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1.
N2-Fixation and Yield Structure of White Lupin ( Lupinus albus L.) in Comparison to Vicia faba L. and Glycine max (L.) Merr. on Different Sites
In field studies white lupin ( Lupinus albus L., Eldo ) was compared with faba bean ( Vicia faba L., Herz Freya ) in 1986 and soybean ( Glycine max [L.] Merr., Gambit ) in 1988 on five sites respectively. Total N2-fixation, which was determined by the extended difference method, and yield components were correlated to weather and soil conditions:
1. While faba bean responded to low pH with delayed nodulation, white lupin showed no decrease in N2-fixation at pH less than 5.5 as far as soil was not calcareous.
2. The white lupin developed its root system most quickly into further soil depths and produced a root dry weight six times as large as that of faba bean in the soil layer 60-90 cm until the end of July (Bayreuth).
3. Despite on the calcareous sites the white lupin showed the highest total-N2-fixation (max. 36 g N/m2) throughout, the N-gain for the succeeding crop was up to 8 g N/m2 for white lupin and faba bean as well. In contrast the N-balance of soybean was mostly negative.
4. Seed yields of white lupin (48-450 g/m2) ranged between those of faba bean (145-549 g/m2) and of soybean (89-290 g/m2); its raw protein yields were the highest found (max. 158 g/m2) though.  相似文献   

2.
Measurement of gas exchange in faba-bean leaves ( Vida faba L.)
By means of gas-exchange measurements (minicuvette system and porometer), photosynthesis and its light dependence was investigated on attached leaves of different varieties of faba beans. The results showed no relevant difference in photosynthetic capacity for the varieties. This is true also for parameters calculated from light dependence, i.e. light compensation point, light saturation, and quantum yield. Generally, the light compensation point lay under 50 μE PAR/m2/s and light saturation was reached at about 1400 μE PAR/m2/ s. Photosynthesis was strongly dependent on leaf age and difference in photosynthetic capacity due to different varieties could be excluded as an essential reason for different rates of flowers dropping and pod dropping in faba beans.  相似文献   

3.
Spring-sown intercrops of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and faba beans (Vicia faba L.) were grown in three experiments at the University of Reading, UK. One wheat cultivar, Axona, and one (experiment 1) or two bean cultivars (experiments 2 and 3) Scirocco and Maris Bead, were grown as sole crops and intercrops at 50%, 75% and 100% recommended density. Experiments were rainfed but irrigation was an additional treatment in experiment 3. Biomass and seed yields of both wheat and faba beans were greater when monocropped than when intercropped. There was no evidence that radiation use efficiency (RUE) of intercrops was significantly different from sole crops. In all intercrops there was no significant effect of density on biomass, RUE or seed yield, though there were compensating changes in yield components. Seed yields of Maris Bead were significantly greater than Scirocco in experiment 3 but not experiment 2. There was no significant effect of irrigation on RUE or on wheat biomass and seed yield, but there was a trend for irrigation to increase faba bean biomass (P = 0.07) and seed yield (P = 0.06). With later sowing in experiments 2 and 3, time to harvest was shorter and wheat and bean biomass, seed yield and RUE were reduced. All land equivalent ratio (LER) values for both biomass (maximum 1.23) and seed yield (maximum 1.44) were greater than 1, with one exception in experiment 3, indicating that intercrops of wheat and faba beans make more effective use of land than equivalent sole crops. Partial LERs for faba beans were always lower than those of wheat. The tendency was for highest LERs to occur at 75% recommended density.  相似文献   

4.
Pulses such as chickpea, faba bean and lentil have hypogeal emergence and their cotyledons remain where the seed is sown, while only the shoot emerges from the soil surface. The effect of three sowing depths (2.5, 5 and 10 cm) on the growth and yield of these pulses was studied at three locations across three seasons in the cropping regions of south-western Australia, with a Mediterranean-type environment. There was no effect of sowing depth on crop phenology, nodulation or dry matter production for any species. Mean seed yields across sites ranged from 810 to 2073 kg ha−1 for chickpea, 817–3381 kg ha−1 for faba bean, and 1173–2024 kg ha−1 for lentil. In general, deep sowing did not reduce seed yields, and in some instances, seed yield was greater at the deeper sowings for chickpea and faba bean. We conclude that the optimum sowing depth for chickpea and faba bean is 5–8 cm, and for lentil 4–6 cm. Sowing at depth may also improve crop establishment where moisture from summer and autumn rainfall is stored in the subsoil below 5 cm, by reducing damage from herbicides applied immediately before or after sowing, and by improving the survival of Rhizobium inoculated on the seed due to more favourable soil conditions at depth.  相似文献   

