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1.
In previous papers (1–5), it was concluded that among the many organic acids produced in the mixed culture of R. capsulatus with ether heterotrophic bacteria, especially pyruvic acid is a hydrogen donor for the nitrogen fixation by R. capsulatus. All previous experiments were dove under a light condition. In this paper, the nitrogen fixation under a dank conditien is presented, and the difference between light and dark condition is discussed. 相似文献
2.
Azuma Okuda Masuro Yamaguchi Michiharu Kobayashi Tadashi Katayama 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(4):146-151
In the previous paper (1), we reported that the ability of the nitrogen fixation in the mixed culture of Rhodopseudomonas capsulatus either with non-nitrogen-fixing bacteria Propionibacterium, or with nitrogen-fixing bacteria Azotobacter vinelandii, was superior to that in the separate culture of each. Because of reason dedused from past experiments, we have proposed a hypothesis on substrate cycle. In this research, we performed the study of the following two directions: firstly, on the nitrogen fixation in the mixed culture of R. capsulatus with anaerobic nitrogen-fixing bacteria Clostridium butyricum and secondly, on the consumption of glucose used as the substrate and on the production of volatile acids in the mixed culture of R. capsulatus either with Az. vinelandii, or with Cl. butyricum. 相似文献
3.
1. It was proved that under aerobic shaking conditions of the system of R. capsulatus mixed with Az. agilis or R. capsulatus mixed with B. megaterium, the bacterial growth of both and the nitrogen fixation were promoted markedly, comp:ired with the non-shaking culture. However, in the system of R. capsulatus mixed with B. subtilis under aerobic shaking conditions. such remarkable stimulative effects were not recognized altough some slow effects were recognized in the nonshaking culture. 2. It was also proved that under aerobic shaking conditions of the system of R. capsulatus mixed with Az. agilis or R. capsulatus mixed with B. megaterium the assimilative activity of carbon dioxide increased over 10 times more than in the separate pure culture. From these results, it is conceivable that a very good environment was created for the internal metabolism of R. capsulatus in such mixing systems (R-Az and R-Bm). 相似文献
4.
In the preceding paper (1), it was reported that even under aerobic shaking conditions, if R. capsulatus were mixed with Bacillus megaterium, the bacterial growth of both and nitrogen fixation were accelerated remarkably. 相似文献
5.
In the preceeding paper (1), it was reported that when R. capsulatus is mixed with B. subtilis, in spite of no nitrogen fixation in separate cultures, by using a glycerol or starch medium, the combination was able to fix molecular nitrogen and it seems that there is a correlation between the production of pyruvic acid and the nitrogen fixation in the mixed culture. 相似文献
6.
In our preceding papers the distribution (1, 2), ecological problems (3,4), and the products of photosynthetic bacteria (5–8) have been studied. It was also reported that the growth and nitrogen fixation of photosynthetic bacteria were accelerated remarkably in the system of symbiosis with other heterotrophic microorganisms like Azotobacter (9) and Bacillus megaterium (10) ; moreover the products generated by photosynthetic bacteria were used by plants (11) and animals in water (2, 4), directly or indirectly. It is noteworthy that in paddy soil, this bacterial cells have a beneficial effect on the development of grains (11). 相似文献
7.
Marigolds (genus Tagetes) suppress populations of soil endopathogenic nematodes such as Pratylenchus penetrans and Meloidogyne species. Nematode suppression by marigolds is thought to be due to thiophenes, heterocyclic sulfur-containing molecules abundant
in this plant. When activated, thiophenes such as α-terthienyl produce oxygen radicals. If marigold roots release such a powerful
biocidal agent and it is activated in soil, microbial populations in the marigold rhizosphere should be substantially perturbed.
