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为明确机械收获对蔗地土壤物理性状和宿根蔗产量的影响,以消除蔗农对大型机械收获系统对甘蔗耕层土壤严重压实的顾虑。以广西红壤坡耕地为研究对象,设置机械收获和人工收获2种处理,研究机械收获对耕层土壤物理性状和宿根蔗产量的影响。结果表明：蔗垄0~40 cm土层,土壤容重、贯入阻力、抗剪强度、田间持水量和总孔隙度等土壤物理性状在机械收获和人工收获间均无显著差异。蔗沟0~20 cm土层,机械收获后,土壤紧实度、贯入阻力和抗剪强度显著提高,总孔隙度和通气孔隙度下降。同人工收获相比,机械收获过程中,机具行走对蔗沟土壤造成压实,但对蔗垄土壤影响不显著。蔗垄土壤紧实度在垂直梯度上存在2个明显交替变化的界面,0~20 cm土层以人工收获的土壤紧实度较高,20~40 cm土层以机械收获的土壤紧实度较高。第1年宿根季和第2年宿根季人工收获处理蔗茎产量均高于机械收获处理,但差异不显著。综上所述,在固定道技术下,甘蔗机械收获对蔗垄土壤物理性状和宿根蔗产量的影响不显著。本研究为规范甘蔗机械收获操作,减少大型机械对蔗地土壤压实提供了科学依据。 相似文献
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土壤压实胁迫对烟草前期生长的影响初报 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为分析研究土壤压实胁迫对烟草前期生长的影响,以红花大金元烟草为研究对象,开展了不同土壤压实度盆栽试验,结果表明:烟草品种红花大金元适宜生长的土壤压实范围介于1.1～1.3 g/cm3;对于地下根系,压实主要影响根系的纵向生长;对茎围影响只表现在移栽后15～25 d时段内,其它时段无明显影响;对株高影响发生在移栽15d后,容重为1.33、1.27、1.12 g/cm3(D4、D5、D6)处理组增长速度明显高于其它组;对叶的影响主要表现在叶面积上,且各处理间差异显著;对叶片数、根鲜重、茎鲜重、叶鲜重、叶干重、总干物质、根冠比的影响差异不显著,对根干重的影响各处理差异显著. 相似文献
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黄淮海耐压实大豆品种的初步筛选及根系特征分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《大豆科学》2020,(3)
黄淮海地区加大机械化耕种收力度的同时也造成了更严重的土壤压实,为给耐压大豆品种的选育提供参考,利用华北地区自1920年以来的25个大豆品种,从根系的调控机制出发,对机械压实条件下大豆的地上部生物性状以及根系特征进行分析。研究表明:供试品种中有10个(上蔡二糙平顶式、益都平顶黄、文丰7号、豫豆8号、鲁豆11、晋豆25、冀豆12、郑92116、菏豆13和冀豆17)具有较好的抗压实性能。这些耐压实品种地上部生物性状表现为植株矮化,茎粗加大,主茎节数和地上部生物量不减。地下部根系表现为根系最大宽度、根面积、水平生长空间增加,或侧根数、根尖数增加。说明根系通过针对性的自我调控来适应压实环境,满足逆环境下对土壤水肥气的有效吸收,从而维持地下和地上部的生物量,保障作物的稳产。本研究能够为新时代机械化耕种收条件下大豆育种提供数据支撑及理论依据,具有一定的生产指导意义。 相似文献
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利用蔗叶回田,以蔗养蔗是解蔗田有机肥料不足的有效措施。其作用是可减少施氮量及除草剂用量;延长宿根年限;保持水土才提高土壤肥力;减少土壤机械压实等。蔗叶回田方法,一是原地压埋作肥;二是混合绿肥,海沙等做牛栏厩肥;三是堆制堆肥;四是机械切碎残茎,蔗头,蔗叶回田作肥,既增加有机质含量,又可减少虫源,减少环境污染,减轻劳动强度。 相似文献
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台湾704紫茄产期长，在我镇一般从8月5日开始播种，9月10日进行种植，11月开始采收，到次年5月份结束，每667m2可产茄子4000-6000公斤。台湾704紫茄果长25-35厘米，单果重100-200克，颜色深紫鲜艳，质地柔软，口感香嫩，商品率高，经济效益好，每667m2可收入4000-6000元。 一、育苗技术 根据我镇几年来的实践，台湾704紫茄最佳播种期在8月5日左右，播种时选择土壤肥沃的田地，整畦时把土耙松耙细，施上农家肥，并用500倍百菌清进行土壤消毒。隔夜用木板把畦面稍压实、拉平。播种时把浸好的种子渗一定量的细沙，均匀播种在畦面上，用火烧土或… 相似文献
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采用土壤调查的方法,对福建省武夷山市5种主要茶园土壤类型(黄壤、红壤、潮砂土、高山草甸土、紫色土)的土壤主要物理性状进行了研究。结果表明:不同土壤类型之间的土壤物理性状存在着明显差异,高山草甸土属于砂质粘壤土,土壤田间持水量、土壤含水率、土壤总孔隙度和土壤毛管孔隙度最大,土壤容重、土壤固相和气相最低,土壤物理性状最好;黄壤和红壤属于粉粘土,土壤物理性状次之;潮砂土和紫色土属于砂壤土,田间持水量、土壤含水率和毛管孔隙度显著低于其它土壤类型,土壤物理性状最差。相关分析表明,田间持水量、土壤含水率、土壤固相、土壤容重、土壤孔隙度、土壤毛管孔隙度之间均存在显著或极显著相关性(P0.05,P0.01);土壤砂砾、粉粒和粘粒之间均存在极显著相关性,其中土壤砂砾、粉粒均与田间持水量、土壤含水率、土壤气相、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度之间呈显著或极显著相关性(P0.05,P0.01),土壤粘粒仅与毛管孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度之间存在显著相关性(P0.05),与其它指标相关性不明显(P0.05)。 相似文献
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海拔高度和植茶年限对茶园土壤肥力和酸度的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为探讨不同海拔高度和植茶年限对茶园土壤肥力和酸化状况的影响,通过采集闽南和闽北茶叶主产区11个代表性茶园土壤及其对照自然土壤,进行实验室测定分析。结果表明:海拔高度和植茶年限对土壤养分肥力有重要的影响;植茶土壤明显提高了土壤有机质和速效氮磷钾含量,尤其是有效磷和速效钾的含量平均是对照土壤的5.2倍和1.5倍。植茶土壤pH为4.36±0.34,比对照土壤pH值下降了8.8%;随着海拔高度增加,土壤pH下降程度减缓,但随着植茶年限增加,加剧土壤pH下降幅度。茶园土壤交换性铝含量与pH值呈现显著水平的线性负相关;随着植茶年限增加,土壤交换性铝含量呈现线性增加,促进了土壤酸化和降低了土壤肥力。研究结果为制定具有较好针对性的茶园土壤培肥技术提供参考依据。 相似文献
