developed from proluvial deposits, marine deposits, and bedrocks. All the deposits are impoverished in CaO. No differentiation of the chemical composition of the soils along the soil profiles has been found in the soils of the coastal areas and the river valley. Some accumulation of oxalate-soluble Al and Fe compounds takes place in the uppermost mineral horizon. The soils of all the geomorphic positions have a high humus content and a high exchange capacity. 相似文献
13.
Shinichi Ogiyama Kazunori Sakamoto Hiroyuki Suzuki Shingo Ushio Tetsuo Anzai Kazuyuki Inubushi 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2005,51(6):801-808
An experiment was conducted to examine the accumulation and mobility of heavy metals (Zn and Cu) at different depths in three types of arable soils (Brown Lowland soil, Andosol, and Brown Forest soil) amended with cattle and pig farmyard manures for 5 years. Nitric-perchloric acid digestion was performed for the determination of the total amounts of heavy metals, and 0.1 M hydrochloric acid extraction was performed for the determination of the amounts of soluble heavy metals. Results of the soil analysis indicated that pig farmyard manure application resulted in serious contamination of arable soils with Zn and potentially Cu. Especially, the Brown Forest soil displayed a high ability to accumulate heavy metals on the soil surface. Total-Zn concentration in surface soils was considerably affected by the holding capacity of soluble-Zn traction. Although the Andosol amended with pig farmyard manure showed higher concentrations of heavy metals related to the higher ability of retention on a weight basis, the soil did not contribute to high heavy metal accumulation because of its low bulk density. Heavy metals were easily leached in sandy soils such as Brown Lowland soil, and Cu was potentially stable compared with Zn. We suggest that long-term pig farmyard manure application to the Brown Lowland soil and Andosol with a light soil texture is associated with a higher risk of groundwater pollution than the application to the Brown Forest soil. 相似文献
14.
Kiyotaka Miyashita 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(4):639-643
Abstract Characteristics of Brown Forest soils developed under different bio-climatic conditions from low to high eleyations in the Kinki District were studied with special reference to their pedogenetic processes. The Brown Forest soils at high elevations were characterized by a lower bulk density, higher capacities to adsorb organic matter, phosphate, and moisture, which were correlated with the ratio of the amorphous content to the clay content (the value of the ratio of (Feo + Alo)/clay), as compared to those at low elevations. Considering the fact that the value of the (Feo + Alo)/clay ratio was not correlated with the volcanic glass index, the formation of an amorphous fraction at high elevations was considered to proceed according to the following mechanism. Low temperature at high elevations (above 700 m) may retard the crystallization of oxide minerals. The amorphous oxides with variable positive charge thus formed may adsorb organic matter, confering a darker color and high moisture and high phosphate retention capacities to the subsoil. Adsorbed organic matter stabilizes these amorphous oxides, thus enhancing the amorphous properties and inhibiting crystallization. A1 translocation due to the weak podzolization may contribute to the increase of the content of amorphous materials. Characterization of the B horizons in forest soils in Japan, in terms of the values of the ratios of (Feo + Alo)/clay, (Fed-Feo)/Fet, and Alo/Ald, (CEC -ECEQ/CEC and STPT-ZPC, suggested that forest soils might be classified into four groups. 相似文献
15.
J. BOUMA J. HOEKS L. VAN DER PLAS B. VAN SCHERRENBURG 《European Journal of Soil Science》1969,20(2):384-398
Some representative podzol profiles from an Alpine region are described. Their genesis is mainly a function of vegetation and drainage and is analysed by morphological, chemical, and mineralogical methods. The effect of soil management on profile development as governed by recent economic advances has been discussed. When meadows with brown soils that are preserved by careful management are abandoned, heather and bilberries start growing and podzolization processes begin. Illuviation horizons are formed that have a friable consistency when formed in these meadows, but that may be hard and brittle when developed in sandy till with only heather or bilberries. Soil physical processes lead only to a fragmentation of parent rock, whereas pronounced chemical weathering occurring in these soils—decreasing in intensity with depth—produces an active clay fraction, the composition of which is discussed. Chemical weathering was most pronounced under poor vegetation. The higher content of silt in the topsoil can be partly attributed to sedimentation of wind-blown particles. Frost action leads to sedimentation of fine soil particles on top of larger mineral fragments lying at some depth in a profile. 相似文献
16.
Quantitative estimation of the mineralogical composition from silt-fractions of soils on the basis of the chemical analysis and by application of the Karl-Fischer-titration. II. Results obtained with soils from glacial sand, boulder marl and loess The contents of micas and feldspars were quantified in the silt-fractions from horizons of a podsolic brown earth developed on glacial sand and of lessives on loess as well as on boulder marl by using a method that has been described in detail in part I. Three components each of micas and of feldspars, namely muscovite (Ms), phlogopite (Phl), annite (Ann), orthoclase (Or), albite (Ab) and anorthite (An) were determined. The silt fractions of the three investigated soils are similar in their mineralogical composition. Feldspars are composed of equally high amounts of Or and Ab. Micas are dominated by the Ms-component. Apparently the mica content of the silt fractions is reduced during soil development, whereas no significant changes can be found for feldspars. The loss of micas is responsible for the decreasing potassium content of the silt fractions. 相似文献
17.