We made various measurements of microbial population size and activity in soils that had been cropped to marigolds (Crackerjack,
Creole) in the field and in the greenhouse, and compared these with bare soil and soil cropped to rye (Secale cereale L.). Total extractable microbial biomass (measured by the fumigation extraction method), total bacteria (measured by epifluorescence
microscopy on 5-(4,6-dichlorotriazine-2-γl) aminofluorescein-stained preparations), heterotrophic bacteria (measured by plate
count on various media), and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (measured by the most-probable-number method) were not significantly
different in any of the treatments. Residues of 14C-labelled rye were mineralized slightly more rapidly in rye-cropped soil than in the other treatments, which were comparable.
The rates of die-back of introduced cells of the bacteria Escherichia coli and Rhodococcus TE1 were similar in marigold-cropped and control soils, suggesting that there was not a noteworthy accumulation of biocidal
agents in soils cropped to marigolds. We conclude that marigolds do not cause a general depression in the numbers of microorganisms
in soils, and that nematode control by this plant may not be due to the release of a biocidal agent into the soil.
Received: 4 September 1997 相似文献
8.
黄河三角洲盐碱地人工刺槐混交林细根分布研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为研究黄河三角洲盐碱地人工刺槐混交林及纯林细根空间分布格局,选取绒毛白蜡刺槐混交林、臭椿刺槐混交林、刺槐纯林,采用土柱法取样,从细根生物量密度、表面积密度、体积密度、根长密度等方面研究盐碱地中不同林分中树木细根的垂直分布情况,从细根生物量分析不同林木细根垂直分布情况,研究不同人工林细根分布差异及土壤影响因子。结果表明:绒毛白蜡刺槐混交林在细根的生物量、表面积、体积、根长等方面都显著高于臭椿刺槐混交林和刺槐纯林;绒毛白蜡刺槐混交林95.77%细根生物量分布在0~60 cm土层,臭椿刺槐混交林85.37%细根生物量分布在0~40 cm土层,而刺槐纯林的细根在土壤中分布则比较均匀,0~40 cm土层细根占生物量总量的66.38%。绒毛白蜡细根生物量最高,显著高于其他林木。绒毛白蜡刺槐混交林细根表面积密度、体积密度、根长密度显著高于刺槐纯林;臭椿刺槐混交林高于刺槐纯林,差异不显著。绒毛白蜡刺槐混交林、臭椿刺槐混交林细根总根尖数分别是刺槐纯林的2.34倍、1.23倍,总分叉数分别为刺槐纯林的6.15倍、1.66倍。绒毛白蜡刺槐混交林、臭椿刺槐混交林、刺槐纯林树木细根生物量与土壤有效磷、速效钾含量呈显著正相关关系;绒毛白蜡刺槐混交林细根生物量碱解氮、有机质含量呈极显著正相关关系。适当的混交模式在一定程度上提高了人工林细根生物量,增强植物吸收土壤营养物质的能力,混交使人工林在盐碱立地条件下适应能力提高。 相似文献
9.
M. GOODFELLOW 《European Journal of Soil Science》1968,19(1):154-167
A study was made of the qualitative and quantitative distribution of aerobic heterotrophic bacteria in the two mineral horizons of a developing podsol soil under Pinus. There was no significant difference in the total numbers or in the kinds of bacteria between the two horizons. In the acidic A1 horizon (pH, 3.6) Bacillus spp. comprised 58 per cent of the population, the remainder being composed of Gram-negative rods (15 per cent), pleomorphic rods (14 per cent), Gram-positive cocci (10 per cent) and streptomycetes (3 per cent). The corresponding figures for the C horizon (pH, 8.6) were Bacillus (23 per cent), Gram-negative rods (37 per cent), pleomorphic rods (10 per cent), Gram-positive cocci (17 per cent) and streptomycetes (13 per cent). These differences in distribution could not be related to any one environmental factor. The data from this investigation lend support to the view that different soil types can be distinguished by their bacterial floras. Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus and the Gram-positive cocci were biochemically and fermentatively active and many of the streptomycetes were able to degrade complex organic molecules. The Gram-negative and pleomorphic forms were apparently metabolically inactive. 相似文献
10.
