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1.
Based on the concept of disturbing structure, this paper presents a progressive yield constitutive model by extending the Cam Clay model in order to describe influence of the disturbing structure on soil behavior. The internal variable of yield surface is not just a constant parameter, and it should be treated as a distribution function in a range. The single yield surface of the Cam Clay model wis extended to a field of yield surface. Then by introducing the progressive yield concept into the Cam Clay model, the progressive yield constitutive model wis developed. Only one parameter wis added besides the three parameters of the Cam Clay, which represents the disturbing structure of the soils. The application results show that the model can predict the progressive yield of the soils. 相似文献
2.
According to unsaturated soil basic theories, equilibrium moisture of clay subgrade is predicted based on the updated studies of soil suction and soil water characteristic curve. Also, the bilinearity constitutive experience model of resilient modulus of clay soil is presented by triaxial repeated loading tests in laboratory. Using above mentioned results, a prediction method of equivalent resilient modulus of clay subgrade is established by comprehensively considering subgrade moisture and stress condition. Then, based on the concrete engineering, the prediction function of equivalent resilient modulus of the clay subgrade is provided by taking ground water table and subgrade height as centers. Compared with the results of other traditional testing methods on the same test road, the new prediction method may be used in practice. The results provide new perspectives and standpoints to determine the equivalent resilient modulus mechanics features of clay subgrade structure from two aspects of equilibrium moisture and stress condition. 相似文献
3.
In order to study the influence of stress path on the constitutive relations for reshaped clay,the triaxial compression tests under stress paths with drainage in cases of increased,constant and decreased mean normal stress and undrained conventional triaxial compression test have been carried out,the stress-strain relations under the four stress paths are obtained.Through visualization the three-dimensional surfaces of shear and volume strain in the whole stress field under the four stress paths are given respectively by numerical modeling.In addition,the four families of shear and volume yield loci are plotted respectively.It is found through comparing the deformation results under the four stress paths that there are obvious differences in the stress ranges,the strain peaks,the shapes of strain surfaces and the trends of variation of volume yield loci,however,for the four families the shear yield loci are similar.These results demonstrate that the influence of stress path on the constitutive relations of clay is considerably large and could not be neglected,and it relates to the effective mean normal stress closely. 相似文献
4.
It is a fundamental task for soil structure study to find a quantitative parameter that reflects structural damage under pressure. Based on the unidirectional compression and isotonic compression tests of soft clays from Huangshi, Zhangzhou and Qingdao, the compression properties of structure soil and the effect of different conditions on the properties were investigated. It is found that when the pressure is lower than structure yield stress, it is mainly the initial structure self alignment procedure and the structure is in few damage and the compressibility is small. When the pressure is bigger than the structure yield pressure, the structure destroys massively and the compressibility increases greatly not only from inter granular slipping but also from the collapse. With the damage properties in compression, a new coefficient was proposed to evaluate the structural behavior. And this parameter can be obtained simply through the software AutoCAD. With the proposed method, it is found that the soft clay in Qingdao is strongest in structural behavior, followed with that in Huangshi and Zhangzhou. 相似文献
5.
The effect of soil texture on water use efficiency (WUE) was analyzed for six crops cultivated on loam and clay soils. Results were obtained after a long-term study, carried out in a lysimetric set-up, in conditions of experimental neutrality (climate, agro-techniques, and variety were the same for each crop) with the sole exception of the soil texture, which was the variable to be studied.In the case of potato, corn, sunflower, and sugar beet, WUE was reduced significantly when crops were grown in clay soil. The reductions ranged from 22% to 25%. The decrease of WUE in clay soil was coupled with significant reductions in yield and in ET, except in the case of the corn crop. The reduction in WUE in corn depended solely on the yield decrease.A 10% decrease in WUE values was also observed for the soy-bean and tomato grown in clay soil, but it was not statistically significant.Different causes which may reduce the WUE values observed in the clay soil are discussed. It seems coherent to hypothesize that, during the active growing phase, a deficit in water uptake occurs in the plants growing in the clay soil. This hypothesis is consistent with the observations of stomatal conductance, daily evapotranspiration, and leaf surface.In conclusion, the operative development of this study is outlined. 相似文献
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7.
