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1.
In this report the fluxes measured by the solar flux radiometer (LSFR) of the Pioneer Venus large probe are compared with calculations for model atmospheres. If the large particles of the middle and lower clouds are assumed to be sulfur, strong, short-wavelength absorption results in a net flux profile significantly different from the LSFR net flux measurements. Models in which the smallest particles are assumed to be sulfur gave flux profiles consistent with the measurements if an additional source of absorption is included in the upper cloud. The narrowband data from 0.590 to 0.665 micrometer indicate an absorption optical depth of about 0.05 below the cloud bottom. The broadband data imply that either this absorption extends over a considerable wavelength interval (as might be the case for dust) or that a very strong absorption band lies on one side of the narrowband filter (as suggested by early Venera 11 and Venera 12 reports). Thermal balance calculations based on the measured visible fluxes indicate high surface temperature for reasonable assumptions of cloud opacity and water vapor abundance. The lapse rate becomes convective within the middle cloud. For water mixing ratios of 2.0 x 10(-4) below the clouds we find a subadiabatic region extending from the cloud bottom to altitudes near 35 kilometers.  相似文献   

2.
The two-stage dough mixing process was innovated to improve the qualities of bread made from potato flour (PF) and wheat flour at a ratio of 1:1 (w/w). The final dough was first prepared from wheat flour before being added with PF. The effects of the method on enhancing the dough qualities were verified, and the distribution of water in gluten-gelatinized starch matrix of the doughs was investigated. We observed that the bread qualities were improved, as reflected by the increase of specific volume from 2.26 to 2.96 mL g–1 and the decrease of crumb hardness from 417.93 to 255.57 g. The results from rheofermentometric measurements showed that the dough mixed using the developed mixing method had higher maximum dough height value, time of dough porosity appearance, and gas retention coefficient, as well as enhanced gluten matrix formation compared to that mixed by the traditional mixing method. The results from low-field nuclear magnetic resonance confirmed that the competitive water absorption between gluten and gelatinized starch could restrict the formation of gluten network in the dough mixed using the traditional mixing process. Using the novel mixing method, gluten could be sufficiently hydrated in stage 1, which could then weaken the competitive water absorption caused by gelatinized starch in stage 2; this could also be indicated by the greater mobility of proton in PF and better development of gluten network during mixing.  相似文献   

3.
【目的】掌握斑茅割手密复合体(简称斑割复合体)在杂交利用过程中的染色体遗传规律,为斑割复合体适宜回交利用代数提供参考依据。【方法】选用4对引物对甘蔗与斑茅割手密复合体的回交后代进行SSR标记鉴定,并利用甘蔗根尖细胞酶解去壁低渗法对真实杂种进行染色体数目观察。【结果】供试的28个杂交后代材料(15个GT05-164与GXASF108-2-28杂交BC1代,13个GT42与GXASBC112-A6-25杂交BC2代)均为真实杂种。选择在2对SSR引物中均扩增出父本特征带的后代(5个BC1代和7个BC2代)进行染色体观察,结果发现,5个BC1代的染色体数目介于95~98条,其染色体按“n+n”方式传递;7个BC2代的染色体数目介于94~101条,其染色体也按“n+n”方式传递。【结论】甘蔗与斑割复合体杂交BC1和BC2代中染色体传递方式均为“n+n”,母本甘蔗的染色体未加倍,高贵化育种进程减慢,可能需要更高的杂交代数才能获得聚集斑茅和割手密血缘的优良品种(系)。  相似文献   

4.
The factors that determine climate response times were investigated with simple models and scaling statements. The response times are particularly sensitive to (i) the amount that the climate response is amplified by feedbacks and (ii) the representation of ocean mixing. If equilibrium climate sensitivity is 3 degrees C or greater for a doubling of the carbon dioxide concentration, then most of the expected warming attributable to trace gases added to the atmosphere by man probably has not yet occurred. This yet to be realized warming calls into question a policy of "wait and see" regarding the issue of how to deal with increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide and other trace gases.  相似文献   

