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太湖地区典型水稻土FDA水解酶活性的剖面分布特征 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
本文主要对太湖地区12个典型水稻土剖面的荧光素二乙酸酯(FDA)水解酶活性及其它相关酶活性进行了分析。耕作层的FDA水解酶活性最高,随土层加深活性明显下降,其中部分土壤在犁底层已经很难检测到其活性。部分样点的酶活性在剖面中呈明显的梯度下降趋势。高产水稻土壤表层FDA水解酶活性差异较大,在50～100g/(g.h)范围内,多数为60～80g/(g.h)。土壤酶活性最高与最低间的差异达到近一倍左右。同时FDA水解酶活性与-葡糖苷酶、脲酶、脱氢酶、酸性磷酸酶和芳基硫酸酯酶活性之间有极显著正相关关系(P0.01),与碱性磷酸酶呈显著相关(P0.05);与土壤养分指标如全氮、全磷、速效氮、有机碳之间有极显著相关性,与土壤pH呈显著负相关(P0.01)关系。 相似文献
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不同水耕年限稻田土壤水分渗漏与保持特征 总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1
以江汉平原连续水耕年限大于100年(老稻田)和由旱耕改为水耕17年(新稻田)的稻田为研究对象,通过测定土壤剖面基本理化性质和水力学参数,揭示了2种稻田土壤水分渗漏和保持特征差异。结果表明:(1)新稻田土壤的平均饱和导水率(Ks)为32.05cm/d,显著高于老稻田(17.91cm/d)。新、老稻田土壤Ks均表现为耕作层底土层犁底层,新稻田耕作层Ks分别为犁底层和底土层的6.3倍和5.7倍,老稻田耕作层Ks分别是犁底层和底土层的6.9倍和4.0倍。(2)老稻田土壤持水能力高于新稻田,同一剖面不同土层持水能力表现为耕犁底层底土层耕作层。0.03mm当量孔径的孔隙比例随土壤剖面深度的增加而降低,新稻田各层土壤比例大于老稻田。(3)新、老稻田最大有效水含量随土壤深度的增加而降低,老稻田各土层(32.25%~46.59%)均高于新稻田(26.99%~36.74%)。老稻田平均总库容(135.8mm)大于新稻田(124.4mm),新稻田滞洪库容(11.21~38.74mm)大于老稻田(8.1~60.74mm)。旱耕改水耕加重了水资源的消耗,增加了浅层地下水污染风险。 相似文献
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长期水耕植稻对水稻土耕层质地的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了解长期水耕植稻对南方地区水田表土层颗粒组成的影响,以浙江省为研究区,采用历史资料分析、典型样区调查及定点观察相结合的方法,研究水稻土耕作层(包括犁底层)与心土层间黏粒含量的差异,分析植稻时间对水稻土不同土层颗粒组成的影响,比较植稻期间稻田排水中泥砂物质的颗粒组成与对应土壤间的差异,探讨了长期植稻对水稻土剖面质地分异的影响。对浙江省456个代表性剖面统计,与水稻土心土层比较,耕作层和犁底层黏粒含量平均下降了14%和10%。对植稻不同时间的浅海沉积物(从10～20年至80年)、第四纪红土(从5～20年至70年)和玄武岩风化物(从5～20年至35～70年)发育的水稻土比较发现,随植稻时间的增加,耕作层和犁底层土壤砂粒含量呈现增加趋势,黏粒含量明显下降,耕作层、犁底层与心土层黏粒含量的比值逐渐下降。农田排水中泥砂物质的黏粒和粉砂含量高于对应农田土壤,而砂粒含量则低于相应的土壤。分析认为,长期水耕植稻可导致耕作层土壤砂化(即砂粒含量增加,黏粒含量下降),其原因除与水耕过程中黏粒淋淀外,排水中黏粒和粉砂细颗粒的选择性流失对耕作层砂化也有较大的贡献。 相似文献
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几种化合物对东北主要土壤芳基硫酸酯酶活性影响的比较 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本着探索化合物添加对土壤芳基硫酸酯酶活性的作用效果的目的,采用室内模拟培养试验方法,以东北黑土、白浆土、棕壤和褐土为供试对象,以还原型谷胱甘肽、ATP和辅酶I 3种化合物作为酶活性调节剂,研究了激活剂对4种土壤芳基硫酸酯酶活性的调节,为进一步研究土壤芳基硫酸酯酶活性的激活调节提供一定参考.结果表明,棕壤在3 d后表现了良好的效果,直达近3个月的时间,棕壤添加ATP和还原型谷胱甘肽的效果好于辅酶I.棕壤添加还原型谷胱甘肽后第3、5、7、15、30、60、90 d芳基硫酸酯酶活性分别为对照的1.09、1.21、1.54、1.28、1.22、0.95、0.96倍,有效硫含量则分别为对照的1.16、1.12、.1.15、1.11、1.08、1.07、1.06倍.棕壤添加ATP第3、5、7、15、30、60、90 d后芳基硫酸酯酶活性分别为对照的1.23、1.49、1.43、1.41、1.30、1.09、1.03倍,但有效硫含量与对照相当.研究所选化合物对供试土壤没有同样的激活效果,需要进一步大量筛选以找到相应的调节剂再对其机理进行深入研究.在施入土壤的肥料中添加有机化合物以激活土壤芳基硫酸酯酶活性,对加速土壤有机硫的矿化,为植物补充硫素营养具有重大意义,对农业生产也有重要的参考价值. 相似文献