华南地区蔬菜地不同质地土壤磷素淋失临界值研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
从广东省各蔬菜基地采集101个表层土壤,测定土壤Olsen-P、Bray-P和CaCl2-P,以确定不同质地土壤的磷淋失临界值。结果表明,Olsen-P与CaCl2-P呈显著的线性关系,随着土壤Olsen-P的增加,CaCl2-P也呈现增加的趋势,存在1个明显的突变点,即土壤磷淋失临界值,壤质粘土的临界值为79.74 mg/kg,粘壤土的临界值为51.08 mg/kg,砂质粘壤土的淋失临界值为43.99 mg/kg,砂质壤土的淋失临界值为8.63 mg/kg,淋失临界值从高到低的顺序依次是：壤质粘土＞粘壤土＞砂质粘壤土＞砂质壤土,与不同质地粘粒含量的表现规律一致。在砂质粘壤土上Bray-P与CaCl2-P呈显著的线性关系,但不存在明显的突变点,在壤质粘土、粘壤土和砂质壤土上,Bray-P与CaCl2-P未呈现显著的线性关系,不存在明显的突变点。因此,在本试验条件下,Olsen-P可以作为不同质地土壤磷淋失临界值指标。 相似文献
8.
不同土壤条件下追施硼肥对小麦产量和品质的影响 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
试验于2018-2019年在中国农业科学院作物科学研究所温室内进行,采用两因素随机区组设计,以土壤类型和追施硼肥为调控因素,研究不同土壤条件下硼肥对小麦产量和品质的影响。供试土壤分别为黑土、潮土及红土,供试小麦品种为来自埃及的春小麦品种Egypt New。结果表明：黑土条件下小麦的株高、穗长、穗粒数、千粒重和子粒产量均极显著高于潮土和红土条件下的小麦;黑土条件下小麦的蛋白质及其组分产量最高,潮土次之,红土最低,差异显著;拔节期追施硼肥显著提高了子粒产量。不同处理组合条件下,以黑土和拔节期追施硼肥处理的小麦株高、穗长、穗粒数、千粒重和蛋白产量最高。 相似文献
9.
Hannu Känkänen Laura Alakukku Yrjö Salo Timo Pitkänen 《European Journal of Agronomy》2011,34(1):35-45
Due to the high cost of fuel and labour associated with conventional tillage, and because of their advantageous environmental consequences, interest in reduced and zero tillage systems has increased. Direct drilling into zero tilled (ZT) soil of two spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars (six-rowed Rolfi and two-rowed Saana), spring oats (Avena sativa L., cultivar Roope), and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cultivar Kruunu) was compared with conventional tillage (CT) and drilling into ploughed soil. Two field experiments were conducted on clay soils (clay content > 50%) between latitudes 60° and 61° N. Seed and fertilizer were placed in the same row in ZT and in separate rows in CT. Oats was the most productive spring cereal species in ZT. Establishment of spring wheat was often poor. Barley was most vulnerable to water surplus during early growth and drought during late growth. High levels of crop residues caused problems in soil drying in spring and growth of monocultures of oats and wheat. A higher seeding rate was advantageous in zero tilled clay soil. The substantial grain yield decrease suggests need for improving ZT.Long-term trials are required to determine whether ZT suits clay soils as soil structure can change over time and weather conditions play a major role in the productivity of differently tilled soils. 相似文献
10.
Aiming at the fact that parameters in support vector machine(SVM) model were difficult to be identified, a genetic algorithm SVM(GA SVM) was proposed to avoid the blindness in parameter choosing and improve the estimation ability of SVM, in which the parameters in SVM and kernel function were searched by genetic algorithm. And it was then applied to the classification for the swell and shrink grade of expansive soils. Five indexes including liquid limit, total swell shrink ratio, plasticity index, water contents and free expansive ratio were adopted as discriminated factors. And the four grades of the expansive soils were the outputs correspondingly. Classification function was obtained through training a large set of expansive samples. And it was shown that the classification method of GA SVM was effective and with high accuracy. 相似文献
11.