Biodiversity of endophytic bacteria which colonize red clover nodules, roots, stems and foliage and their influence on host growth 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
The aim of this study was to identifiy the endophytic bacteria recovered from the foliage, tap roots and nodules of red clover
plants (Trifolium pratense L.); and to assess the effects of the nodule bacteria, alone and in combination with Rhizobium spp., on the growth and development of red clover seedlings. Thirty-one bacteria species from 14 different genera were recovered
from within the foliage, roots and nodules of red clover plants cv. AC Charlie. Genera diversity and species number were greatest
in foliage tissues. Pantoea agglomerans (59.6%) was the most frequent species recovered in foliage tissues, Agrobacterium rhizogenes A in the tap root (49.2%) and Rhizobium leguminosarum BV phaseoli and R. loti B in the nodules (27.2% each). Recovery of Rhizobium species was not restricted to the nodules, and species of this genus were systemic throughout the plant. Clover root nodules
were host to 12 bacteria species other than rhizobia, of which 8 were specific to this tissue. Using non-selective media,
R. leguminosarum BV trifolii constituted only 8.8% of all the root nodule bacteria recovered. In root bacterization experiments, species of nodule bacteria
promoted growth of red clover more often when applied in combination with R. leguminosarum BV trifolii than when applied singly. However, Bacillus megaterium, Bordetella avium and Curtobacterium luteum consistently promoted growth either individually or in combination with R. leguminosarum BV trifolii. Nodulation was promoted when R. leguminosarum BV trifolii was coinoculated with Bacillus insolitus, B. brevis or A. rhizogenes A. Single isolate applications of Rhizobium species to roots always led to the depression of clover growth, but mixtures of R. leguminosarum BV trifolii and R. leguminosarum BV phaseoli resulted in growth promotion. The latter is considered further evidence of the beneficial allelopathic side effect of strain
competition for the same ecological niche.
Received: 27 June 1996 相似文献
11.
Jing Wang Qian Liu Zucong Cai 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(1):83-88
Land-use and management practices can affect soil nitrification. However, nitrifying microorganisms responsible for specific nitrification process under different land-use soils remains unknown. Thus, we investigated the relative contribution of bacteria and fungi to specific soil nitrification in different land-use soils (coniferous forest, upland fields planted with corn and rice paddy) in humid subtropical region in China. 15N dilution technique in combination with selective biomass inhibitors and C2H2 inhibition method were used to estimate the relative contribution of bacteria and fungi to heterotrophic nitrification and autotrophic nitrification in the different land-use soils in humid subtropical region. The results showed that autotrophic nitrification was the predominant nitrification process in the two agricultural soils (upland and paddy), while the nitrate production was mainly from heterotrophic nitrification in the acid forest soil. In the upland soils, streptomycin reduced autotrophic nitrification by 94%, whereas cycloheximide had no effect on autotrophic nitrification, indicating that autotrophic nitrification was mainly driven by bacteria. However, the opposite was true in another agricultural soil (paddy), indicating that fungi contributed to the oxidation of NH4+ to NO3?. In the acid forest soil, cycloheximide, but not streptomycin, inhibited heterotrophic nitrification, demonstrating that fungi controlled the heterotrophic nitrification. The conversion of forest to agricultural soils resulted in a shift from fungi-dominated heterotrophic nitrification to bacteria- or fungi-dominated autotrophic nitrification. Our results suggest that land-use and management practices, such as the application of N fertilizer and lime, the long-term waterflooding during rice growth, straw return after harvest, and cultivation could markedly influence the relative contribution of bacteria and fungi to specific soil nitrification processes. 相似文献
12.
