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1.
Exotic apple snails (Pomacea spp.) are a major threat to the productivity and profitability of rice farming globally. Cultural methods that are applicable to traditional rice transplanting are often successful in reducing snail damage to rice. However, high labor and irrigation costs associated with transplanting highlight the need to develop modern rice crop establishment methods to replace traditional, labor-intensive methods. This study examined four broad categories of rice crop establishment for their vulnerability to apple snail damage. Seedlings from dapog nurseries and wet-direct seeding were highly vulnerable to damage and produced no grain in snail-infested ponds in the Philippines. Rice transplanted from dry bed nurseries at 21 days after sowing (DAS) had high mortality (85%) and consequently low yields. In contrast, seedling broadcasting (21 DAS) significantly reduced rice vulnerability (22% seedling mortality) to snail damage compared to all other methods and resulted in the highest grain yields per plot in our experiments. We attribute lower vulnerability to snail damage and successful stand development to reduced transplanting shock at the time of seedling broadcasting and to the generally good condition of seedlings even after 21 days in polyvinyl chloride trays. We suggest that seedling broadcasting be considered as a crop establishment method with potential to sustainably manage apple snails in irrigated rice. 相似文献
2.
【目的】明确杂交稻70 g以下低播量精量穴播和条播对育秧效果及机插特性的影响,突破生产中杂交稻机插的技术瓶颈。【方法】以中浙优1号和甬优1540两个杂交稻品种为材料,利用机插标准9寸盘,设置机械穴播和条播两个精量播种方式,并以机械流水线撒播为对照,穴播规格为16(纵向)×34(横向)穴,条播为纵向16条,以穴播5粒、3粒及2粒的播种量进行播种试验。考查了低播量下不同播种方式对秧苗生长影响及配套取秧效果【结果】1)低播量下不同播种方式对秧苗成苗率的影响不大。2)降低播种量提高秧苗生长一致性,且穴播和条播秧苗生长一致性好于撒播。3)与撒播相比,精量穴播和条播能够在低播量下提高秧苗根系盘结力和成毯性,中浙优1号和甬优1540根系盘结力比撒播平均高75.4%和81.0%,播量每穴3粒时即能有效成毯,穴播和条播差异不大。4)精量穴播和条播能够显著降低低播量下机插漏秧率,中浙优1号和甬优1540机插漏秧率平均分别比撒播低76.3%和74.6%,穴播和条播下,两个品种每穴播量3粒的漏秧率均在1%以下,与撒播相比降幅在10个百分点以上。5)精量穴播和条播机插取秧苗数均匀度比撒播要好,两个品种预期取秧2~5苗(5粒)、1~3苗(3粒)和1~2苗(2粒)比例均达80%以上,中浙优1号和甬优1540机插苗数均匀度平均比撒播高121.2%和67.0%,其中,穴播机插取秧苗数均匀度及预期取秧苗数比例高于条播。【结论】精量穴播和条播可以解决目前杂交稻机插用种量大、漏秧率高和机插取秧苗数均匀度差的问题。 相似文献
3.