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以明确自然界中广泛存在的层状结构土壤孔隙分布特征为目的。选黄土高原典型坝地土壤剖面为研究对象，利用CT扫描技术分析耕作层、犁底层、心土层土壤三维结构，探讨层状土孔隙参数随土层结构变化及界面层孔隙特征。结果表明：(1)瘦长型孔隙(孔隙形状系数≤0.2)是各土层土壤孔隙的主要形态。各土层的孔隙参数具有明显差异。耕作层的总孔隙度最高，大孔隙(≥1 mm)分布较多；犁底层孔隙总数量最高，含有较多孤立的小孔隙(≥0.1～0.5 mm)和微小孔隙(≥0.06～0.1 mm),但连通性最差；心土层孔隙参数多数介于耕作层与犁底层之间。(2)坝地剖面层状土壤具有一定厚度的界面层，各孔隙参数均在土层界面位置存在突变点，具有明显分界现象。孔隙特征参数均呈过渡位置渐变、界面位置突变的规律。在界面层，犁底层土壤总孔隙度和连通性与耕作层相比，分别显著下降41.6%,69.8%;心土层在界面层的土壤总孔隙度和连通性与犁底层相比，分别显著增高30.4%,52.3%。(3)孔隙孔径大小与孔隙形态密切相关，大孔隙形态多呈瘦长型，而微小孔隙形状则多呈规则型。(4)土层越深，连通性与总孔隙度、孔隙总数量、孔径分布及孔隙形状的... 相似文献
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研究东北典型县域稻田不同肥力土壤剖面特征,阐明东北典型县域高肥力土壤的特征及中、低肥力土壤的关键障碍因素,为进一步提升该区域稻田肥力和水稻产量提供科学依据。在黑龙江省方正县7个乡镇采集了9个稻田不同肥力土壤剖面样,测定了耕层和犁底层厚度、土壤容重、pH、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、硫离子(S2-)、锰离子(Mn2+)、阳离子交换量(CEC)、团聚体组分、微生物量碳/氮等指标,进行土壤综合肥力评价以及水稻产量与各土壤肥力指标的逐步回归分析,探究肥力差异的主控因子。结果表明,稻田不同肥力土壤剖面有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、CEC、Mn2+含量随剖面土层深度增加逐渐降低,且均表现为高肥力土壤>中肥力土壤>低肥力土壤。方正县高肥力土壤(产量大于10000 kg/hm2)耕作层厚,容重低,耕作层有机质含量丰富,全氮含量高,全磷含量中等,且犁底层有机质、全氮和碱解氮含量高。中肥力土壤(产量介于7500～10000 kg/hm2)耕作层有机质含量高,全氮含量中等,全磷含量低。低肥力土壤(产量介于5500～7500 kg/hm2)耕作层薄,土壤S2-含量高,其他养分含量均低于高肥力土壤。高、中、低肥力土壤有效磷和速效钾养分达到丰富水平。高肥力土壤与中肥力土壤耕作层有机质、全氮、碱解氮、微生物量碳、0.25～0.053 mm团聚体含量和Mn2+差异显著,中肥力土壤与低肥力土壤耕作层除全磷和阳离子交换量外,其他指标无显著差异。高、中、低肥力土壤耕作层和犁底层土壤综合肥力指数分别为0.70和0.83、0.42和0.49、0.21和0.26。水稻产量与各土壤肥力指标的逐步回归分析表明,有机碳和全磷对产量的影响最大,耕作层微生物量氮和pH以及犁底层有效磷和全钾对产量影响较小。耕作层土壤有机碳和全磷对产量的影响最大,中、低肥力土壤有机碳和全磷养分供应不充足,全氮和碱解氮含量中等,低肥力土壤耕作层薄,因此,中、低肥力土壤建议采用增施有机肥和磷肥等措施,同时加强改良和培肥管理,以实现高肥力土壤的产量目标。 相似文献
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不同植稻年限土壤剖面基本性质与水-氮分布的关系 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在江汉平原典型农业区选定不同水稻种植年限(2、18、100a)的稻田,采用野外调查与室内分析相结合的方法,量化不同稻田土壤剖面基本性质和水–氮分布特征,以揭示内在原因,探讨适宜不同水稻种植年限稻田的水–氮管理方式,为提高稻田水–氮利用率和减少稻田面源污染提供科学依据。结果表明:对于不同水稻种植年限农田,土壤剖面基本性质差异明显。耕作层和犁底层厚度随水稻种植年限的延长而增加;土壤有机质在耕作层富集,且随水稻种植年限的延长含量增加;耕作层土壤容重随水稻种植年限的延长而减小,犁底层土壤容重则增大;受耕作和淋溶条件的影响,犁底层和心土层的黏粒含量随水稻种植年限的延长而增加;饱和导水率(Ks)随水稻种植年限的延长而降低,犁底层Ks差异较大,2、18、100a稻田犁底层Ks分别为37.02、8.45、3.11cm/d。土壤剖面基本性质的差异影响水–氮的剖面分布特征。土壤水分和硝态氮含量随水稻种植年限的延长而增加,2、18、100 a稻田土壤剖面(0～100 cm)平均含水量分别为0.39、0.46、0.54cm3/cm3,硝态氮含量分别为3.75、6.27、9.85mg/kg。铵态氮储量远低于硝态氮储量,且受水稻种植年限影响较小;2、18、100 a稻田土壤剖面铵态氮与硝态氮储量比值分别为0.61、0.39和0.30。在灌溉和施肥方式上,水稻种植年限短的稻田适合少量多次的管理方式以减少渗漏损失;而年限长的稻田可适当提高单次灌溉量以减少灌溉次数,进而减少劳力消耗。 相似文献