Determining weathering rates of soils in China 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
As an important parameter for critical load calculation and soil acidification simulation, weathering rates of soils in China were studied using different methods of calculation. The approaches used were the mass balance approach, the soil mineralogical classification, the total analysis correlation, the PROFILE model, the MAGIC model and a simulated leaching experiment. Since chemical weathering of secondary minerals usually plays a much more important role in neutralizing the long-term acidification of soils in China than that of parent material, soil mineralogy rather than parent rock/material type, which is regarded as the most suitable factor representing weathering rates in Europe, should be adopted as the basis for soil classification. The weathering rate assigned to each soil should also be corrected when the effect of temperature is considered. Due to the variation in experimental conditions, the weathering rates of soils from laboratory experiment may be difficult to compare with field determined rates, and should be adjusted by pH and percolation rate. The comparison of various methods in this study shows that the weathering rates of soils estimated by the PROFILE model coincide well with those from other independent methods such as the dynamic modeling by MAGIC and the modified leaching experiment. The weathering rates were very low (usually lower than 1.0 kEq·ha−1·year−1) for Allites (including Latosol, Lateritic Red Earth, Red Earth, Yellow Earth and Yellow-Brown Earth) in south China and Silalsols (consisting of Dark Brown Forest Soil, Black Soil and Podzolic Soil) in northeast China, and very high for Alpine Soils, Desert Soils and Pedocals in west China. The content of weatherable minerals in soil is the most important factor in determining the spatial distribution of weathering rate in China, while the difference in temperature may be the reason why the weathering rate of soil in northeast China was lower than that in southeast China. 相似文献
18.
Giacomo Certini Fiorenzo C. Ugolini Ioana Taina Giovanni Bolla Giuseppe Corti Francesca Tescari 《CATENA》2007
At about 1000 m above sea level in the Vallombrosa Forest, northern Apennines, Central Italy, a dense pan that meets the diagnostic criteria for fragipans is discontinuously distributed. The unusual slope-parallel “digitate” distribution of the pan suggests that it could have formed on water-saturated soil material that moved as earthflows. Actually, several soils in the Vallombrosa Forest have buried or truncated horizons, indicating episodes of mass movement and deposition. However, the fragipan under study shows a homogeneous morphology throughout, hence not providing clues about the occurrence of episodes that have contributed to the emplacement of the parent material. Also, the physical, chemical, and mineralogical analyses of the fragipan do not reveal discontinuities that help to resolve distinct episodes of deposition. Nevertheless, discontinuities in features such as the degree of alteration of biotite grains and the amount of plasma, seen through the micromorphological investigation at 50–60 cm of the current depth, suggest the occurrence of at least two depositional events. Radiocarbon dating of large-size pieces of charcoal collected at three depths within the fragipan yielded three ages that may reflect different times of accumulation of the parent material during the last glacial period. Post-depositional micromorphological features, such as relatively undamaged clay coatings and a weak platy structure, indicate pedogenesis with the absence of intense pedoturbation. 相似文献
19.
Dr. P.J. Ryan 《CATENA》1993,20(6)
Soil development on Wallagaraugh Adamellite has been studied within Yambulla State Forest, southeastern Australia. Twenty-five soil profiles have been described and soil chemical and physical properties determined for selected horizons. A geomorphological model is described for elucidating processes affecting soil development on this adamellite parent material. Three main geomorphic environments have been incorporated into this model: residual surfaces found on interfluves and broad hillcrests, transportational surfaces associated with ridges and hill slopes, and depositional surfaces associated with foot-slopes and valley floors. Residual surfaces have developed duplex primary profile forms (yellow podzolics) with structured B horizons of high clay content where exchangeable Al dominates the exchange complex. Transportational surfaces have soils with shallow, uniform to gradational profiles with minimal profile development, and highest, but most variable, concentrations of the exchangeable Ca, K, Na, and total P. Depositional surfaces are characterized by a thick accumulation of uniform, coarse-sandy colluvium-alluvium. Where this surface is stable and well drained, podzols have formed. In contrast, areas of impeded drainage on this depositional surface have humic gley profiles. Concentrations of total P, exchangeable Ca and Mg are low throughout these aggraded soils.The soil-landscape units derived from the geomorphological model are discriminated by multivariate analysis using soil chemical and physical properties. Surface soil chemical properties are shown to be superior in discriminating soil-landscape units to subsoil properties.The mineralogy, geochemistry and texture of the adamellite soil parent material are critical in determining the distinctive geomorphology which, in turn, affects the development of soils in this forest environment. 相似文献