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1.
随着淤地坝建设的大规模开展,加强管护在淤地坝的运行中显得越来越重要。山西省探索出了产权制度改革、“护坝田”制度等行之有效的办法,在一定程度上保障了坝系工程的安全运行和效益的持续发挥。针对淤地坝管护中存在的问题,提出了进一步推向市场、依法管护、深化产权制度改革等建议。  相似文献   

2.
黄土丘陵区淤地坝系田园综合体的构建模式   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  
[目的] 探讨黄土丘陵区淤地坝系田园综合体的构建模式,为该区淤地坝系建设和利用提供科学支撑。[方法] 利用文献研究田园综合体的建设模式与条件,开展实例调查并分析黄土丘陵沟壑区淤地坝建设现状、运行及利用过程中存在的问题。[结果] 甘肃省已初步形成坝系建设管理体系。在运行过程中,存在病险隐患、坝地盐碱化治理不到位、水土资源利用不足等问题;以黄土丘陵区榆林沟淤地坝系为例,提出了应构建优势农业主导模式的田园综合体以及围绕现代农业、休闲旅游、田园社区营造淤地坝系田园综合体的建设思路。[结论] 构建淤地坝系田园综合体是对田园综合体发展与淤地坝系利用形式的探索与创新,有利于加强黄河流域生态保护,推动高质量发展,加快推进乡村振兴战略。  相似文献   

3.
淤地坝的大规模建设,在控制水土流失、改善生态环境、促进农村经济发展的同时,也给防汛工作提出了挑战。扎实做好淤地坝防汛工作,对于保障人民群众生命财产安全和水土保持工作的顺利开展具有重大意义。在总结近几年来全省淤地坝防汛经验的基础上,针对存在的问题,提出了完善制度与办法、加大宣传、加强防汛预报技术研究等建议。  相似文献   

4.
淤地坝建设是黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展的一项重要治理工程,病险淤地坝除险加固是保障淤地坝安全运行、推进黄河流域高质量发展的一项主要措施。如何科学合理地确定各坝的防洪标准,做好洪水组合计算,是坝系工程除险加固设计时需要解决的关键技术问题。基于层次分析法相关理论,以山西临县万安沟小流域坝系工程为例,将坝系内大中型淤地坝划分为若干层次,构建层次结构模型,从而直观、快捷地分析流域内各坝的分布特征及上下游坝间的相关性,并在此基础上确定各坝的防洪标准、洪水组合和水文计算方法,为坝系工程除险加固设计提供理论支撑。  相似文献   

5.
坝前流泥现象是影响盖沙区淤地坝工程安全的重要因素之一,解决好坝前流泥问题,对坝系工程建设具有十分重要的意义。目前,各地采用的防渗技术主要有黏土心墙、土工布、坝前塘和滤水带等几种。其中在坝体内设置滤水带具有造价低廉、取材方便、施工简单等优点,在实践中已被证实具有很好的防止发生坝前流泥的效果,具有广泛的推广和应用价值。  相似文献   

6.
黄土高原淤地坝安全运用管理探讨   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
在黄土高原地区,淤地坝作为一项有效防治水土流失的措施,不仅在减轻山洪灾害、改善生态环境方面发挥了重要作用,而且在解决人畜饮水、方便群众出行、促进农业生产等方面发挥了重要作用。通过调研发现,黄土高原淤地坝安全运用管理的各项相关制度与机制趋于完善,积累了不少新的经验,但也存在着一些问题需要进一步思考与探索。主要问题有:行政、技术和巡查责任人不落实;应急避险方案普遍无法落实;巡查、技术责任人不清楚放水设施操作流程;淤地坝工程安全隐患较为突出;部分淤地坝存在违规蓄水情况等。分析了问题存在的原因,并就加强淤地坝安全运用管理提出了意见和建议。  相似文献   

7.
黄土高原目前有9万多座淤地坝,如何确保淤地坝安全度汛,切实保障下游群众的生命财产安全已成为亟待解决的问题。介绍了黄土高原淤地坝的基本情况,对淤地坝安全度汛方面存在的问题进行了分析,提出了落实防汛责任制、加大汛前检查力度、及时除险加固、强化日常维护、完善体制机制等多项对策。  相似文献   