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田间原位不同深度入渗试验是表达土壤分层状态、展示土层物理分异以及定量土壤剖面水功能变化的关键。为了探究不同深度水稻土的入渗能力及保水作用,该研究以华东稻麦轮作区小农户长期机械化耕整模式下代表地块的土层分异为目标,设计田间原位不同深度入渗试验。在试验地块内开挖7个不同深度的入渗坑并在坑底进行入渗试验,然后渗透48 h分层测取土壤含水率,研究不同坑底深度（坑深）土壤的入渗能力和入渗后各土层含水率的变化。结果表明,不同深度入渗试验准确表达了不同坑深土壤的水分入渗及土层持水分异,同时也能清晰地鉴别出犁底层所在位置和厚度,犁底层始于15 cm深,且耕作层与犁底层分异明显,耕作层平均紧实度为1 005.79 kPa,犁底层平均紧实度为1 910.73 kPa;土壤剖面分析表明,耕作层土壤形态疏松,根系分布稠密,犁底层土壤容重大,孔隙度小,透水性差,心土层土壤铁锰斑点较多,结构性差;土壤入渗参数随坑深的增加而减少,其中0～15 cm坑深范围内平均的平均入渗速率和累计入渗量分别为>20～30 cm的17.04倍和18.06倍;通过对比初始含水率和渗透48 h后含水率,得到坑深在15 cm范围内的... 相似文献
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土壤结构是评价耕地质量的重要指标之一,探明双季稻改制后不同种植模式对土壤结构尤其是对土壤剖面构型及团聚体稳定性的影响,对长江中下游典型稻区耕地质量保育具有重要的理论支撑意义。研究依托华中农业大学试验基地双季稻改制长期定位试验,选取4种种植模式(双季稻、再生稻、稻油轮作和稻麦轮作)的土壤作为研究对象,对比分析不同种植模式下土壤剖面构型和水稳性团聚体组成的差异。结果表明,(1)与双季稻相比,稻油轮作和稻麦轮作的耕作层厚度分别增加7.25%和4.15%,而再生稻模式耕作层显著变化36.27%(P<0.05),犁底层发生上移;(2)4种种植模式的土壤团聚体颗粒组成和团聚体稳定性均在耕作层和犁底层间存在显著差异(P<0.05);(3)双季稻改水旱轮作后(稻油轮作和稻麦轮作),耕作层中游离氧化铁含量分别降低8.5%和26.5%(P<0.05),从而显著降低了土壤团聚体稳定性;再生稻模式因耕作次数减少,其耕作层土壤团聚体稳定性显著提高。综上所述,双季稻改制后的两种水旱轮作模式能使土壤保持良好的剖面构型,而再生稻模式虽然能提高耕作层土壤的团聚体稳定性,但因其一种两收的种植特点导致耕作层显著薄化,犁底层上移,因此,不提倡在同一地块多年种植再生稻。 相似文献
11.
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
15.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
16.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献
17.
Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells. 相似文献
18.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
19.
Y. Bashan J. J. Bustillos L. A. Leyva J.-P. Hernandez M. Bacilio 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2006,42(4):279-285
Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several
photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene.
This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments
for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference
in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless
of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots.
Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production
or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation. 相似文献
20.
Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico
and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria
(Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite
amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation.
Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured
as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions. 相似文献