5.
A lysimeter study was conducted to investigate how nitrogen uptake of spring wheat and oats and N leaching losses are differing when either oilseed rape or faba bean are grown as green manure. The experiment was conducted during 1982–1988, and fertilizer applied to the cereals was either farmyard manure, FYM, (6 and 12 g N/m2/year) or mineral fertilizer, MiF, at a rate of 6 g N/m2. On average of the 7 year period faba bean increased N uptake of the cereals fertilized with FYM at harvest by 3–4 g/m2. Differences between the two application rates were negligible. N-leaching losses increased twofold when faba bean was grown instead of oilseed rape. Growing faba bean after cereals supplied with MiF, too, increased N uptake of the cereals and significantly increased leaching losses.  相似文献   

6.
Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] plant density for maximum yield in Japan is usually from 16 to 25 plants m−2. The objective of this study was to compare yield and yield components, especially node number between square- and zigzag- (an equilateral triangle-planting pattern or plants in the row offset from each other) planting patterns within a range of plant populations (16, 20 and 25 plants m−2).
Field experiments with cultivar Enrei (Maturity Group VII) were conducted in the field at Niigata University on a loamy sand soil in 1991, 1992 and 1993.
Yield increased as density decreased in 1991 and as density increased in 1992 and 1993. This result seemed to be due to adverse weather conditions during seed filling in 1991. Yield tended to be higher in zigzag- than in square-planting patterns except at 20 plants m−2. Seed number m−2 due to increased yield was highly correlated with branch node number. The yield increase was caused by an increase in total node number, especially branch node number m−2 (about 60 % contribution at 16 plants m−2 and about 40 % contribution at 25 plants m−2).  相似文献   

7.
The faba bean ( Vicia faba L.) is an important grain legume world wide, yet the relationship between light intensity and nodule development and N2 fixation has received minimal attention. An experiment was conducted to study the effects of shading on faba bean growth, seed yield, nodule development, and the distribution of total N and total sugar among plant parts. Seeds of the V. faba cultivar Xichang Dabai were sown in pots at Xichang. China, in 1986–90. The plants subjected to 50 % and 20 % shading for 145 d had thinner and taller main stem than the control, and fewer flowers, pods, and seeds. Poor dry weight of organs and less developed underground parts were recognized. Shading caused the deficiency of photosynthate (supply), subsequently less nodules formed poorer fresh weight of nodules was produced and nodule senescing advanced. Total N and total sugar contents per plant and in roots, stems and leaves were consistently lower under shading regimes, but the contents in nodules did not change significantly. It seems that the insufficient photosynthate supply limited both N and C metabolism in shading plants by first limiting growth of the whole plant and nodule, and that the lower total N content in faba bean plant under shading regime was attributed to an decreased effective nodule mass and advanced nodule senescing.  相似文献   

8.
This paper reviews current knowledge regarding the influence of plant density on the growth and yield of the faba bean crop (Vicia faba L.). An analysis is also made of sowing rate and other factors that may modify optimum plant density, including environmental conditions; in this sense, should be made a differentiation between faba crops grown in temperate conditions and those grown in Mediterranean and semi-arid conditions. The genotype also prompts variations in optimum plant density, depending on the botanical type (mayor, equina or minor) and the growth habit (determinate versus indeterminate) of the cultivar selected. Sowing date also influences optimum seeding rate, which is lower for autumn–winter sowing under temperate and Mediterranean conditions and increases as the sowing date is delayed. For the spring-sown crops typical of temperate conditions, optimum plant density will be higher due to the shorter growing season. With a longer growing season and under optimum environmental conditions, there is normally no additional response to densities over 20 plants m−2, while in suboptimal conditions, optimum plant density may increase to over 60 plants m−2. Although the faba bean crop displays considerable plasticity in response to variations in plant density, mainly with regard to number of pods per square meter, it is not wholly clear to which component of yield this should really be ascribed. Number of stems per plant appears to be the most influential factor, although further research is required to confirm this.  相似文献   

9.
Plants of maize ( Zea mays L.), spring barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) and broad bean ( Vicia faba L.) were raised in tubes filled with a soil-sand mixture and supplied with nutrient solution. The nutrient supply was varied with regard to concentration and typ of compound of "N". Due to the relatively high concentrations of "N", dry matter of shoots and roots was reduced in comparison to the control; root morphology was affected in terms of root length and root thickness. The N-compounds, used in the experiment, exerted quantitatively different influences on dry matter production and root morphology, NH4NO3 being the N-form which had the weakest detrimental effects. There was no specific response to NH+4 or NO−3 but a strong influence could be shown for NH4Cl and NaNO3. Probably not only the concentration of "N" and the form of "N" have a specific influence, but also the cations and anions associated with the N-containing ion are effective.  相似文献   