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土壤酶活性是表征土壤肥力水平和养分转化的重要指标,揭示种植模式和季节变化对茶园土壤酶活性影响,阐明影响茶园土壤酶活性变化的主要环境因子,为合理评估有机茶种植的土壤生态效应提供理论依据。结合野外调查和室内分析方法,以武夷山茶区3种类型样地,即林地（FD）、常规茶园（CT）和有机茶园（OT）为研究对象,测定了参与土壤碳、氮和磷循环的6种酶活性,研究不同种植模式下土壤酶活性的季节变化规律及影响因子。结果显示,与林地土壤相比,常规种植模式茶园土壤铵态氮、全磷、有效磷和有效钾含量显著增加,土壤全钾和pH显著降低;相比常规茶园,有机茶园土壤有机质和全氮含量显著增加,土壤全磷、有效磷、全钾和速效钾含量显著降低,土壤pH有所增加,土壤养分比例更为协调。种植模式和季节及其交互作用对土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性影响显著。与林地土壤相比,常规茶园土壤脲酶、多酚氧化酶、过氧化氢酶和酸性磷酸酶活性下降了12.05%～63.55%,有机茶园土壤脲酶显著提高了324.95%,种植模式并未改变土壤硝酸还原酶活性。总体而言,夏秋季节（5月和8月）土壤脲酶、多酚氧化酶、蔗糖酶和酸性磷酸酶活性明显高于冬春季节（11月和2月）,... 相似文献
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T. G&#;&#;b 《Grass and Forage Science》2008,63(3):398-406
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of soil compaction on the herbage yield and root growth of lucerne ( Medicago sativa L.). A field experiment was conducted on a silty loam Mollic Fluvisols soil in 2003–2006. Herbage yield and root morphology, in terms of root length density, mean root diameter, specific root length and distribution of dry matter (DM) in roots, were measured. Four compaction treatments were applied three times annually by tractor using the following number of passes: control without experimental traffic, two passes, four passes and six passes. The tractor traffic changed the physical properties of the soil by increasing bulk density and penetration resistance. Soil compaction also improved its water retention properties. These changes were associated with changes in root morphology and distribution of the DM in roots. Soil compaction resulted in higher proportions of the DM in roots, especially in the upper, 0–10 cm, soil horizon. Decreases in the root length density were observed in a root diameter range of 0·1–1·0 mm. It was also found that roots in a more compacted soil were significantly thicker. An effect of the root system of lucerne on soil compaction was observed. The root system of lucerne decreased the effects of soil compaction that had been recorded in the first and the second year of the experiment. An increase in the number of passes resulted in a decrease in the DM yield of herbage in the second and third harvests each year. 相似文献
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Soil compaction is a major cause of decrease in crop yield. The most serious cause of soil compaction is continuous ploughing at the same depth which affects bulk density, porosity and root proliferation, consequently affecting concentration and uptake of nutrients by plants. The effects of soil compaction on concentration and uptake of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium (NPK) by wheat were studied at the Agriculture Research Institute, Mingora, Pakistan in two separate experiments, conducted during 2002–2003 and repeated in 