《Soil Technology》1997,10(1):57-67
The erosivity of soils under a given rainfall energy appears to vary greatly among soil orders, probably reflecting differences in clay composition and organic matter content. This study was conducted to quantify microrelief, infiltration, and sediment yield changes during three consecutive simulated rain events on a Udic Haploboroll and a Typic Hapludalf from Minnesota, and a Mollic Kandiudalf, and Typic Palehumult from Uganda. Air dry aggregates (< 5 mm) were packed in 19 1 containers tilted to a 5% slope and were subjected to three consecutive high energy rain storms (63 mm h−1) for a duration of 1 h. Runoff and sediment were continuously monitored during a storm. Infiltration was measured by continued weighing of the soil and containers. An automated non-contact laser relief meter was used to measure changes in soil roughness initially and after each storm. Soil surface roughness decreased during the rain events indicating that aggregate breakdown was the dominant process in seal formation. For example, random roughness decreased form 5.9 to 4.0 mm on Barnes loam and from 9.7 to 6.9 mm on Renova silt loam with cumulative rainfall of 0 and 126 mm. These infiltration rates indicated that the Barnes Loam (Haploboroll) and Kabanyolo clay (Kandiudalf) were unstable soils while Kachwekano clay (Palehumult) and Renova silt loam (Hapludalf) were quite stable. Final infiltration rates after 3 consecutive rainfalls on Kachwekano clay (15 mm h−1) and Renova silt loam (13 mm h−1) [the stable aggregate soils] were significantly higher than those of Barnes loam (4 mm h−1) and Kabanyolo clay (3 mm h−1). For the two stable soils a high infiltration rate on a rough surface was maintained until aggregate breakdown occurred and runoff began. Sediment yield from Barnes loam (29 kg m−2) and Kabanyolo clay (28 kg m−2) was significantly greater than soil loss from Kachwekano clay (0 kg m−2) and Renova silt loam (6 kg m−2). The microrelief method to quantify aggregate stability is an improvement over wet sieving and other related measurements because of its rapidity and because the statistical quantification can be linked to physical processes. 相似文献
12.
采用消(耗)能元件的结构在遭受地震作用时,元件芯材首先屈服进入塑性阶段,利用其滞回变形消耗地震输入能量,保护主体结构,元件芯材本构关系的数值模拟是对采用消(耗)能元件结构进行抗震分析与设计的基础。为更真实地模拟结构消(耗)能元件芯材在单调和循环荷载下的本构响应,更准确地对采用消(耗)能元件结构进行结构弹塑性地震响应分析,对常用作消(耗)能元件芯材的日本高延性钢材SN490B的单调、循环加载本构及循环骨架曲线进行了数值模拟,包括：采用Esmaeily-Xiao二次流塑性模型模拟材料在单调荷载作用下弹性段、屈服段、强化段和二次流塑段4个阶段;采用混合强化模型模拟材料循环荷载作用下的本构响应,运用大型通用有限元软件ABAQUS结合数值模拟参数对16种不同循环加载制度下的循环加载试验进行模拟,并与试验结果进行对比;采用Ramberg-Osgood模型、无量纲化的Ramberg-Osgood模型及两段式模型模拟循环骨架曲线。研究结果表明：所采用数学模型可以较好地模拟SN490B钢材单调、循环加载本构响应及循环骨架曲线,数值模拟与试验结果拟合较好。 相似文献
13.