10.
Field experiments were conducted during the wet seasons of 1991,1992 and 1993 at the Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Farm, Bauchi (10 ° 22'N, 09 ° 47'E) to study the response of sunflower ( Helianthus annaus L.) to N rates and plant population under rainfed conditions. Four N rates (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg N ha -1) and four plant populations (40000,80000,120000 and 160000 plants ha-1) were factorially combined in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Leaf area index, shoot dry weight and seed yield (kg ha-1) increased significantly with increasing N rates from 0 to 100 kg N ha-1. The growth and yield parameters per plant decreased significantly with increasing plant populations from 40000 to 160000 plants ha-1, but the seed yield (kg ha-1) obtained at 80000 plants ha-1 was significantly higher than all the other plant populations. The interactions of N x plant population confounded the main effect of each factor on the growth and yield of sunflower. The seed yield (3425 kg ha-1) obtained from the use of 100 kg N ha-1 at 80000 plants ha-1 was significantly higher than those obtained from all other combinations of N x population and out-yielded the main effects of 100 kg N ha-1 and 80000 plants ha-1 by 18 % and 25 %, respectively. The use of 100 kg N ha-1 at 80000 plants ha-1 is therefore recommended for maximum yield of sunflower in Bauchi.  相似文献   

11.
The effects of six seeding rates (50-300 seeds m−2:) on some morphological traits with hay and seed yield were evaluated in common vetch ( Vicia sativa L.) under fall and spring sowing conditions. The mutual correlations among yield and yield components were also determined.
The sowing seasons and seeding rates significantly affected hay and seed yield, and most of the yield components. Fall sowings resulted in significantly higher hay and seed yield than spring sowings at all seeding rates, and the highest seed and hay yield was achieved in densities of 250 and 300 seeds m−2. In spring sowings there was a positive response in hay yield up to 250 seeds m−2 while no further increase in seed yield at the seeding rates higher than 150 seeds m−2. Average protein content of hay and seed was found to be higher in spring sown crops than fall. The highest protein yields of hay and seed were obtained at 250 seeds m−2 in fall sowings, and 150 seeds m−2 in spring sowings.
Most of the correlations between both hay and seed yields with the yield components were not consistent and differed with the sowing time. Only the correlations between number of the plants per unit area with hay yield, and number of the pods and seeds per unit area with seed yield were statistically significant in both sowing seasons. Close positive associations were obtained between hay and seed yield.  相似文献   

12.
Thirty-six accessions of linseed ( Linum usitatissimum L.) were screened for salt tolerance at the seedling stage after 2 weeks growth in solution culture salinized with 150mol m−3 NaCL Considerable variation in salt tolerance was observed in this set of germplasm. Two salt-tolerant accessions, T-5(69-S9)B and LS-2 and two salt-sensitive accessions P-70 and Aver-Rer-Seic, selected at the seedling stage, were grown to maturity in sand culture salinized with 0 (control), 70, 140, and 210 mol m−3 NaCl. Both the salt-tolerant accessions exceeded the two salt-sensitive accessions in biomass production, seed yield, and yield components, but the accessions did not differ significantly in seed oil content in the salt treatments. The tolerant accessions accumulated greater amounts of Na+ in the shoots and less in the roots compared with the salt-sensitive accessions. The shoot K+, K: Na ratios, and K+ versus Na+ selectivity were lower in the salt-tolerant accessions compared with the salt-sensitive accessions; the reverse was true for their roots. Contributions of Na+ and Ca2+ to osmotic adjustment were much higher in the two salt-tolerant accessions than in the salt-sensitive ones.
It has been established that there is a great deal of variation for salt tolerance in linseed. The degree of salt tolerance of this crop does not vary during ontogeny. The physiological basis of salt tolerance of this species appears to be associated with the inclusion of Na+ in the shoots.  相似文献   