WANG Yaliang ZHU Defeng XIANG Jing CHEN Huizhe ZHANG Yuping XU Yicheng ZHANG Yikai 《中国水稻科学》1986,34(4):332-338
【Objective】 The purpose of the study is to ascertain the effect of precise hill-sowing and drill-sowing methods on seedling raising and the characteristics of mechanized transplanting of hybrid rice with a low seed sowing rate below 70 g, and to further break the current technical bottleneck in mechanized transplanting process of hybrid rice. 【Method】 In this study, Zhongzheyou 1 and Yongyou 1540 were mechanically hill-sowed and drill-sowed in standard seedling raising trays with mechanized broadcasting as the control. The hill-sowing specification was 16×34 hill, and 16 drills were set in longitudinal direction for drill sowing. The seed sowing rates were 5 seeds, 3 seeds, and 2 seeds per hill for hill sowing, and the same seed rates were set in drill sowing. The effects of different sowing methods on the growth of seedlings and their mechanical transplanting characteristics were investigated. 【Results】 1) Sowing methods presented no significant effect on seedling percentage with a reduction in seeding rate. 2) A reduction in seeding rate improved rice seedling consistency, especially in hill sowing and drill sowing as compared with broadcasting. 3) In comparison with seed broadcasting, under hill seeding and drill seeding, seedling roots were more entwined as seedling mats. Under hill-sowing and drill sowing, Zhongzheyou 1 and Yongyou 1540 had 75.4% and 81.0% higher intertwining force than that of broadcasting, respectively. Precise hill- and drill-sowing generated effective seedling blanket without significant difference between the two treatments, while broadcast sowing did not. 4) Hill sowing and drill sowing significantly reduced the missed hill percent of machine transplanting. The missed hill percent of Zhongzheyou 1 and Yongyou 1540 under hill sowing and drill sowing were 76.3% and 74.6% lower than that of broadcast sowing in average, respectively. The missed hill percent for hill-seeding and drill-seeding with 3 seeds per hill was below 1%, 10% lower than that of broadcast sowing. 5) The uniformity of machine-transplanted seedling under hill sowing and drill sowing were better than that of broadcast sowing. And the proportion of the treatments with expected seedling-catching number in mechanized transplanting (2 to 5 seedlings with 5 seeds per hill, 1 to 3 seedlings with 3 seeds per hill and 1 to 2 seedlings with 2 seeds per hill) for the two cultivars were all above 80% in hill-sowing and drill-sowing in combination with machine transplanting, and the seedling uniformity of machine-transplanted Zhongzheyou 1 and Yongyou 1540 was 121.2% and 67.0% higher than that under broadcast sowing. Meanwhile hill sowing had a better result than drill sowing. 【Conclusion】 Precision hill seeding and drill seeding provide an alternative measure to current problems such as large amount of seeds, high missed hill percent and uneven seedling taking in the process of machine transplanting of rice. 相似文献
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5.
《Plant Production Science》2013,16(3):407-413
AbstractNursery management methods for elongating seedlings are needed for stabilization of early growth after transplanting in the semi-dwarf rice cultivar Hokuriku 193, unlike japonica commercial cultivars. This study aimed to investigate how keeping the plants at 28°C for 5 d after sowing (H treatment) and nitrogen top-dressing (N treatment) affects seedling quality and early growth after transplanting. Control plants had seedling lengths of 6.5 cm to 10.9 cm at transplanting. The H and N treatments significantly increased the seedling length, and the increase was greater in the H-treated plants. The H × N treatment elongated seedlings by 2.5 – 3.7 cm compared to the control plants. The N treatments, but not the H treatments, improved biomass production and tillering early after transplanting owing to the high nitrogen concentration in the seedlings. Combining H and N treatments can contribute for improving seedling length and early plant growth after transplanting in Hokuriku 193. 相似文献
6.
通过对单株、双株、三株栽培的对比试验研究,结果表明:单株栽培秧苗健壮,叶色较绿,带蘖率86.3%,发根力为2.8条,充实度为0.318g/cm;单株栽培产量达513.64kg/667m2,较双株和三株栽培分别增产26.68kg/667m2、53.36kg/667m2。 相似文献
7.