8.
田家沟小流域坝系工程建成投入运行后,泾川县把工程管理放在重要位置来抓,加大宣传力度,提高群众认识,动员全社会齐抓共管,真正把坝系工程管理成保障民生的安全工程,收到了良好效果。在工程管理方面落实了四项措施,提高了工程防御洪水灾害能力和安全性能;健全了四种体系,使淤地坝工程管理有章可循,责任明确;形成了四种模式,凸显了淤地坝工程的开发和管护效益。  相似文献   

9.
淤地坝是黄土高原地区控制沟道侵蚀的一项重要工程措施,也是小流域水土流失综合治理的最后一道防线,对于保证防洪安全、粮食安全、生态安全以及改善当地交通与农民群众的生产生活条件,具有十分重要的意义。搞好淤地坝坝系工程建设和除险加固,事关淤地坝的安全运用与持续发挥效益。以吉县高楼沟小流域为例,就坝系工程除险加固设计中的防洪标准和洪水组合问题进行了研究探讨,对丰富和完善淤地坝工程设计与建设理论,推动坝系工程建设规范的制定,以便更加科学地指导坝系工程设计,提供了一定技术支持。  相似文献   

10.
山西省淤地坝运行管理现状分析   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
淤地坝是黄土高原地区沟道治理、保持水土的一项重要的工程措施,加强运行管理是保证淤地坝效益长期有效发挥的关键。分析了目前山西省淤地坝运行管理模式、管理中存在的问题等,并就淤地坝科学管理提出了一些建议。  相似文献   

11.
硫酸根自由基高级氧化技术(sulfate radical(SO_4~(·–))based advanced oxidation processes,SR-AOPs)是一种被广泛应用于降解土壤有机污染物的原位氧化修复技术。然而,关于SR-AOPs降解土壤多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)的报道相对较少。本研究以南京某炼钢厂附近土壤作为试验样本,通过设置不同比例混合体系的过硫酸钠(Na_2S_2O_8)和亚铁离子(Fe~(2+))以及反应不同时间,探究SR-AOPs对土壤中16种PAHs的修复效果以及最佳技术方案。结果表明:Na_2S_2O_8和Fe~(2+)的配比会显著影响土壤PAHs的降解效果,当两者比例达到10︰1时,即Na_2S_2O_8用量为5 mmol/g,Fe~(2+)用量为0.5 mmol/g,反应时间为24 h时,PAHs总降解率最高,可达到29.32%;不同环数的PAHs决定了SR-AOPs的降解效果,其中SR-AOPs对四环PAHs降解效率最高,总降解率达到37.32%;此外,降解效率随反应时间增加而增加,在24 h达到效果最佳。因此,本研究结果可为SR-AOPs修复土壤PAHs提供理论依据。  相似文献   

12.
Mao  Baiyang  Liu  Zhibin  Liu  Songyu  Zhang  Menghuan  Lu  Taishan 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2020,20(3):1609-1620
  相似文献   