黄河三角洲长期人工林地对土壤有机碳库的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
[目的]探讨黄河三角洲长期人工林对盐碱土壤有机碳库的作用效果,为充分发挥其生态功能与经济效益提供科学依据与技术参考。[方法]以刺槐、白蜡、白榆和臭椿纯林以及刺槐—白蜡、刺槐—白榆和刺槐—臭椿混交林等近30a的7个长期人工林为研究对象,并分别设置标准池,采用多点混合采样法,研究土壤活性有机碳、碳库管理指数的变化规律。[结果]3个混交林地土壤的微生物量碳含量较高,并显著高于其他林地,其中刺槐—白蜡混交林较未造林荒地、刺槐、白蜡、白榆和臭椿纯林分别提高26.16%,17.62%,88.41%,47.99%和21.64%。与未造林荒地相比,长期人工林地的水溶性有机碳含量均明显升高,而在各个不同造林措施中,刺槐—白蜡混交林的水溶性有机碳含量显著高于其他措施。各人工林地较荒地均显著提高了土壤总有机碳含量,其中3种混交林模式的土壤总有机碳含量明显高于对应纯林;同时,林地土壤不同活性有机碳含量的总体变化规律为:惰活性有机碳中活性有机碳高活性有机碳,其中刺槐—白蜡混交林更利于惰性有机碳的积累。此外,各人工林地土壤碳库指数较未造林荒地明显上升,其中刺槐—白蜡混交林的碳库管理指数达最高值,与刺槐—白榆、刺槐—臭椿混交林无显著性差异,但分别较刺槐、白蜡、白榆和臭椿纯林明显高出46.51,34.88,27.55,33.38。[结论]混交林模式较纯林对林地土壤有机碳库的改善效果更显著,对土壤具有较好的培肥作用,并处于良性管理状态,有利于林木的生长发育。 相似文献
13.
Effect of labile and recalcitrant carbon on heterotrophic nitrification in a subtropical forest soil
Yi Zhang Zucong Cai Jinbo Zhang Christoph Müller 《European Journal of Soil Science》2023,74(3):e13389
Carbon (C) is an important factor controlling heterotrophic nitrification in soil, but the effect of individual C components (e.g., labile and recalcitrant C) is largely unclear. We carried out a C amendment experiment in which either labile C (glucose) or a recalcitrant C (cellulose and biochar) was added to a subtropical forest soil. A 15N-, 13C-tracing and MiSeq sequencing study was performed to investigate soil gross heterotrophic nitrification rates, carbon utilization for soil respiration and microbial biomass production and microbial composition, respectively. After 2 days, results showed a significant increase of gross heterotrophic nitrification rate in glucose (GLU) (on average 3.34 mg N kg−1 day−1), cellulose (CEL) (on average 0.21 mg N kg−1 day−1) and biochar (BIO) (on average 0.13 mg N kg−1 day−1) amendment in comparison with the unamended soil (CK) (on average 0.01 mg N kg−1 day−1; p < 0.05). The contribution of heterotrophic nitrification to total soil nitrification was significantly larger in GLU (average 85.86%), CEL (average 98.52%) and BIO (average 81.25%) treatments compared with CK (average 33.33%; p < 0.01). After 2-month amendment, the gross rates remarkably decreased in GLU (average 0.02 mg N kg−1 day−1), and the contribution to total nitrification (average 8.73%) were significantly lower than that in CK (p < 0.05). A decrease in the proportion of heterotrophic nitrification to total nitrification in soil was also observed in CEL (average 38.40%) and BIO (6.74%) treatments. Nevertheless, BIO amendment (compared to CK, GLU and CEL) showed the highest gross heterotrophic nitrification rate, accompanied by a notably higher abundance of specific heterotrophic nitrifiers, i.e. Trichoderma, Aspergillus and Penicillium. These results point to a stimulatory effect of C addition on soil heterotrophic nitrification in the short term, while the stimulatory impact of C amendment diminishes with the decline in easily available C. In addition, a shift of the microbial composition in the long term can possibly be sustained for longer if additional recalcitrant C is available to heterotrophic nitrifiers. The dynamic response of heterotrophic nitrification to labile and recalcitrant C in this study offered an explanation for the positive effect of plantation and plant root exudation on the process. 相似文献
14.