为了探究湖南地区机插杂交稻在不同基本苗配置与施肥量下的产量与干物质生产表现,2016年在湖南宁乡以杂交稻品种隆两优1212和隆两优华占为材料,进行了大田试验。试验设置了3个施肥水平(500、900、1400kg/hm~2)和4个基本苗组合(28.6万丛/hm~2+单本/丛、23.5万丛/hm~2+单本/丛、23.5万丛/hm~2+双本/丛、19.0万丛/hm~2+双本/丛)。试验结果表明,施肥量对产量的影响显著,基本苗配置以及基本苗配置与施肥量的互作对产量影响不显著。随着施肥量的增加,产量和干物质生产显著增加,氮素籽粒生产效率和氮肥偏生产力显著下降。综合考虑产量与成本,900~1 400 kg/hm~2施肥量与23.5~28.6万丛/hm~2+单本/丛的基本苗配置比较适合湖南地区杂交稻机插秧的发展。 相似文献
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Evaluation of management principles and performance of the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) in Bangladesh 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Experiments were conducted at irrigated and rainfed lowland rice sites in Bangladesh to assess the performance of management practices that have become known as the System of Rice Intensification (SRI). At a research station, SRI management principles such as seedling age, plant spacing, application of organic manure, seedling densities, duration of planting, planting shape and time of planting were evaluated under SRI management as compared to previously established Best Management Practices (BMPs). In on-farm trials, SRI was compared with BMP on 40 farmers’ fields. Nutrient inputs and water management in BMP and SRI treatments were kept at comparable levels. Seedling age, ranging from just sprouted seed to 40-day-old seedlings, had no effect on grain yield in the winter season. In a plant spacing experiment subject to SRI, the highest and lowest grain yields of 7.82 and 5.41 t ha−1 were obtained with spacing of 25 cm × 15 cm (narrow) and 40 cm × 40 cm (wide), respectively. In SRI, seedling density (1–2 seedlings per hill), planting durations (≤15 min to 1–3 h after uprooting) or root placement (L-shape and J-shape) had no effect on grain yield. With regard to time of planting, the highest grain yields were observed with transplanting in the 3rd week of December, with no difference between SRI and BMP management systems. In on-farm trials, BMP gave significantly higher grain yield compared to SRI and farmers’ practice in a triple-cropped area, but grain yields were similar with SRI in a double and single-cropped area when spacing was narrow. The highest profit was obtained with BMP followed by SRI and farmers’ practice in the single-cropping area. Major findings from this study are that under comparable levels of net nutrient input and water management (i) well-implemented BMPs for rice are more efficient for producing high yields than SRI and (ii) there is no intrinsic yield advantage of SRI that could be caused by its individual crop management techniques or some unknown synergism of the different SRI practices proposed. 相似文献
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《Field Crops Research》1999,63(3):187-198
Rice is subjected to excessive waterlogging and flash-flooding on large areas in south and south-east Asia. Besides cultivars, submergence tolerance of plants is influenced by various agronomic practices. A field experiment was conducted at Cuttack, India during 1994–1995 to study the effect of method of stand establishment (direct seeding and transplanting), vigour of seed (low and high-density) or seedlings (N-fertilized and unfertilized), plant population (normal and 50% more) and N fertilizer (single basal and split application) on yield performance of lowland rice under conditions of natural submergence and simulated flash-flooding (impounding up to 90 ± 3 cm depth for 10 days at vegetative stage). Flooding reached a maximum depth of 80 cm in 1994 and 52 cm in 1995 under natural submergence. The crop performance was better in 1994 due to timely sowing in dry soil and delayed accumulation of water (43 days after sowing) than in 1995 when sowing was done late in saturated soil followed by early water accumulation (28 days after sowing). Grain yield of rice decreased by 30.0–33.6% due to simulated flash-flooding compared with natural submergence, and by 21.4–33.1% due to transplanting in July compared with direct seeding in May-end/early June. The yield of direct-sown crop increased by using high-density seed of 22.9–23.0 mg weight (5.2–9.0%), higher seed rate of 600 m−2 (2.2–2.3%) and basal fertilization at 40 kg N ha−1 (19.4–25.7%) compared with low-density seed (19.4–20.1 mg), 400 seed m−2 and no N, respectively. The yield of transplanted crop increased by using N-fertilized seedlings of 0.49–1.65 g weight (29.5–38.5%), higher number of seedlings at 155 m−2 (3.5–16.7%) and basal fertilization at 40 kg N ha−1 (31.9–32.5%) compared with unfertilized seedlings (0.19–0.79 g), 115 seedlings m−2 and no N. Split application of 40 kg N ha−1 — 50% each at basal and top dressing (105–115 days of growth after flash-flooding) — improved yield significantly (10.1–13.1%) over single basal application under simulated flash-flooding, but not under natural submergence conditions. Regression analysis indicated that relative contribution of various factors in increasing grain yield was in order: N fertilizer > seed density > seed m−2 in direct-sown rice, and N fertilizer > seedlings m−2 > seedling dry weight in transplanted rice. It was concluded that grain yield of flood-prone lowland rice can be increased by establishing the crop early through direct seeding using high-density seed and basal N fertilization. 相似文献
10.