13.
The one-compartment C model Ct=C0e−k2t+k1A/k2(1−e−k2t) is being long used to simulate soil organic C (SOC) stocks. Ct is the SOC stock at the time t; C0, the initial SOC stock; k2, the annual rate of SOC loss (mainly mineralization and erosion); k1, the annual rate to which the added C is incorporated into SOC; and A, the annual C addition. The component C0e−k2t expresses the decay of C0 and, for a time t, corresponds to the remains of C0 (C0 remains). The component k1A/k2(1−e−k2t) refers, at time t, to the stock of SOC derived from C crops (Ccrop). We herein propose a simple method to estimate k1 and k2 coefficients for tillage systems conducted in long-term experiments under several cropping systems with a wide range of annual C additions (A) and SOC stocks. We estimated k1 and k2 for conventional tillage (CT) and no-till (NT), which has been conducted under three cropping systems (oat/maize −O/M, vetch/maize −V/M and oat + vetch/maize + cowpea −OV/MC) and two N-urea rates (0 kg N ha−1 −0 N and 180 kg N ha−1 −180 N) in a long-term experiment established in a subtropical Acrisol with C0 = 32.55 Mg C ha−1 in the 0–17.5 cm layer. A linear equation (Ct = a + bA) between the SOC stocks measured at the 13th year (0–17.5 cm) and the mean annual C additions was fitted for CT and NT. This equation is equivalent to the equation of the model Ct=C0e−k2t+k1A/k2(1−e−k2t), so that a=C0e−k2t and bA=k1A/k2(1−e−k2t). Such equivalences thus allow the calculation of k1 and k2. NT soil had a lower rate of C loss (k2 = 0.019 year−1) than CT soil (k2 = 0.040 year−1), while k1 was not affected by tillage (0.148 year−1 under CT and 0.146 year−1 under NT). Despite that only three treatments had lack of fit (LOFIT) value lower than the critical 5% F value, all treatments showed root mean square error (RMSE) lower than RMSE 95% indicating that simulated values fall within 95% confidence interval of the measurements. The estimated SOC stocks at steady state (Ce) in the 0–17.5 cm layer ranged from 15.65 Mg ha−1 in CT O/M 0 N to 60.17 Mg ha−1 in NT OV/MC 180 N. The SOC half-life (t1/2 = ln 2/k2) was 36 years in NT and 17 years in CT, reflecting the slower C turnover in NT. The effects of NT on the SOC stocks relates to the maintenance of the initial C stocks (higher C0 remais), while increments in Ccrop are imparted mainly by crop additions.  相似文献   

14.
Continuous half-hourly measurements of soil CO2 efflux made between January and December 2001 in a mature trembling aspen stand located at the southern edge of the boreal forest in Canada were used to investigate the seasonal and diurnal dependence of soil respiration (Rs) on soil temperature (Ts) and water content (θ). Daily mean Rs varied from a minimum of 0.1 μmol m−2 s−1 in February to a maximum of 9.2 μmol m−2 s−1 in mid-July. Daily mean Ts at the 2-cm depth was the primary variable accounting for the temporal variation of Rs and no differences between Arrhenius and Q10 response functions were found to describe the seasonal relationship. Rs at 10 °C (Rs10) and the temperature sensitivity of Rs (Q10Rs) calculated at the seasonal time scale were 3.8 μmol m−2 s−1 and 3.8, respectively. Temperature normalization of daily mean Rs (RsN) revealed that θ in the 0–15 cm soil layer was the secondary variable accounting for the temporal variation of Rs during the growing season. Daily RsN showed two distinctive phases with respect to soil water field capacity in the 0–15 cm layer (θfc, 0.30 m3 m−3): (1) RsN was strongly reduced when θ decreased below θfc, which reflected a reduction in microbial decomposition, and (2) RsN slightly decreased when θ increased above θfc, which reflected a restriction of CO2 or O2 transport in the soil profile.Diurnal variations of half-hourly Rs were usually out of phase with Ts at the 2-cm depth, which resulted in strong diurnal hysteresis between the two variables. Daily nighttime Rs10 and Q10Rs parameters calculated from half-hourly nighttime measurements of Rs and Ts at the 2-cm depth (when there was steady cooling of the soil) varied greatly during the growing season and ranged from 6.8 to 1.6 μmol m−2 s−1 and 5.5 to 1.3, respectively. On average, daily nighttime Rs10 (4.5 μmol m−2 s−1) and Q10Rs (2.8) were higher and lower, respectively, than the values obtained from the seasonal relationship. Seasonal variations of these daily parameters were highly correlated with variations of θ in the 0–15 cm soil layer, with a tendency of low Rs10 and Q10Rs values at low θ. Overall, the use of seasonal Rs10 and Q10Rs parameters led to an overestimation of daily ranges of half-hourly Rs (ΔRs) during drought conditions, which supported findings that the short-term temperature sensitivity of Rs was lower during periods of low θ. The use of daily nighttime Rs10 and Q10Rs parameters greatly helped at simulating ΔRs during these periods but did not improve the estimation of half-hourly Rs throughout the year as it could not account for the diurnal hysteresis effect.  相似文献   