Distribution Characteristics and Prediction of Equilibrium Moisture of Non saturated Clay Subgrade 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The space distribution characteristics of equilibrium moisture of non saturated clay subgrade were surveyed along the road cross section by the in situ and laboratory tests. Based on the basic theory of unsaturated soil mechanics, matric suctions of soil samples with different kinds of moisture condition were determined and the soil water characteristic curve model was calibrated to reflect a single valued function relationship between water content and matric suction of clay soils. Combining the above results, an estimation method of the equilibrium moisture of the unsaturated clay subgrade outside the affected zone of atmospheric precipitation/evaporation was established. The results show that the atmospheric precipitation/evaporation has significant effect on moisture condition of the subgrade soil located in the upper part of the subgrade near the central reserve and hard shoulders. However, equilibrium moisture of subgrade soil outside the affected zone of atmospheric precipitation/evaporation is mainly controlled by the impact of the groundwater table. Fredlund & Xing model can be used to characterize the relationship between the unsaturated clay soil moisture and matric suction, and the fitting results of model parameters have high reliability. A consistency between the predictive results and the experimental data shows the presented model is accurate and credible. 相似文献
14.
To investigate the mechanical behavior of reinforced concrete structure subjected to fire, the incremental thermo elastic plastic creep constitutive equations of steel and concrete in consideration of temperature and creep deformation were obtained based on different yield rules and the elastic plastic theories. The nonlinear analysis for reinforced concrete simply supported slab was carried out with consideration the variation of the mechanical properties of steel and concrete with temperature. The effectiveness and applicability of the constitutive equations were verified with the test results from relevant literature. The nonlinear analysis was employed for one bay one storey reinforced concrete frame under fire and the variation of displacement at partial nodes was analysed. It was found that the reinforced concrete structure at a high temperature would have a significant deformation. And the displacement change curves of beam column joints of reinforced concrete frame were not monotonous trend and there were inflexion points. The vertical displacement values of beam column joints were less than those at midspan of cross beam. 相似文献
15.
By using a simple shear apparatus that is developed from RMT-150B,a series of simple shear tests of interface between saturated sand and structure under high normal stress were carried out to study constitutive law and shearing stiffness of interface to provide some theoretical evidences for design and calculation of projects concerned with mechanical problem of interface.In test,sand was consolidated in upper shearing box firstly,then,shear was started and testing data was recorded under high and constant normal stress.During the process,sand can deform relatively freely.It is shown that the relation curve between shear stress and shear displacement under high normal stress in simple shear tests is different from that in direct shear tests,and the complete shearing deformation process of interface under high stress can be described as a nonlinear elastic-perfect plastic form;Weibull distribution with three parameters can overcome the mathematical deficiencies of hyperbola in NEPP.The new model which is established by substituting Weibull distribution for the hyperbola of NEPP better agrees with the testing data.The regressive results of the initial shearing stiffness demonstrate that the linear function is slightly better than power function to express the relation between the initial shearing stiffness and normal stress.Based on the new interface model,the formula of tangential shearing stiffness is proposed,meantime,the change trend of tangential shearing stiffness of the new model is compared with that of NEPP. 相似文献
16.
A number of lands were occupied by discarding the dredged sludge in the yard as waste materials.The Aeration Vacuum rapid Mud Water Separating (AVMWS) technique was appropriate for discarding yard with high water content and high clay particle content sludge.This technique could quickly reduce the volume of the sludge and accelerate the turnover use of the yard.In addition,the technique could overcome the clogging problem when pumping water from high water content, high clay particle content dredged sludge.Through the sampling particle size distribution tests after AVMWS and conventional vacuum pumping model tests, it was found that in the AVMWS tests the fine grained soil run off, coarse particles accumulated, and arching structure layer was formed.However, in the conventional vacuum pumping tests, fine particles did not lost and there was clogging without arching structure layer.The layer could protect the internal loss of the fine particles and ensure a high permeability of the soil at the same time.And the mechanism was explained as well. 相似文献
17.