以常规中籼稻黄华占为材料，采用温室大棚旱育秧方式，研究不同育秧剂对陕南稻麦油两熟区机插秧秧苗素质与栽插质量的影响。结果表明，温室大棚旱育秧方式下，秧苗适栽期为播种后31～38 d，大田栽插穴苗数为5苗/穴；秧苗综合品质比较，表现为育秧基质＞旱育保姆＞育秧伴侣＞对照CK；大田栽插比较，育秧基质效果最佳，呈现返青快，单株分蘖高的特点；经济性状比较，表现出育秧基质＞旱育保姆＞育秧伴侣的总体效果。合理筛选育秧剂和栽插条件，能提高秧苗素质，改善群体发育动态，实现增穗增粒，提高产量，有效促进机械化稻作技术在本地区的推广。 相似文献
11.
Effects of plant density on the yield and yield components of true potato seed (TPS) hybrids in early and main crop potato production systems 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This study was conducted to evaluate true potato seed (TPS) technology for use in ware or seed potato production in two contrasting environments in Turkey during 2002 and 2003. The field experiments were carried out in the Hatay and Nevsehir provinces in Turkey, which represent a Mediterranean early crop potato production area and a temperate main crop potato production area, respectively. The plug seedlings of six TPS hybrids were transplanted to the fields at four densities (15, 20, 25 or 30 plants m−2). The seed tubers of the medium early cultivar Marfona were also planted in the experimental plots to compare the performance of the TPS hybrids with traditional seed tubers. Transplanting of the seedlings was significantly delayed in Hatay due to unsuitable weather conditions in both years. The seedlings needed an adaptation period of 2–4 weeks after transplanting depending on the location and the growing conditions. The adaptation period was longer in Hatay due to high air temperatures after transplanting. Although the yield performance of the TPS hybrids differed depending on the location and year, the TPS hybrids produced noticeably higher total tuber yields in Nevsehir location (ranging from 43.1 to 62.5 t ha−1 in 2002 and from 39.5 to 50.6 t ha−1 in 2003) than in Hatay (ranging from 15.3 to 19.6 t ha−1 in 2002 and from 15.1 to 19.1 t ha−1 in 2003). The percentage of marketable tubers (>28 mm) was also considerably higher in Nevsehir. The optimal plant density varied between 25 and 30 plants m−2 with regard to the total yield, while the optimal density with regard to the marketable yield was 20 or 25 plants m−2 depending on hybrids in Nevsehir. However, none of the tested plant densities caused competition between plants in Hatay, where the environmental conditions during the growing period considerably restricted the growth of individual TPS seedlings.It was concluded that transplanting of TPS seedlings can be considered a feasible alternative for ware or seed potato production in temperate environments like Nevsehir that have growing periods of at least 4 months. However, there are several obstacles, such as difficulties with the timing of transplanting, long adaptation period that threaten the practicability of TPS technology in Mediterranean-type environments. Further agronomical studies focused on reducing inter- and intra-plant competition are needed for both environments in order to improve the acceptability of TPS technology to farmers. 相似文献
12.
Weedy rice is a great threat to rice production in Sri Lanka. Selective herbicides to manage weedy rice in conventional rice cultivars are not available in Sri Lanka. In the absence of appropriate chemical control measures, cultural approaches may help to achieve effective control of weedy rice. A study was conducted in two consecutive seasons in farmers' fields at three sites (Atalla, Samanthurai, and Girithale villages) in Sri Lanka to evaluate the effect of different establishment methods (farmers' practice, random broadcast, row seeding, seedling broadcast, and transplanted rice) on weedy rice infestation and rice yield. The farmers' practice had a higher number of weedy rice panicles (60–80 m−2) than the random broadcast (39–48 panicles m−2), seedling broadcast (3–15 panicles m−2), and transplanted rice (1.3–3.0 panicles m−2) methods. The use of clean rice seeds in the random broadcast method reduced weedy rice seed production by 29–41% compared with the farmers' practice (0.6–2.0 t ha−1). Compared with the farmers' practice, the seedling broadcast method reduced weedy rice seed production by 71–87% and transplanted rice by 95–98%; and increased rice yield by 27–49% (7.5–9.1 t ha−1). At all three sites, the farmers' practice resulted in the lowest grain yield (5.1–6.7 t ha−1). Compared with the farmers' practice, the random broadcast and row seeding methods increased rice yield by up to 21% and 31%, respectively. The findings suggest that the use of clean rice seeds, the use of a row-seeded crop, and the adoption of different rice planting methods may help to suppress the spread of weedy rice. 相似文献
13.