5.
Black carbon (BC) from biomass and fossil fuel combustion alters chemical and physical properties of the atmosphere and snow albedo, yet little is known about its emission or deposition histories. Measurements of BC, vanillic acid, and non-sea-salt sulfur in ice cores indicate that sources and concentrations of BC in Greenland precipitation varied greatly since 1788 as a result of boreal forest fires and industrial activities. Beginning about 1850, industrial emissions resulted in a sevenfold increase in ice-core BC concentrations, with most change occurring in winter. BC concentrations after about 1951 were lower but increasing. At its maximum from 1906 to 1910, estimated surface climate forcing in early summer from BC in Arctic snow was about 3 watts per square meter, which is eight times the typical preindustrial forcing value.  相似文献   

6.
The intensity of water absorption in the region of the solar spectrum plays a dominant role in atmospheric energy balance and hence strongly influences climate. Significant controversy exists over how to model this absorption accurately. We report dipole moment measurements of highly vibrationally excited water, which provide stringent tests of intensities determined by other means. Our measurements and accompanying calculations suggest that the best currently available potential and dipole surfaces do not accurately model intensities in the optical spectrum of water.  相似文献   

7.
An atmospheric general circulation model, which assimilates data from daily observations of temperature, humidity, wind, and sea-level air pressure, was compared with a set of observations that combines satellite and ground-based measurements of solar flux. The comparison reveals that the model underestimates by 25 to 30 watts per square meter the amount of solar energy absorbed by Earth's atmosphere. Contrary to some recent reports, clouds have little or no overall effect on atmospheric absorption, a consistent feature of both the observations and the model. Of several variables considered, water vapor appears to be the dominant influence on atmospheric absorption.  相似文献   

8.
[目的]比较欧洲肉鸽与卡奴鸽不同杂交组合的生产性能,以寻求最佳杂交配套。[方法]对欧洲肉鸡3个品系与白卡奴鸽正反交,组成6个杂交组合,对6个杂交组合的生产性能进行测定,比较6个杂交组合的总产蛋数、产蛋周期、蛋重、受精率、受精蛋孵化率、初生重、28日龄体重、28日龄成活率等指标。[结果]总产蛋数以E2BC组合最高(22.32个),显著大于BCE1、BCE2、BCE3、E1BC组合(P0.05);BCE2组合总产蛋数最少(19.70个),显著小于其他5个组合(P0.05)。E2BC组合产蛋周期最短(34.37 d),显著小于BCE2组合(38.91 d)(P0.05)。蛋重基本在23 g左右。受精率E2BC组合最高(79.85%),显著高于BCE3组合(71.57%)(P0.05)。BCE1组合受精蛋孵化率最高78.79%,显著高于E3BC组合(74.72%)(P0.05)。各杂交组合的初生重基本都在16 g左右。28日龄上市体重以E2BC组合最高(599.94 g),显著大于E3BC组合(556.13 g)(P0.05)。BCE2组合28日龄成活率为84.77%,显著低于其他5个组合(P0.05)。[结论]E2BC组合的年产蛋量、受精率和28日龄体重均最高,其繁殖性能和生长性能都比较优良,可在生产中加以利用。E3品系在杂交利用上不太理想。  相似文献   

9.
Establishment of the temperature-salinity relationship in the ocean has concerned oceanographers for decades because of its importance for understanding ocean circulation. High-resolution measurements in the ocean mixed layer are used to show that temperature and salinity gradients on horizontal scales of 20 meters to 10 kilometers tend to compensate in their effect on density. These observations support the notion of a horizontal mixing in the mixed layer that depends on density gradient.  相似文献   

10.
Detection of anthropogenic climate change in the world's oceans   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Large-scale increases in the heat content of the world's oceans have been observed to occur over the last 45 years. The horizontal and temporal character of these changes has been closely replicated by the state-of-the-art Parallel Climate Model (PCM) forced by observed and estimated anthropogenic gases. Application of optimal detection methodology shows that the model-produced signals are indistinguishable from the observations at the 0.05 confidence level. Further, the chances of either the anthropogenic or observed signals being produced by the PCM as a result of natural, internal forcing alone are less than 5%. This suggests that the observed ocean heat-content changes are consistent with those expected from anthropogenic forcing, which broadens the basis for claims that an anthropogenic signal has been detected in the global climate system. Additionally, the requirement that modeled ocean heat uptakes match observations puts a strong, new constraint on anthropogenically forced climate models. It is unknown if the current generation of climate models, other than the PCM, meet this constraint.  相似文献   

