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1.
荷斯坦泌乳牛的行为观察 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
本次试验对17头荷斯坦泌乳牛的行为表现逐头进行24小时观察,并按不同胎次分三组Ⅰ(第二胎)、Ⅱ(第三胎)、Ⅲ(第四胎)进行分析,表明,不同胎次泌乳牛间白昼反刍时间、白昼反刍时间占白昼时间(除去采食青贮、精料所耗时间)、夜反刍周期数、每周期反刍食团数、日排粪次数差异显著(P＜0.05),日反刍周期数、每周期反刍平均持续时间差异极显著(P＜0.01).相同胎次不同年龄泌乳牛日反刍时间、日反刍周期数、反刍食团咀嚼速度、粗饲料采食次数差异显著(P＜0.05),粗饲料采食时间极显著(P＜0.01).相同年龄不同胎次泌乳牛日反刍时间、每周期反刍平均时间、日采食粗饲料的时间、日排粪次数差异显著(P＜0.05).这些行为与泌乳牛的消化代谢及生长情况是相吻合的. 相似文献
2.
《中国畜牧杂志》2019,(12)
试验旨在研究不同泌乳阶段奶牛饲喂相同日粮对采食行为和日粮营养物质表观消化率的影响。选择体重、胎次相近的8头健康泌乳牛,其中4头处于泌乳盛期(泌乳盛期组),4头处于泌乳后期(泌乳后期组),2组奶牛饲喂相同日粮,预试期15 d,正试期15 d。结果表明:泌乳盛期组奶牛每天干物质采食量(24.0 kg)高于泌乳后期组(P<0.01),泌乳盛期组奶牛每千克干物质的采食时间、一昼夜总反刍时间、躺卧时间均低于泌乳后期组(P<0.01),;泌乳盛期组奶牛日粮中中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维的表观消化率低于泌乳后期组(P<0.01)。由此可见,泌乳盛期奶牛采食时间极显著高于泌乳后期奶牛,泌乳盛期奶牛躺卧时间极显著少于泌乳后期。 相似文献
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4.
不同泌乳时期荷斯坦奶牛的行为观察 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
选用健康无病的奶牛12头（其中泌乳盛期4头,泌乳后期4头,干奶期4头）。按泌乳期分为3组。对各组奶牛逐头进行连续48h行为学观察。结果表明：牛夜间反刍时间（周期数）都比昼反刍时间（周期数）长（多）。泌乳盛期奶牛的总采食时间、反刍时间、采食咀嚼速度比泌乳后期和干奶期奶牛长（快）（P〉0．05）。饲后反刍开始时间泌乳后期最短,而干奶期最长。泌乳盛期奶牛饮水次数远比泌乳后期、干奶期多（P〈0．01）,排粪次数也多（P〈0．05）,排尿次数盛期牛与后期牛接近,但比干奶期牛多2次／d。干奶期牛的卧地时间最长,泌乳盛期牛次之,泌乳后期牛最短,但卧地次数泌乳盛期比后期、干奶期分别多4．13次和3、63次。这些行为的差异可为处于不同泌乳时期的荷斯坦奶牛提供适宜的饲养环境,制定科学的管理制度提供可靠的依据。 相似文献
5.
1视诊家畜中马、骡常出现咀嚼障碍。轻度咀嚼障碍表现为咀嚼无力和弛缓,重度咀嚼障碍表现咀嚼不全或不能咀嚼。如咬肌麻痹或强直,食团成球形,堆积于齿颊之间。口腔疼痛时,病畜常半张其口,流涎,不断抬头,并借舌的运动将未咀嚼完全的食块逐出口外,经若干时间后又咀嚼。马极易出现空嚼和磨牙。健康牛采食时不仔细咀嚼,常将食团匆匆咽下。于采食后数十分钟或躺卧、安静时开始反刍,一昼夜反刍4～8次,每次持续40～50分钟,每个食团咀嚼40～60次,每个食团下咽后经短暂间隙才有新食团从瘤胃经食管逆入口腔。 相似文献
6.