S. Kumar A. K. Patra D. Singh T. J. Purakayastha 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2014,200(2):156-162
The effect of fertilization on resistance and resilience of soil microbial activity against heat stress in the tropical soils is largely unknown. We investigated the impact of long‐term (36 years) application of chemical fertilizers and farmyard manure (FYM) on substrate‐induced respiration (SIR) and dehydrogenase activity (DHA) and their resistance and resilience against heat stress in a sandy clay loam soil (Typic Haplustept). Surface soils from five selected treatments (Control, N, NP, NPK, NPK + FYM) under maize (Zea mays) crop were assessed immediately after sampling (0 Day) and at 1, 14, 28 and 56 day(s) after heat stress (48 °C for 24 h). The heat stress significantly decreased soil respiration and dehydrogenase activity by 20–80 %. Recovery after stress was up to 100 % within 56 days. The combined application of NPK (balanced) and FYM was most effective in enhancing resistance and resilience (stability) of soil microbial activity against heat stress. Correlation between resistance of dehydrogenase activity and substrate‐induced respiration revealed a significant relationship (R2 = 0.85). However, after stress, this correlation was initially weak but subsequently improved with time (R2 = 0.38–57), indicating different time lags to restore the normalcy of these parameters. 相似文献
18.
镉胁迫对三个棉花品种(系)产量、纤维品质和生理特性的影响 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
以抗草甘膦棉花种质系ZD-90和转Bt基因抗虫棉品种s GK3为材料,以陆地棉标准系TM-1为对照,研究了镉(Cd)胁迫下棉花生育期内的植株生长、产量、农艺性状、纤维品质和抗氧化酶系统活性。结果表明,低浓度Cd对棉花植株的生长发育有一定的促进作用;高浓度Cd对植株的生产发育有显著的抑制作用,植株生长量、子棉产量和皮棉产量显著降低。Cd胁迫对棉花单株铃数、铃重和单铃种子数的影响较大,而对衣分无显著影响。不同浓度Cd处理间的棉花纤维品质性状无显著差异。棉花植株体内的抗氧化化物酶(POD、SOD和CAT)活性在棉花生长发育的初期或低浓度胁迫条件下迅速升高,但随着Cd浓度的增大和胁迫时间的延长,酶活性受到抑制。植株体内累积的MDA含量则随着Cd处理浓度的增加和胁迫时间的延长呈逐渐升高趋势。3个品种比较,TM-1对Cd较敏感,ZD-90次之,s GK3受Cd胁迫的为害相对较轻,是一个较耐Cd的棉花品种。 相似文献
19.
Increasing heat and water stress are important threats to wheat growth in rain-fed conditions. Using climate scenario-based projections from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5), we analysed changes in the probability of heat stress around wheat flowering and relative yield loss due to water stress at six locations in eastern Australia. As a consequence of warmer average temperatures, wheat flowering occurred earlier, but the probability of heat stress around flowering still increased by about 3.8%–6.2%. Simulated potential yield across six sites increased on average by about 2.5% regardless of the emission scenario. However, simulated water-limited yield tended to decline at wet and cool locations under future climate while increased at warm and dry locations. Soils with higher plant available water capacity (PAWC) showed a lower response of water-limited yield to rainfall changes except at very dry sites, which means soils with high PAWC were less affected by rainfall changes compared with soils with low PAWC. Our results also indicated that a drought stress index decreased with increasing PAWC and then stagnated at high PAWC. Under high emission scenario RCP8.5, drought stress was expected to decline or stay about the same due to elevated CO2 compensation effect. Therefore, to maintain or increase yield potential in response to the projected climate change, increasing cultivar tolerance to heat stress and improving crop management to reduce impacts of water stress on lower plant available water holding soils should be a priority for the genetic improvement of wheat in eastern Australia. 相似文献
20.
桩-岩（土）接触面力学特性的研究是桩基承载机理研究的基础。通过红层泥岩桩岩接触面大型直剪试验,研究了红层泥岩桩岩接触面的力学特性,结果表明：接触面剪应力先随剪切位移增大而增大,在达到峰值后,剪应力随着剪切位移增大而降低,并最终趋于稳定值,应力应变曲线呈现出应变软化的特征。根据剪切试验结果,推导出桩岩接触面应变软化本构方程。利用fish语言对FLAC3D中自带的理想弹塑性接触单元进行二次开发,并应用开发的模型对桩岩接触面直剪试验进行了数值模拟,分析剪应力与剪切位移之间的关系,证明了该本构能够较好地模拟接触面间的应变软化特性。 相似文献