13.
Linseed ( Linum usitatissimum L.) stems, which contain bast fibres, make up a considerable part of the linseed biomass, but are considered a by-product of no value. The feasibility of cultivating existing linseed cultivars and breeding lines for dual-purpose use of stem and seed was studied in 1995–97 in Jokioinen, Finland. Finnish linseed cv. Helmi was compared with 10 linseed genotypes and one flax cultivar for stem yield, ratio of stem yield to seed yield, and plant stand height and density. The stem yield of cv. Helmi averaged 1317 kg dry matter ha-1. Significantly higher stem yields were produced by breeding lines Bor 15 and Bor 18 and cvs Gold Merchant, Norlin and Martta. The cv. Helmi produced lower stem yield than seed yield while breeding lines Bor 15 and Bor 18 and cvs Gold Merchant and Martta yielded more stem than seeds. The difference in the ratio of stem yield to seed yield between them and cv. Helmi was statistically significant. The mean plant stand height was 60.3 cm and the final plant density 594 plants m-2. No relationship was found between stem yield and height or density. Within 2 days of seed threshing, stems of early maturing Finnish genotypes dried up in the field to nearly 15 % moisture content, even in the middle of September (1996). The early maturing breeding lines Bor 15 and Bor 18, with their significantly higher stem yields relative to cv. Helmi, are recommended for dual-purpose use.  相似文献   

14.
In order to evaluate the possibility of reducing energy input in giant reed (Arundo donax L.) as a perennial biomass crop, a field experiment was carried out from 1996 to 2001 in central Italy. Crop yield response to fertilisation (200–80–200 kg ha−1 N–P–K), harvest time (autumn and winter) and plant density (20,000 and 40,000 plants per ha) was evaluated. The energy balance was assessed considering the energy costs of production inputs and the energy output obtained by the transformation of the final product. The crop yield increased by +50% from the establishment period to the 2nd year of growth when it achieved the highest dry matter yield. The mature crop displayed on average annual production rates of 3 kg dry matter m−2, with maximum values obtained in fertilised plot and during winter harvest time.

Fertilisation mainly enhanced dry matter yield in the initial period (+0.7 kg dry matter m−2 as years 1–6 mean value). The biomass water content was affected by harvest time, decreasing by about 10% from autumn to winter. With regard to plant density, higher dry matter yields were achieved with 20,000 plants per ha (+0.3 kg dry matter m−2 as years 1–6 mean value).

The total energy input decreased from fertilised (18 GJ ha−1) to not fertilised crops (4 GJ ha−1). The higher energetic input was represented by fertilisation which involved 14 GJ ha−1 (fertilisers plus their distribution) of total energy costs. This value represents 78% of total energy inputs for fertilised crops.

Giant reed biomass calorific mean value (i.e., the calorific value obtained from combustion of biomass sample in an adiabatic system) was about 17 MJ kg−1 dry matter and it was not affected by fertilisation, or by plant density or harvest time. Fertilisation enhanced crop biomass yield from 23 to 27 dry tonnes per ha (years 1–6 mean value). This 15% increase was possible with an energy consumption of 70% of the overall energy cost. Maximum energy yield output was 496 GJ ha−1, obtained with 20,000 plants per ha and fertilisation. From the establishment period to 2nd–6th year of growth the energy production efficiency (as ratio between energy output and energy input per ha) and the net energy yield (as difference between energy output and energy input per ha) increased due to the low crop dry biomass yield and the high energy costs for crop planting. The energy production efficiency and net energy yield were also affected by fertilisation and plant density. In the mature crop the energy efficiency was highest without fertilisation both with 20,000 (131 GJ ha−1) and 40,000 plants per ha (119 GJ ha−1).  相似文献   


15.
The relation between stand density and structure of spring rape ( Brassica napus L.) was described with the aid of comprehensive measurements of structure. The structural components measured were plant height, stem diameter at root collar, site of the lowest pod on the main raceme, number of pods on the main raceme, site of the lowest branch on the main stem, number of primary branches and number of pods on the branches. The experiment was conducted at two nitrogen levels, 110 and 180 kg ha', and was replicated in 3 years, 1988, 1989 and 1990. Stand density was varied by using five different seeding rates and the number of plants m-2 evaluated immediately prior to harvest was used to express the stand density. In the years considered, the densities varied between 16 and 520 plants m-2. The relationship between plant density and rape plant structure was adequately described each year by a mukivariate second degree polynomial model. Varying the nitrogen application rate seemed to have no influence on this relationship. Denser plant stands produced thinner and shorter plants, the shortening occurring in the pod-producing section of the main raceme. Further, with increasing stand density, the number of branches decreased as did the number of pods on the branches and on the main raceme. These changes in plant structure retarded at densities over 150—200 plants m-2. This seems to be the minimum density that should be achieved in rape stands.  相似文献   