为了对比不同泌乳阶段奶牛的采食、反刍、逍遥行为和日粮营养物质表观消化率,选择体重、胎次相近的8头健康荷斯坦泌乳奶牛,其中,4头处于泌乳盛期(泌乳盛期组),4头处于泌乳后期(泌乳后期组),进行了采食行为观察和消化试验,两组奶牛预饲期20 d,正试期15 d。结果表明,泌乳盛期组奶牛每天的干物质采食量为21.2 kg,极显著高于泌乳后期组的14.1 kg(P<0.01),但两组奶牛的采食时间和采食次数无显著差异(P>0.05),泌乳盛期组奶牛每千克DM采食的时间也极显著低于泌乳后期组奶牛(P<0.01);一昼夜总反刍时间泌乳盛期组奶牛极显著低于泌乳后期组(P<0.01),每千克DMI需反刍时间泌乳盛期组奶牛极显著低于泌乳后期组(P<0.01)。泌乳盛期组奶牛躺卧、走动和站立时间与泌乳后期组奶牛相比无显著差异(P>0.05)。泌乳盛期组奶牛日粮中NDF和ADF的表观消化率极显著低于泌乳后期组(P<0.01),两组奶牛NDF的表观消化率分别为55.8%、67.8%,ADF的表观消化率分别为44.2%、60.7%。 相似文献
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《畜牧与兽医》2016,(8):58-61
选用84头泌乳期相近的荷斯坦奶牛,测定剩余采食量(residual feed intake,RFI),根据RFI值选出14头高RFI和15头低RFI奶牛,进行采食行为观察和体尺测定,分析不同水平RFI奶牛采食行为与体尺指标的差异。结果表明:不同水平RFI的奶牛采食持续时间有差异(P=0.05),平均采食咀嚼次数和平均反刍咀嚼次数差异显著(P0.05);低RFI组采食持续时间较短,咀嚼速度较慢,反刍时间长、反刍食团个数多。奶牛体尺指标在不同水平RFI组间无显著差异(P0.05);但采食行为与RFI密切相关,低RFI组奶牛出采食快速、反刍精细的特点,可能直接影响其采食效率的高低。 相似文献
8.
为了研究适合于秦川牛的生活环境、提高秦川牛饲养管理水平,试验对不同季节秦川牛的体表温度、呼吸频率、采食行为、反刍行为、排泄行为及运动行为等生理参数的变化进行了测定。结果表明:夏季秦川牛的体表温度升高,呼吸频率加快,采食行为中咀嚼速度加快,排泄行为中排尿次数增多;秋季秦川牛体表温度降低,呼吸频率变慢,采食行为中采食速度加快,反刍行为中每个食团咀嚼次数增多、咀嚼时间加长;冬季秦川牛体表温度降低,呼吸频率变慢,采食行为中采食速度变慢,但咀嚼时间加长、咀嚼次数增多。说明环境温度是影响秦川牛行为的重要因素。 相似文献
9.
雷州山羊春季牧食行为的观测 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
对雷州山羊春季牧食行为进行24 h的连续观测表明,雷州山羊昼夜采食时间为415.37±26.81 min,放牧平均采食速度35.34±3.52 口/min,游走时间15.65±7.32 min;每日饮水3次,每次饮水量0.83±0.31 kg;昼夜反刍时间375.7±21.73 min,反刍与采食时间之比为0.911,昼夜反刍周期数9.01±0.38,反刍周期持续时间42.19±6.74 min,每个食团咀嚼时间50.29±8.42s,反刍咀嚼速度1.35±0.15次/s,夜间反刍时间占昼夜总反刍时间的75.66%;昼夜排粪排尿次数分别为8.67±1.37和6.88±1.04,且白昼显著多于夜间(P＜0.05). 相似文献
10.