为了降低机插稻育秧、运秧劳动强度,在云南籼稻地区探索籼稻小苗机插技术。以吉优716为材料,设置160 g/盘（T1 ）和180 g/盘（T2）2个播种量处理,秧龄9 d,每667 m2大田用秧6盘。以常规播种量70 g/盘,15 d秧龄,每667 m2用秧15盘为对照,比较分析了不同处理间秧苗素质、栽插质量、茎蘖动态和产量的差异。结果表明,虽然密播小苗处理秧苗素质不如对照,并且缺丛率较高,但每丛基本苗数、各时期的茎蘖数和有效穗数均显著高于对照,最终产量均高于对照。较高的有效穗数是机插密播小苗技术增产的主要原因。其中,T1处理用种量比对照减少了8.57%,秧盘数比对照减少60%,但产量比对照增加了9.0%,节本增效的效果明显,具有较大的推广潜力。 相似文献
14.
育秧基质和喷水间隔处理对机插秧苗素质及产量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
目的 探明适合水稻机械化播种+旱育秧模式下培育符合机插标准健壮秧苗的水分管理方式。方法 以辽粳401为供试材料,选用2种育苗载体(有机质型育苗基质和营养土),于秧苗1叶1心期设置3种喷水间隔处理(24h、48h、72h),研究不同喷水间隔下水稻秧苗素质、移栽质量及产量的变化规律。结果 喷水时间间隔由24h延长至72h,秧苗SPAD值升高,株高降低,根数增加,根冠比升高,秧苗的综合素质提高。间隔72h喷水处理秧苗机插伤株率和漏插率低,移栽后缓苗活棵迅速,新根数量多。移栽后间隔72h喷水处理秧苗对环境的适应性更强,其最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)和实际光化学量子产量(Yield)、光化学猝灭(qP)和非光化学猝灭(NPQ)均处于较高水平。72h处理成熟期有效穗数最多,结实率最高,实际产量最高。结论 采用间隔72 h的水分管理方式,能够提高水稻机械化育苗的秧苗素质,提高机插质量,利于机插后缓苗,促进茎蘖成穗,从而提高水稻产量。 相似文献
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Three demonstration experiments were conducted on commercial greenhouse farms to assess the efficacy of chloropicrin (CP), applied by drip irrigation, in controlling Verticillium wilt and root rot disease complex of bell pepper, in comparison with dazomet at 40 g m−2. Chloropicrin was applied through drip irrigation system at 20, 30 and 40 g m−2 of emulsified commercial formulation. The concentration of CP in water was constant, and the required doses were obtained by delivering different amounts of the irrigation water per area unit (from 12.5 to 33 mm). The highest mean efficacy in reducing the inoculum density of Verticillium dahliae in the soil at all locations was obtained after CP application at 30 and 40 g m−2, about 85 and 86%, respectively. The number of viable microsclerotia recovered from the soil on the day of pepper planting was significantly correlated with the final incidence of Verticillium wilt disease (r = 0.962). The highest mean efficacy in controlling Verticillium wilt of pepper (86.4%) was obtained after soil treatment with CP at 40 g m−2, and ranged from 80.2 to 95.6%. The yield was stronger correlated with root rot severity (r = −0.849**) than with progression of Verticillium wilt, expressed by AUDPC (r = −0.651**). The dominant soil-borne pathogen responsible for pepper root rot was Colletotrichum coccodes. All chemical treatments provided a significant reduction in root rot severity compared to the untreated control. On-thefarm evaluation revealed that soil fumigation with drip-applied chloropicrin presents a feasible option for pepper growers. 相似文献
16.