The species composition and patterns governing the changes in the structure of the heterotrophic flagellate communities in
the soils of the forest-steppe (the Middle Volga River basin, Penza oblast) were studied as related to the spatial and temporal
heterogeneity of the environment. Fifty-three species and forms of heterotrophic flagellates were identified. The most widespread
are eurybiontic species: Bodo designis, Paraphysomonas sp., Spumella sp. (found in all the biotopes investigated), Heteromita minima (94%), Phyllomitus apiculatus (88%), Ploeotia obliqua (88%), Heteromita globosa (82%), and Goniomonas truncata (82%). Representatives of the Cercomonas genus predominate in number. According to the species composition, the communities are divided into three groups: xerophytic
grass and shrub phytocenoses, mesoxerophytic pine and small-leaved forests, and mesophytic broad-leaved forests. With the
increasing humidity of the biotopes, the species composition of the soil heterotrophic flagellates becomes higher, as well
as the diversity of the amoeboid flagellates well adapted to existence on the surface of soil particles. 相似文献
15.
晋西黄土区典型林地土壤水分变化特征 总被引：7，自引：6，他引：1
选择晋西黄土区蔡家川流域5种典型林地(山杨×辽东栎天然次生林、人工油松×刺槐混交林、人工油松林、人工刺槐林、人工侧柏林)作为研究对象,在每块样地中心布设1个土壤水分观测点,采用TRIME-TDR土壤水分测定仪定位观测2016—2018年1—12月的土壤体积含水量,测定深度为200 cm,每20 cm为1个测层,每月分上、中、下旬进行土壤水分含量观测,分析不同林地类型土壤水分年内变化规律和土壤水分垂直变化规律。结果表明:(1)研究区不同林地土壤水分年内变化可以划分为稳定期(1—3月)、波动期(4—6月)、增长期(7—9月)和消耗期(10—12月)4个时期,5种林分类型的年平均土壤储水量按照从大到小的排序为天然次生林地(338.68 mm)>人工油松林地(319.74 mm)>人工侧柏林地(314.15 mm)>人工油松×刺槐混交林地(303.37 mm)>人工刺槐林地(292.03 mm),刺槐林地耗水量最大。(2)在雨季末,研究区5种林分类型林地土壤水分均得到了正向补充,且土壤水分的恢复能力大小排序为次生林地>针叶林地>混交林地>刺槐纯林。(3)研究区土壤水分垂直变化可划分为土壤水分含量速变层和土壤水分含量相对稳定层2个层次;随着土层深度增加,不同林地类型剖面平均含水量总体上先增大后减小。不同林地类型表层土壤水分含量为侧柏林地>次生林地>油松林地>油松×刺槐混交林地>刺槐林地;土壤水分的补充深度为天然林地>针叶林地>油松×刺槐混交林地>刺槐纯林。 相似文献
16.
Meenakshi Srivastava 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2018,64(11):1608-1621
To assess the physiology and low temperature adaptability of the key players of nitrification and denitrification, denitrifying bacteria were isolated and characterized from the selected paddy fields. Bacterial strains belonging to Cupriavidus and Ochrobactrum sp. were explored through the selective screening of heterotrophic nitrifying and aerobic denitrifying bacteria. The direct implication of nitrate removal in the natural sample was estimated by taking the nitrate supplemented soil as well as the enriched culture. A more prominent cold-adaptive bacterium was identified as Cupriavidus sp. PDN31. The utilization of ammonium, nitrate, and nitrite and the presence of nitrous oxide reductase (nosZ) gene, catalyses the first step of the denitrification conferred its heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification ability. The ammonium, nitrate, and nitrite removal efficiency of PDN31 was found to be 92.1%, 93.5%, and 99.8%, respectively. The functional traits, evaluated from metabolizing various nitrogen substrates (Biolog) suggested its ability to utilize some sources as L-arginine, L-asparagine, L-cysteine, L-glutamic Acid, L-glutamine, L-histidine, L-citrulline and N-acetyl-L glutamic acid. The adaptive behaviour of PDN31 with its ability to remove nitrogen and induced biofilm production under low temperature regime makes it a suitable candidate among the plethora of microorganism resided in any agriculture environment. 相似文献
17.