11.
Tropospheric ozone and black carbon (BC) contribute to both degraded air quality and global warming. We considered ~400 emission control measures to reduce these pollutants by using current technology and experience. We identified 14 measures targeting methane and BC emissions that reduce projected global mean warming ~0.5°C by 2050. This strategy avoids 0.7 to 4.7 million annual premature deaths from outdoor air pollution and increases annual crop yields by 30 to 135 million metric tons due to ozone reductions in 2030 and beyond. Benefits of methane emissions reductions are valued at $700 to $5000 per metric ton, which is well above typical marginal abatement costs (less than $250). The selected controls target different sources and influence climate on shorter time scales than those of carbon dioxide-reduction measures. Implementing both substantially reduces the risks of crossing the 2°C threshold.  相似文献   

12.
Garrett C 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2003,301(5641):1858-1859
Recent satellite and in situ observations have shown that at ocean ridges and other seafloor topographic features, a substantial amount of energy is transferred from the main ocean tides into "internal tides." In his Perspective, Garrett explains how these internal waves with tidal periods propagate through the density-stratified deep ocean and eventually break down into turbulence. The resulting mixing affects ocean stratification and ocean circulation. It thus influences climate as well as biological production. The energy for the internal tides is derived from the rotational energy of the Earth-Moon system changes of the length of the day and the distance to the Moon.  相似文献   

13.
Two sets of passive radio observations of Venus-measurements of the spectrum of the disk temperature near the 1-centimeter wavelength, and interferometric measurements of the planetary limb darkening at the 1.35-centimeter water vapor resonance-show no evidence of water vapor in the lower atmosphere of Venus. The upper limit of 2 x 10(-3) for the mixing ratio of water vapor is substantially less than the amounts derived from the Venera space probes (0.5 x 10(-2) to 2.5 x 10(-2)). This amount of water vapor cannot produce dense clouds, and it is doubtful that it may contribute significantly to a greenhouse effect.  相似文献   

14.
不同改良剂对旱地苹果园温室气体排放的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
为探讨不同土壤改良剂对黄土丘陵区旱地苹果(Malus pumila Mill)园温室气体排放的影响,设置空白对照(CK)、胶质芽孢杆菌(JZ)、枯草芽孢杆菌(KC)及生物炭(BC)4个处理,采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法监测温室气体(CH4、CO2和N2O)排放情况,并综合分析和评价不同土壤改良剂在旱地果园的固碳减排效果。结果表明:试验期内,CK、JZ、KC和BC平均土壤(0~25 cm)温度分别为17.4、17.5、17.7℃和16.9℃;表层(0~20 cm)土壤平均孔隙含水率(WFPS)分别为38.23%、45.66%、38.93%和44.46%,JZ和BC较CK处理显著增加了表层土壤水分(P<0.05)。JZ、KC和BC处理CH4吸收总量较CK处理分别减少15.4%、13.4%和28.4%;3种处理的CO2排放总量较CK处理分别减少0.06%、4.0%和28.8%,N2O排放总量较CK处理分别增加了-6.3%、7.2%和103.1%。整体上,3种改良剂中,生物炭在增加土壤水分含量和N2O排放,并减少CH4吸收和CO2排放方面的综合效果最突出。综合分析土壤水分和温度等环境因子对温室气体排放的影响,土壤温度与3种温室气体排放呈正相关,土壤水分与CO2、N2O排放呈负相关。因此,推荐旱地果园施加生物炭,以达到保水固碳效果。  相似文献   

15.
Weakly bonded pairs of water molecules (H2O)2, or water dimers (WDs), may play an important role in photochemistry and climate, but the overlap of most of its spectral features with the water monomer (WM) has made detection difficult. We report on WD absorption measurements by means of atmospheric long-path (18.34 kilometers) differential optical absorption spectroscopy of the near-infrared OH stretching mode 0>f 4>b overtone transition predicted to be located near 746 nanometers. Our observation is in reasonable agreement with the known thermochemistry, calculated and measured structure, and spectroscopy (band strength, shape, and width) of the WD. The observation implies that the WD 0>f 4>b band is located at 749.5 nanometers, with a full width at half maximum of approximately 19.4 wave numbers, and that its band strength ranges between 1.23 x 10(-22) and 5.25 x 10(-22) centimeters per molecule.  相似文献   