Winter cover crops were evaluated for their effect on Amaranthus palmeri establishment and growth in cotton production. Cover crops examined included rye and four winter legumes: narrow-leaf lupine, crimson clover, Austrian winter pea, and cahaba vetch. Each legume was evaluated alone and in a mixture with rye. Cover crop biomass in monoculture was greatest for rye and lupine (>6750 kg ha−1), while clover, pea, and vetch were less and ranged from 2810 to 4610 kg ha−1. Cover crop biomass was more than doubled when rye was mixed with clover or vetch relative to the legume monoculture. In early-June, A. palmeri densities were 46 seedlings m−2 in the non-disturbed areas between cotton rows in the fallow, while populations were <4 seedlings m−2 with rolled vetch or pea and 18 and 29 seedlings m−2 in rolled clover and lupine. Rye and legume mixtures reduced A. palmeri densities to <3 seedlings m−2, while rye monocultures had 8 seedlings m−2. There were no differences in A. palmeri densities (≥144 plants m−2) in the cotton row among cover crop treatments. By late-June, rye and winter pea controlled A. palmeri in the row middle >80% relative to the non-cover crop fallow treatment, while control from clover, vetch and lupine ranged from 64 to 70%. The relationship between A. palmeri control in between cotton rows and cover crop biomass was described by a log-logistic regression model with 4530 kg ha−1 providing median weed control (Bio50); predicted A. palmeri control was 25, 50, and 75% from 2950, 4900, and 8600 kg ha−1 cover crop biomass, respectively. However, A. palmeri plants in the cotton rows prevented yield production in the absence of herbicides. Where A. palmeri was controlled with herbicides, the highest yields occurred following rye, with lower yields following lupin/rye mixture and treatments including pea. Management of herbicide resistant weed species requires diverse management tactics; this may include high-biomass cover crops to reduce weed establishment between crop rows. However, greater research effort is needed to devise weed management options for the crop row that do not rely exclusively on the diminishing array of herbicide tools. 相似文献
17.
在吉林省气候条件下,研究了延迟播种、延期插秧对水稻产量与质量的影响。结果表明,吉林省适宜的播种期为4月12日,适宜的插秧期为5月25日,4月17～27日播种,5月30日至6月10日插秧,产量虽然下降9.57%～15.43%,但是产量能达到8 000 kg/hm2以上,与常规栽培的产量相近。5月2～17日播种,6月15～30日插秧,产量下降34.57%～88.83%,而且单穴穗数、每穗粒数、饱满千粒重、混合千粒重、饱满粒率、经济系数、生物产量、糙米率、精米率、整精米率、胶稠度等随播种期与插秧期的延后而明显下降;垩白率、垩白度明显上升。延迟播种不宜超过4月27日,延期插秧不宜超过6月10日。 相似文献
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应用不同播种方式和灌溉方法研究了孔穴塑盘育秧实用技术，结果表明：１）土种分播每孔穴４～５粒芽谷，播后浸润沟灌，出苗穴率和成苗效率较高，土种混播或泥浆播种，虽较省工，但成苗率不如土种分播；播后淹灌或浇灌，易引起烂种烂芽，２）每盘播８０ｇ芽谷以下随播种量增中空穴减少，播种量超过每盘８０ｇ芽谷虽空穴减少，但秧苗素质下降，３）床土混土重０．５％的ＮＰＫ营养剂有利于培育强壮秧苗，不添加ＮＰＫ营养则秧苗较弱 相似文献
20.
太湖稻区机插稻高产关键技术研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
对机插育秧专用肥、播种量、播栽期、栽插密度、氮肥等进行试验示范,结果表明,机插稻获得大面积产量650 kg∕667 m^2,采用育秧基质和机插秧育秧专用肥、常规粳稻播种量干谷100～120 g/盘、湿谷120～150 g/盘,正常育秧肥用量适宜播栽季节,秧龄在18～20 d,可培育适于机插的壮秧;在每667 m^2插足1.8万穴,基本苗6万左右;同时要适期栽插,一般在6月10～20日栽插;适施氮肥,氮肥运筹前后比例以6：4较适宜,有利于足穗、大穗实现优质高产。 相似文献