2003–2004. The treatments in each experiment consisted of four compaction levels arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated four times. Subsoil compaction affected soil bulk density and total porosity. With increasing compaction, bulk density increased in the range of 15–26% while total porosity decreased in the range of 15–27%. Compaction treatments significantly and progressively decreased concentration and uptake of NPK in both years of the experiments. Higher nutrient concentration and uptake was recorded during the second year as compared to first year, probably as a result of higher seasonal rainfall. Concentration of NPK showed reductions of 5–20%, 10–53% and 9–21%, respectively, due to the compaction treatments over control. The uptake of NPK decreased due to the compaction treatments in the range of 7–26%, 11–54% and 11–28%, respectively, over control. Compaction treatments decreased the dry matter accumulation in the range of 2–9% whereas grain yield showed a reduction of 5–48%. Inverse relationships between bulk density, and concentration and uptake of NPK, dry matter accumulation and grain yield were recorded. The implications of these findings for intensive agricultural systems in Pakistan and similar environments are discussed. 相似文献
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秸秆还田是保护东北农田生态系统黑土资源重要的农业管理手段,在应对黑土退化问题上发挥了重要作用。土壤动物是评价农田生态系统质量和土壤环境优劣的重要指标。为深入分析不同秸秆还田方式对东北黑土区农田中土壤动物群落的影响以及对于土壤环境的改良状况,本文综述秸秆直接还田与秸秆间接还田方式下的土壤动物群落组成、多样性以及动态分布特征,总结概括不同还田方式下土壤动物群落特征差异的影响因素。基于目前秸秆还田与土壤动物相关研究过程中存在的问题进行展望,为秸秆还田模式下东北地区的黑土资源保护与农业生态可持续发展提供参考。 相似文献
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The effects of soil compaction on root development in leys were investigated at three locations in northern Norway: Sortland, Tromsø and the Pasvik Valley. At these sites, different soil amelioration measures and drainage methods of peat soils had been used. The investigations were carried out in 5-year-old Phleum pratense/Festuca pratensis or P. pratense/Poa pratensis leys. Tractor traffic decreased the maximum root depth at all sites, and the number of roots at 10-25 cm depth in the plough layer. The influence of compaction on root development in the upper 5 cm of the soils varied between the sites. A significant decrease was found for all compaction treatments at the Pasvik Valley, whereas only the heaviest compaction, with the use of double rear wheels, caused a significantly decreased number of roots in the upper 5 cm of the soil at Sortland. Soil compaction significantly decreased the infiltration rate at all sites. A significant positive correlation was found between infiltration rate and air-filled porosity. 相似文献
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北安地区大豆收获适时性损失规律研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
大豆生产关键作业环节适时性损失规律是影响大豆产量及效益的重要因素,也是优化大豆生产机器系统的重要依据。以北安地区大豆收获作业为研究对象,采用去除边界效应、控制单一变量、随机区组等试验法设计试验方案,确定每日收获大豆小区分布;依据罗曼诺夫斯基准则剔除异常试验数据,运用SPSS统计分析软件对试验数据进行回归分析,得到北安地区大豆收获量及收获适时损失率随收获日期呈二次函数规律变化。试验条件下,北安地区大豆最佳收获日为10月6日。试验结果为合理确定该地区大豆收获日期提供理论依据,为农业机器系统优化提供参考。 相似文献