16.
选用4个斑茅杂交BC2品系及其亲系共12个品种(品系)为试验材料,在大田条件下研究了这些试验材料之间的一些生理生化性状的差异。结果表明,斑茅BC2品系的叶片酸性转化酶活性和酸性转化酶活性/中性转化酶活性、叶绿素含量、叶片细胞质膜相对透性、叶片的束缚水含量和束缚水/自由水含量均高于斑茅BC1品系,表明这些性状在回交过程中得到了改良;但在叶片的丙二醛含量、硝酸还原酶活性、过氧化物歧化酶活性方面,BC2品系却不及其BC1杂交亲本,表明这些性状在回交过程中逐渐被削弱;而叶片的可溶性蛋白质含量、还原糖含量、脯氨酸含量、过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶却出现分离,但以YCE01-48为亲本的BC2亲系YCE03-267和YCE03-268在这些指标上均优于其BC1亲本。  相似文献   

17.
The results of an analysis of more than 60,000 atmospheric measurements of carbon monoxide taken over 3(1/2) years at Cape Meares, Oregon (45 degrees N, 125 degrees W), indicate that the background concentration of this gas is increasing. The rate of increase, although uncertain, is about 6 percent per year on average. Human activities are the likely cause of a substantial portion of this observed increase; however, because of the short atmospheric lifetime of carbon monoxide and the relatively few years of observations, fluctuations of sources and sinks related to the natural variability of climate may have affected the observed trend. Increased carbon monoxide may deplete tropospheric hydroxyl radicals, slowing down the removal of dozens of man-made and anthropogenic trace gases and thus indirectly affecting the earth's climate and possibly the stratospheric ozone layer.  相似文献   

18.
生物炭对Cu2＋的吸附特性及其影响因素   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
[目的]研究生物炭对溶液中Cu2＋的吸附特性及其影响因素。[方法]采用玉米秸在不同温度（200、350、700℃）下制备的生物炭（BC200、BC350、BC700）吸附Cu2＋,探讨在不同初始浓度、吸附时间、pH、Zn2＋强度条件下对Cu2＋的吸附特性。[结果]随着热解温度的升高,生物炭的pH和灰分含量增加。BC350具有最大的CEC和有机碳含量。3种生物炭对Cu2＋的吸附能力大小为：BC350〉BC700〉BC200;拟合得到的BC200、BC350、BC700的最大吸附量分别为17．1、30．6、27．2mg／g。可以用准一级动力学模型较好地描述吸附动力学结果,BC200、BC350、BC700拟合得到的平衡吸附量与实测值接近。生物炭的铜吸附量随着溶液初始pH的增加而增大;较高的陪伴Zn2＋浓度可以显著降低生物炭对Cu2＋的吸附。[结论]该研究可为生物炭在环境科学中合理应用提供科学依据。  相似文献   

19.
以筛选于腐败柑橘表面的细菌纤维素(bacterial cellulose,BC)高产菌——中间葡糖酸醋杆菌CIs26为发酵菌株,以间歇振荡法为培养方式,研究橘渣预处理工艺、碳源、氮源和增效因子等营养条件对BC产量的影响。优化后的工艺条件为:橘渣与水混合比例1:6,添加0.3 g·L-1果胶酶和0.1 g·L-1纤维素酶,45 ℃酶解2 h。以滤液代替去离子水复配培养基,以蔗糖(70 g·L-1)为碳源、硫酸铵(3 g·L-1)为氮源、酵母粉(7 g·L-1)为生长因子、乳酸(1 g·L-1)与磷酸氢二钠(2 g·L-1)为增效因子,在此条件下,BC产量达10.26 g·L-1。说明橘渣经适当预处理与复配后,能够作为CIs26菌株间歇振荡法生产BC的优良培养基。  相似文献   

20.
The vigor of Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (MOC) is thought to be vulnerable to global warming, but its short-term temporal variability is unknown so changes inferred from sparse observations on the decadal time scale of recent climate change are uncertain. We combine continuous measurements of the MOC (beginning in 2004) using the purposefully designed transatlantic Rapid Climate Change array of moored instruments deployed along 26.5 degrees N, with time series of Gulf Stream transport and surface-layer Ekman transport to quantify its intra-annual variability. The year-long average overturning is 18.7 +/- 5.6 sverdrups (Sv) (range: 4.0 to 34.9 Sv, where 1 Sv = a flow of ocean water of 10(6) cubic meters per second). Interannual changes in the overturning can be monitored with a resolution of 1.5 Sv.  相似文献   

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