不同放牧压和放牧时期对山羊牧食行为的影响 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
在南方人工草地上,对云岭黑山羊在不同放牧压和放牧时期的牧食行为进行研究。结果表明:放牧压指数较小时,能减少采食时间和采食时行进步数,明显增加每步吃草口数、采食速度、口食量、日采食量、反刍时间,对其他牧食行为影响不大;9月份采食口数、行进步数最少,口食量、日采食量最大,6月份每步吃草口数明显小于其他月份。7,8,9月份采食速度相差不大,小于10月份采食速度;10月份反刍时间、每个食团咀嚼时间最长,反刍咀嚼速度、逆呕时间间隔在不同月份差别不大。 相似文献
11.
A Dittrich H D?beritz D Prediger M Hoffmann R Fuchs 《Archives of Animal Nutrition》1986,36(11):1043-1052
Fertility oriented ewes in the late stage of gestation and during the lactation period received 19 feeding regimes on the basis of straw-concentrate mixtures, which essentially differed in the feedstuff structure. The ewes fed ad libitum on average used between 5 and 6 hours per day feed intake in the 86 measuring periods. The average daily ruminating time ranged from 398 to 502 minutes. An increasing straw content resulted in significantly longer ruminating periods and a higher number of masticatory movements, additional quotas of long straw had non effect. But even the most unfavourable feeding variants (straw-concentrate mixtures with 40% straw meal treated with NaOH) elicited 21 100 ruminating masticatory movements in 5 hours of ruminating. There were no significant differences between the absolute consumption and ruminating activities in the late stage of gestation and the lactation period; with reference to feed and crude fibre intake the ruminating expenditure in the late stage of gestation was always significantly higher. Rations with a low structural effect resulted in a more unbalanced distribution of consumption and ruminating activities in the course of the day than well structured rations. 相似文献
12.
Nima Naderi Gholam R. Ghorbani Ali Sadeghi‐Sefidmazgi Shahryar Kargar Morteza Hosseini Ghaffari 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2019,103(5):1351-1364
This study aims to evaluate the effects of substituting increasing concentrations of shredded beet pulp (SBP) for corn silage (CS) on nutrient intake, sorting index, intakes of particle size and nutrients, meal and rumination patterns, and chewing activity of dairy cows. Four multiparous (126 ± 13 day in milk) and 4 primiparous (121 ± 11 day in milk) Holstein cows were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment with 4 periods of 21 days. Dietary treatments were (DM basis): 16% of dietary DM as CS without SBP (0SBP); 8% CS and 8% SBP (8SBP); 4% CS and 12% SBP (12SBP); and 0% CS and 16% SBP (16SBP). We observed a reduction in the extent of sorting against long particles and medium particles but for fine particles with increasing SBP levels in the diets. The number of eating bouts per day was lesser (8.2%) in cows fed SBP diets compared with 0SBP cows and corresponded with a reduction in eating time per d across treatments. The number of ruminating bouts per day was similar across diets (16.8 bouts/day), but substituting SBP for CS in the diets tended to decrease linearly ruminating bout length (5 min/bout) and tended to increase ruminating bout interval (8 min/day). Eating, ruminating and total chewing time when expressed as minutes per kilogram of forage NDF intake and peNDF > 8 intake increased when SBP was substituted for CS in the diets. Primiparous cows had greater ruminating time (57 m/day) and total chewing time (73 min/day), eating rate (0.01 kg of DM/min) compared with multiparous cows. Also, increasing forage NDF and peNDF>8, >8‐mm DM intakes are effective means of stimulating ruminating and chewing activities. This study showed that SBP could partially replace CS and not affect DM intake, but chewing activity may decrease slightly. 相似文献
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H. Amanlou D. Zahmatkesh A. Nikkhah 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2008,92(5):605-613
Wheat grain (WG) is a unique cereal rich in easily fermentable starch and low in cation–anion difference (e.g. 5.3 mEq/100 g). The controlled prepartal dietary inclusion of WG, thus, has the potential to ease adapting the rumen microbes and papillae to the high‐starch lactation diets, stimulate feed intake, reduce hypocalcaemia by reducing extracellular alkalinity and a moderate induction of bone resorption, and improve milk yield in periparturient cows. The primary objective was to determine the effects of prepartal feeding of WG compared to barley grain plus wheat bran on metabolic and productive criteria in periparturient Holstein cows. Twenty‐four dry cows and 16 pregnant heifers were blocked based on parity and projected calving date and fed a prepartal diet containing either (i) ground WG (18% on a dry matter basis) or (ii) a conventional diet with ground barley grain and wheat bran or control diet, from 28‐day prepartum until parturition. All cows were fed the control diet during 21‐day postpartum. Prepartal dietary inclusion of WG increased prepartum feed intake, elevated blood glucose and attenuated hypocalcaemia at 7‐day prepartum and 1‐day postpartum, reduced urine pH, and increased milk fat percent and yield. Blood proteins at 7‐day prepartum were higher and placenta tended to be expelled sooner in WG‐fed cows than in other cows. Treatments did not affect milk protein, changes in body condition score; total time spent eating, ruminating and chewing; blood levels of urea nitrogen, cholesterol, and phosphorous, fecal pH, and calving difficulty. Therefore, the prepartal dietary use of WG proved effective in the simultaneous improvement of calcium and energy states, and thereby, in easing the metabolic transition from gestation into lactation in Holstein cows. 相似文献
14.