16.
The effect of very high sowing rates on establishment year dry matter (DM) yield and stand persistence of irrigated lucerne ( Medicago sativa L.) was studied. Two cultivars ('Peace' and 'Apollo II') were sown in 1986 at two row spacings and six sowing rates from 5.6 to 50.4 kg ha−1. Established seedling density (Sd) increased linearly with sowing rate (R):Sd= 24.1R. Establishment year DM yield increased at sowing rates from 5.6 to 16.8 kg ha−1, levelled off as sowing rate increased to 33.6 ka ha−1, and then decreased as sowing rate increased further. Thus, there was a broad optimum sowing rate that gave a maximum sowing year DM yield. Percent plant survival to the third year (1988) decreased with increasing sowing rate so that plant densities became similar for sowing rates greater than 16.8 kg ha−1. Within the range 5.6 to 16.8 kg ha−1, increasing sowing rate increased stand persistence measured as 1988 plant density; however, a corresponding increase in DM yield was not obtained. For all full-production years, DM yield was independent of sowing rate. Sowing rate did not affect three chemical measures of forage quality.  相似文献   

17.
Response of sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.) to sulphur applied ca. 0, 30, 90 and 150 mg kg-1 and nitrogen applied ca. 0, 100 and 200 mg kg-1 soil were studied on a Typic Camborthids in greenhouse. Nitrogen and S application had a significant (P < 0.01) main and interactive effect on seed yield and dry weight of leaves and stem. Cumulative N and S contents of sunflower seeds, stem and leaves were significantly (P < 0.01) affected by N and S application. Sulphur transport and accumulation in sunflower seeds was increased with S application. There were significant (P < 0.01) correlations between seed yield and N and S content of sunflower plants. Critical S concentration (%) in 60 days old plants was 0.36 for 95 % relative yield of the maximum. Application of 90 mg S kg-1 with 200 mg N kg-1 resulted in the highest seed yield and maximum total S and N contents in sunflower leaves, stem and seeds. Relative increase in sunflower seeds yield at higher levels of N and S was more than that of dry weight of stem and leaves.  相似文献   

18.
The effect of plant density and component frequency was examined in mixtures of two spring faba bean ( Vicia faba L.) cultivars Donas and Minden grown in a replacement series experiment in the field. There were two densities, 44 and 25 plants m−2.
At low density mixtures yielded significantly more (+ 22.5 %) than the mean of the components grown in monoculture. The advantage was considerably reduced (+ 7.8 %) at high density. A frequency dependent advantage was observed when the proportion of the components in mixtures was varied. At high density and when averaged over the two densities, the greatest yield advantages were obtained when Danas , the high yielding component represented 75 % of the mixture, whilst at low density the greatest advantage was achieved at 50 : 50 mixture. Such gains were either due to component co-operation or complementation type interactions.
Mixtures produced greater total dry weights and more podded nodes per plant than the mean of the components. The remaining characters had values which were more or less similar for monocultures and mixtures.  相似文献   

19.
Experiments were conducted over 2 years to quantify the response of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) to heat stress. Potted winter faba bean plants (cv. Wizard) were exposed to temperature treatments (18/10; 22/14; 26/18; 30/22; 34/26 °C day/night) for 5 days during floral development and anthesis. Developmental stages of all flowers were scored prior to stress, plants were grown in exclusion from insect pollinators to prevent pollen movement between flowers, and yield was harvested at an individual pod scale, enabling effects of heat stress to be investigated at a high resolution. Susceptibility to stress differed between floral stages; flowers were most affected during initial green‐bud stages. Yield and pollen germination of flowers present before stress showed threshold relationships to stress, with lethal temperatures (t50) ?28 °C and ~32 °C, while whole plant yield showed a linear negative relationship to stress with high plasticity in yield allocation, such that yield lost at lower nodes was partially compensated at higher nodal positions. Faba bean has many beneficial attributes for sustainable modern cropping systems but these results suggest that yield will be limited by projected climate change, necessitating the development of heat tolerant cultivars, or improved resilience by other mechanisms such as earlier flowering times.  相似文献   

20.
A field experiment was performed to study the effect of zinc and iron supply on grain yield in four promising varieties of rice ( Oryza sativa L.) viz. IR-20, Jaya, Pusa 2–21, and IET-1444. Three doses of ZnSO4 or FeSO4 (0, 20 or 40 kg ha−1) along with all possible combinations were investigated. The varietal differences were significant in grain yield ha−1. The grain yield increased with the dose of zinc and Jaya but not significantly in IR-20. The increase in grain yield was more significant and dose dependent in IET-1444 than in Jaya in response to iron application.  相似文献   

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