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, particularly those from the genus Azospirillum spp., may affect root functions such as growth and nutrient/water uptake, which in turn may affect shoot growth. Calculations based on data from literature on shoot and root mass of crop grasses (79 plant/bacteria associations were analyzed) revealed that inoculation with Azospirillum spp. increased the shoot-to-root (S/R) ratio in about half of reported cases and decreased the S/R ratio in the other half. In 11 of 35 cases, the S/R ratio increased when the shoot mass increased more than the root mass. In 23 of 35 cases, the root mass did not increase, yet the S/R ratio still increased. Thus, the increase in the S/R ratio indicated that shoot growth responds to inoculation more than root growth. A decrease in the S/R ratio occurred when (a) root growth dominated shoot growth even though both increased (16 of 36 cases), or (b) root growth either increased or remained unchanged, and shoot growth was either unaffected or even decreased (19 of 36 cases). This analysis suggests that: (a) Azospirillum spp. participates in the partitioning of dry matter (both carbon compounds and minerals) at the whole plant level by affecting root functions, and (b) the bacteria affect crop grass through multiple mechanisms operating during plant development. 相似文献
18.
O. S. Kukharenko N. A. Manucharova T. G. Dobrovol’skaya 《Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin》2010,65(4):176-178
An analysis of the abundance and taxonomical structure of the heterotrophic block of aerobic and conditionally anaerobic bacteria
in hydromorphic tundra and taiga soils was carried out. The decline of the cultivating temperature from 20° to 5° did not
result in the reduction of bacterial abundance. The spectrum of the bacterial dominants in the northern cryogenic soils is
wider under 4–6°, which is indicative of the lowtemperature adaptation of bacteria. Oligotrophs and copiotrophs predominate
the bacterial communities of the explored soils. However, among hydrolytic bacteria, active chitin destructors, represented
by Bacillus and Janthinobacterium, were found. 相似文献
19.
Azuma Okuda Masuro Yamaguchi Michiharu Kobayashi 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(3):115-118
In the previous paper (1) it has been repored that the the amount of nitrogen fixed was very much increased when Rhodopseudomonas capsulatus was cultured with Azotobacter vinelandii probably due to their symbiotic relationship. 相似文献
20.
农村混合污水灌溉对小麦生长及其根际微环境的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以土柱模拟试验为基础,利用不同稀释倍数的农村混合污水(污水∶清水为1∶0,1∶1,0∶1)灌溉小麦,进而研究农村混合污水灌溉(WG)对小麦生长、根际土壤养分、酶活性和微生物多样性的影响。结果表明,污水含量的高低对小麦生长及根际土壤养分、酶活性和微生物多样性有一定的影响。与清水灌溉(CK)相比,WG处理后:(1)小麦株高、径粗、鲜重和干重均显著高于CK(P0.05),小麦叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量显著增加(P0.05);(2)小麦根际土壤除有机质含量增加16.42%外,pH、土壤全氮、全钾、全磷、速效磷、速效钾和碱解氮含量及综合肥力均降低(0.95%～16.79%),且速效钾含量降低较为显著(P0.05);(3)小麦根际土壤酸性磷酸酶、脲酶和转化酶活性均显著高于CK(P0.05),过氧化氢酶活性显著降低(P0.05);(4)由Shannon、Ace、Chao、Coverage、Simpson指数及细菌和真菌在genus水平上的微生物群落结构分布可知,小麦根际土壤细菌多样性降低,真菌多样性增加。同时,改变了小麦根际土壤细菌和真菌在genus水平上优势种的相对丰度,但细菌优势种的种类没有发生改变,真菌优势种的种类发生改变。研究结果可为示范区农村混合污水灌溉模式的研究提供有力的理论依据。 相似文献