15.
Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer is a medicinally important herb with a long history of cultivation, and includes three cultivated types, viz. garden ginseng (GGS), forest ginseng (FGS) and transplanted wild ginseng (TGS). In the present study, inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were employed to investigate the genetic variability in 282 individuals, which corresponded to 16 cultivated ginseng populations. Genetic diversity was high at the species level (h = 0.2886; I = 0.4382; PPB = 98.96%), but relatively lower at the cultivated-type level (GGS: h = 0.2294, I = 0.3590, PPB = 85.42%; FGS: h = 0.1702, I = 0.2559, PPB = 57.29%; TGS: h = 0.2021, I = 0.3125, PPB = 76.04%). The hierarchical analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed pronounced genetic differentiation among populations (Φ ST = 53.94%), which was confirmed by the gene differentiation coefficient (G ST = 0.4910) and low gene flow (N m = 0.5184). Both Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) and UPGMA cluster analysis supported the clustering of all 16 populations into three groups, corresponding to the three cultivated types, among which there occurred remarkable genetic differentiation (Φ ST = 37.43%). Pronounced genetic differentiation was also detected among populations within the three cultivated types (GGS: Φ ST = 40.83%, G ST = 0.3187, N m = 1.0691; FGS: Φ ST = 22.85%, G ST = 0.2328, N m = 1.6480; TGS: Φ ST = 30.68%, G ST = 0.2540, N m = 1.4686). Mantel test indicated no significant correlation between geographic and genetic distances at both species and cultivated-type levels (P > 0.05). These findings have profound implications for the sustainable utilization of this precious medicinal herb.  相似文献   

16.
Temporal depositional rates are important in order to understand the production and occurrence of perchlorate (ClO4−) as limited information exists regarding the impact of anthropogenic production or atmospheric pollution on ClO4− deposition. Perchlorate concentrations in discrete ice core samples from the Eclipse Icefield (Yukon Territory, Canada) and Upper Fremont Glacier (Wyoming, USA) were analyzed using ion chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to evaluate temporal changes in the deposition of ClO4 − in North America. The ice core samples cover a time period from 1726 to 1993 and 1970 to 2002 for the Upper Fremont Glacier (UFG) and Eclipse ice cores, respectively. The average ClO4 − concentration in the Eclipse ice core for the time period from 1970 to 1973 was 0.6 ± 0.3 ng L−1, with higher values of 2.3 ± 1.7 and 2.2 ± 2.0 ng L−1 for the periods 1982–1986 and 1999–2002, respectively. All pre-1980 ice core samples from the UFG had ClO4 − concentrations <0.2 ng L−1, and the post-1980 samples ranged from <0.2 ng L−1 to a maximum of 2.6 ng L−1 for the year 1992. A significant positive correlation (R = 0.75, N = 15, p < 0.001) of ClO4− with SO42− was found for the annual UFG ice core layers and of ClO4 − with SO42− and NO3− in sub-annual Eclipse ice samples (R > 0.3, N = 121, p < 0.002). The estimated yearly ClO4− depositional flux for the Eclipse ice core ranged from 0.6 (1970) to 4.7 μg m−2 year−1 (1982) and the UFG from <0.1 (pre-1980) to 1.4 μg m−2 year−1 (1992). There was no consistent seasonal variation in the ClO4− depositional flux for the Eclipse ice core, in contrast to a previous study on the Arctic region. The presence of ClO4− in these ice cores might correspond to an intermittent source such as volcanic eruptions and/or any anthropogenic forcing that may directly or indirectly aid in atmospheric ClO4− formation.  相似文献   

17.
Distinguishing between root and non-root derived CO2 efflux is important when determining rates of soil organic matter turnover, however, in practice they remain difficult to separate. Our aim was to evaluate two methods for determining the component of below-ground respiration not dependent on plant roots (i.e., basal soil respiration; Rb). The first approach estimated Rb indirectly from the y-intercept of linear regressions between below-ground respiration (BGR) and root biomass. The second approach involved direct measurements of soil respiration from bare plots. To compare the contrasting approaches, BGR and crop biomass measurements were collected throughout the year in a range of agricultural systems. We found that both methods were very closely correlated with each other. Values of Rb determined by the intercept approach, however, were slightly higher than those determined by measurement of bare plots. Both approaches showed a seasonal trend with estimates of Rb lowest in winter months at 0.02 t C ha−1 month−1 for the y-intercept approach and 0.11 t C ha−1 month−1 for the bare plots approach, even after the data had been corrected for the influence of soil temperature. Highest rates of Rb occurred from the height to the end of the crop growing season (0.8-1.5 t C ha−1 month−1). The annual CO2 efflux due to Rb was estimated to be 8.1 t C ha−1 y−1 from the y-intercept approach and 6.8 t C ha−1 y−1 from bare plots. Annual BGR was 12.1 t C ha−1 y−1. We conclude that both methods provide similar estimates of Rb, however, logistically the bare plots approach is much easier to undertake than the y-intercept approach.  相似文献   