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Soil compaction effects on utilization of nitrogen from livestock slurry applied to grassland 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In order to determine whether wheel-induced soil damage affected the subsequent utilization of livestock slurry by grass managed for silage production, dry-matter yield and nitrogen offtake were compared in a replicated field experiment over three years in the presence or absence of soil compaction. Typical and zero compaction were compared in each year, and nominal controlled compaction was included in the two later years. Soil structure, as characterized by porosity and hydraulic conductivity measurements, was of poorest quality in the typical compaction treatment. Averaged over 3 years, typical compaction resulted in an annual yield reduction, relative to non-compaction, of 2·14 t has?1 (20%) and 1·66 t ha?1 (13%) when 198 and 285 kg N ha?1 respectively were provided as ammonium nitrate fertilizer plus slurry-derived ammonium-N. The largest and most consistent yield reductions as a result of compaction occurred at first harvest each year following slower growth on the most compacted soil of the typical treatment. In general, compaction-induced yield penalties increased with increased soil wetness. Offtake of nitrogen from both fertilizer alone and slurry and fertilizer combined was significantly reduced by soil compaction. First-harvest yield response to increasing N rate was larger in the zero compaction treatment than in the typical treatment. Averaged over 3 years, the total annual apparent recovery of applied nitrogen was 55% after typical compaction and 71% after zero compaction. It was likely that the larger proportion of non-recovered N in the former was lost as a consequence of greater surface run-off, denitrification and ammonia volatilization. Over 2 years, the yield and nitrogen offtake trends in the controlled compaction treatment were intermediate between those of the zero and typical treatments, and in general more similar to the former than to the latter. The results indicated that when livestock slurry is recycled as a source of nitrogen, prevention of soil compaction is an important component of efficient and environmentally protective grassland management. 相似文献
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播后镇压和冬前灌溉对土壤条件和冬小麦生育特性的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为揭示冬灌和镇压的作用,以冬小麦品种石新828和石麦12号为材料,研究了冬灌和镇压措施对麦田土壤水热条件和冬小麦生育特性的影响。结果表明,与不冬灌相比,冬灌条件下,冬季和春季土壤含水量提高,土壤温度较稳定。与不镇压相比,镇压处理的冬前和起身期土壤含水量及冬前夜间土壤温度提高。冬灌处理冬小麦在越冬后各时期的总茎数、LAI、干物质积累量有所降低,开花期叶片光合速率显著下降,灌浆后期叶片SPAD值下降也较快,每穗总小穗数、结实小穗数、穗粒数和产量均减少。镇压使小麦开花前干物质积累量减少,但对成熟期干物质积累量影响不显著,因为开花后光合速率提高,叶片SPAD值下降较缓慢,开花后干物质积累较多。镇压处理成熟期的单位面积穗数降低,但由于穗粒数和千粒重提高,镇压与不镇压的产量差异不显著。从本研究结果看,冬灌是一项防冻保苗的有效措施,与播后镇压配合可减缓冬季低温和温度剧烈变化对小麦的不利影响。 相似文献