Rotger A Ferret A Manteca X Ruiz de la Torre JL Calsamiglia S 《Journal of animal science》2006,84(5):1197-1204
To describe the feeding behavior of growing heifers fed high-concentrate diets with different sources of protein and nonstructural carbohydrates, and to explain the ruminal fermentation pattern, 4 ruminally fistulated Holstein heifers (BW = 132.3 +/- 1.61 kg) were assigned to a 4 x 4 Latin square design with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Two non-structural carbohydrate sources (barley and corn) and 2 protein sources [soybean meal (SBM) and sunflower meal (SFM)] that differ in their rate and extent of ruminal degradation were combined, resulting in a synchronized, rapid fermentation diet (barley-SFM), a synchronized, slow fermentation diet (corn-SBM), and 2 unsynchronized diets consisting of a rapidly and a slowly fermenting component (barley-SBM and corn-SFM). The corn-SFM diet resulted in a lower frequency of feeding (P < or = 0.05), longer meal length (P < or = 0.043), and larger meal size (P < or = 0.037) than the other 3 diets. Dietary treatment had no effect (P > or = 0.09) on the daily percentages of posture and behaviors. In general, heifers spent 9.97 +/- 0.83% of the day eating, 2.11 +/- 0.42% drinking, 25.13 +/- 1.36% ruminating, 16.97 +/- 1.42% in other activities such as social behavior and self-grooming, and the rest of the day (45.82 +/- 2.55%) resting or doing no chewing activities. Eating, drinking, and social behaviors were performed while standing (P < or = 0.01), whereas resting and ruminating occurred mainly while lying (P = 0.001). Eating took place mainly in the first 4 h after feeding (P = 0.001), whereas ruminating occurred mainly at night (P = 0.001). When chewing activities (eating and ruminating) were expressed per kilogram of DM or NDF from roughage intake, more time (P = 0.004) was spent chewing per kilogram of DMI for barley-based diets, and per kilogram of NDF from roughage intake for barley- (P = 0.01) and SFM- (P = 0.002) based diets. Tethered heifers fed the more fermentable and rapidly synchronized diet (barley-SFM) reduced intake and increased chewing time. With these high-concentrate diets, time spent chewing was inversely related to roughage intake. 相似文献
15.
Birte L. Nielsen Roel F. Veerkamp Alistair B. Lawrence 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A - Animal Sciences》2013,63(4):272-278
The effects of genetic merit, feeding system and stage of lactation on the time budget of dairy cows were studied. Sixteen loose-housed Holstein Friesian cows (parity=1) of either high or UK average genetic merit were fed one of two complete mixed silage-based diets (high and low concentrate inclusion). Five-minute time samples were carried out on 11 days across lactation between morning feeding and afternoon milking. Cows fed the low concentrate diet spent more time eating, more time ruminating whilst standing, and less time lying, especially inactive. Genetic line did not affect the time budget of the cows. Standing and rumination decreased with time from calving, whereas the duration of lying bouts increased during the first 3 months of lactation. In this study the time budget of dairy cows was influenced by food roughage inclusion, and not by the production level of the animal. 相似文献
16.