18.
Methane fluxes were measured monthly over a year from tropical peatland of Sarawak, Malaysia using a closed-chamber technique. The CH4 fluxes in forest ecosystem ranged from −4.53 to 8.40 μg C m−2 h−1, in the oil palm ecosystem from −32.78 to 4.17 μg C m−2 h−1 and in the sago ecosystem from −7.44 to 102.06 μg C m−2 h−1. A regression tree approach showed that CH4 fluxes in each ecosystem were related to different underlying environmental factors. They were relative humidity for forest and water table for both sago and oil palm ecosystems. On an annual basis, both forest and sago were CH4 source with an emission of 18.34 mg C m−2 yr−1 for forest and 180 mg C m−2 yr−1 for sago. Only oil palm ecosystem was a CH4 sink with an uptake rate of −15.14 mg C m−2 yr−1. These results suggest that different dominant underlying environmental factors among the studied ecosystems affected the exchange of CH4 between tropical peatland and the atmosphere.  相似文献   

19.
Isolates of a soil Pseudoimonas, as well as other soil bacteria, showed a different sensitivity towards NO?2 when grown under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. The tolerance to NO?2 was increased in the presence of O2: for instance, a concentration of 200parts106 of NO?2-N proved to be toxic to a Pseudomonas sp. under anaerobic conditions, whereas over 400 parts106 were needed aerobically to suppress its growth completely. The addition of NO?3 as an electron acceptor for anaerobic respiration did not overcome the inhibitive effect of NO?3. The pH range, at which NO?2 was utilized anaerobically, was narrowed with increasing NO?2 concentration (pH 6.8–8.8 at 70 parts106 of NO?2-N and 7.4–8.5 and 140 parts106 of NO?2-N).Tolerance to nitrite varied considerably among the bacteria tested. Each species was able to overcome the inhibitory effect of NO?2 up to a certain concentration, while the length of the lag phase was related to NO?2 concentration.  相似文献   

20.
Peatlands play an important role in emissions of the greenhouse gases CO2, CH4 and N2O, which are produced during mineralization of the peat organic matter. To examine the influence of soil type (fen, bog soil) and environmental factors (temperature, groundwater level), emission of CO2, CH4 and N2O and soil temperature and groundwater level were measured weekly or biweekly in loco over a one-year period at four sites located in Ljubljana Marsh, Slovenia using the static chamber technique. The study involved two fen and two bog soils differing in organic carbon and nitrogen content, pH, bulk density, water holding capacity and groundwater level. The lowest CO2 fluxes occurred during the winter, fluxes of N2O were highest during summer and early spring (February, March) and fluxes of CH4 were highest during autumn. The temporal variation in CO2 fluxes could be explained by seasonal temperature variations, whereas CH4 and N2O fluxes could be correlated to groundwater level and soil carbon content. The experimental sites were net sources of measured greenhouse gases except for the drained bog site, which was a net sink of CH4. The mean fluxes of CO2 ranged between 139 mg m−2 h−1 in the undrained bog and 206 mg m−2 h−1 in the drained fen; mean fluxes of CH4 were between −0.04 mg m−2 h−1 in the drained bog and 0.05 mg m−2 h−1 in the drained fen; and mean fluxes of N2O were between 0.43 mg m−2 h−1 in the drained fen and 1.03 mg m−2 h−1 in the drained bog. These results indicate that the examined peatlands emit similar amounts of CO2 and CH4 to peatlands in Central and Northern Europe and significantly higher amounts of N2O.  相似文献   

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