【目的】探究荷斯坦牛采食时间的群体规律及其影响因素,旨在为日采食时间的遗传分析奠定基础,同时为牧场利用采食时间对牛群进行精准管理提供参考。【方法】收集北京地区某规模化牧场2019年7月至2021年3月的1 166头泌乳期荷斯坦牛的原始采食时间记录(每小时记录1次)及日采食时间数据(每24 h记录1次),利用SAS 9.2线性混合模型分析胎次、测定季节、泌乳阶段、场区和测定年份对日采食时间的影响。【结果】北京地区荷斯坦牛日平均采食时间为(224.43±60.24) min,原始采食时间平均值为(9.41±4.67)min/h。根据原始采食时间统计分析发现,采食高峰均出现在投料时段,并且胎次、季节和泌乳阶段均对采食时间高峰存在一定影响。试验期间荷斯坦牛日采食时间随环境温湿度指数(temperature and humidity index,THI)的升高总体呈下降趋势,在夏季相对较低。胎次、测定季节、泌乳阶段、场区和测定年份均对日采食时间有极显著影响(P＜0.01):日采食时间在春季最高,为(201.66±1.91) min,夏季最低,为(158.85±1.92) min;对于不同胎次的牛,日采食时间随着胎次的升高逐渐降低,2胎和3胎及以上的奶牛日采食时间与1胎牛相比分别下降了4.90和27.36 min;随着泌乳阶段的推移,奶牛的日采食时间呈先增加后减少的趋势,泌乳中期最高,为(197.62±1.80) min,围产后期最低。【结论】北京地区荷斯坦牛采食时间的群体特征与牛生理状态及所处环境均有关,规模化牧场可利用相关设备自动记录的采食时间数据进行精细化管理。 相似文献
17.
Fu‐Gui Jiang Xue‐Yan Lin Zhen‐Gui Yan Zhi‐Yong Hu Yun Wang Zhong‐Hua Wang 《Animal Science Journal》2019,90(3):382-392
The present study investigated the effects of dietary forage source (quality) and particle size on chewing activity, saliva secretion, and ruminal pH. Twelve multiparous lactating Holstein cows, four of which were ruminally cannulated, were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square experimental design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Cows fed wild‐rye hay diets had longer daily eating times than cows fed oaten hay diets. Treatments had no effect on ruminating time; therefore, resting time varied inversely to eating time. Neither the rate nor the amount of saliva secretion while eating, ruminating, or resting was affected by diet, resulting in similar total daily saliva secretions across treatments (231 L/day). Total volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in the ruminal fluid from animals fed oaten hay diets were higher than those from animals fed wild‐rye hay diets; further, VFAs increased with decreasing forage particle size (FPS). Consistent with elevated VFA concentrations, reducing FPS and including oaten hay in the diet decreased mean ruminal pH and increased the daily time of ruminal pH under 5.8. Results of this study suggest that forage source and particle size affect ruminal pH might be via variations in VFA production rather than increased salivary recycling of buffering substrates. 相似文献
18.
H Schirmbeck A Dittrich M Hoffmann H D?beritz D Prediger 《Archives of Animal Nutrition》1989,39(6):575-584
In the framework of two rearing experiments with female merino meat sheep, measurings of the consumption and ruminating behaviour were carried out. Animals raised with a lot of roughage ruminated longer both in their lamb and young sheep periods. An increased quota of roughage in the ration increased both the ruminating time and the number of chewing moves and cycles significantly for young sheep. The dry matter intake capacity of animals raised with high quotas of roughage was by 14 and 8% resp. higher in the lamb period and by 26 and 18% resp. higher in the young sheep period. Rations with 24% chopped and dried green fodder and 11 ... 14% resp. crude fibre brought about a period of more than 6 hours ruminating and a minimum of 22,000 ruminating movements per day for lambs. Young sheep raised with high quotas of roughage showed an increased ruminating activity in subsequent periods of sole feeding with roughage. 相似文献