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目前黄河流域棉区主要采用春棉品种、一年一熟、早春播种、地膜覆盖、精细管理、人工多次收花的栽培模式在中低产田种植棉花，虽然棉花产量较高，但用工多、投入大，吐絮分散，难以集中采收，且残膜污染严重。在多年试验基础上，用无膜晚播短季棉替代早春覆膜春棉，改精细管理、分次收花为轻简管理、集中收获，建立了短季棉无膜轻简栽培技术，省工节本，纯收益高于覆膜春棉，推广应用前景好。简要总结了该技术的实际应用效果，并从播前准备、播种、田间管理和集中采收等方面介绍了栽培技术要点，为黄河流域棉区发展短季棉无膜栽培提供技术支持。 相似文献
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2018―2019年在山东省东营市垦利区以一熟春棉为对照，通过设置短季棉与小黑麦、苜蓿、油菜、黑麦草4种饲草作物接茬种植，研究了不同棉饲两熟种植对周年产量、效益、棉花生长发育特性和土壤理化性状的影响，以期明确黄河三角洲盐碱地短季棉接茬两熟种植的最优饲草作物。结果表明，与一熟春棉单作相比，短季棉与饲草作物两熟种植增收一季饲草，周年纯收益平均提高了2.9倍。棉饲两熟模式下，不同饲草种植成本之间无显著差异，小黑麦的产量显著高于其他3种饲草作物，周年纯收益分别较苜蓿、油菜、黑麦草提高了20.2%、9.6%和7.0%。短季棉与不同饲草作物接茬种植均可提高土壤有机质和养分含量，降低含盐量，并且饲草品种间没有显著差异。因此，在黄河三角洲盐碱地棉田优选短季棉与小黑麦接茬种植，其次为短季棉与黑麦草接茬种植。 相似文献
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为探索适于鲁西南气候条件的、效益最佳的短季棉种植模式,为当地大面积推广种植短季棉提供依据,从而提高鲁西南棉花的种植效益,稳定棉花种植面积,以单价转抗虫基因常规夏棉品种鲁棉532为研究对象,以蒜套棉（转抗虫基因中早熟杂交品种德棉998）作对照,设置蒜后直播和麦后直播2个处理,研究不同种植模式对当地棉花农艺性状、产量和经济效益的影响。结果表明：长势方面,蒜套棉处理比短季棉直播处理略好;9月10日,短季棉直播处理的单株果枝数、结铃数、吐絮铃数均少于蒜套棉处理;蒜后直播、麦后直播模式的籽棉产量均低于蒜套棉模式,但两者用工均减少90.4个·hm－2,物化投入均减少792元·hm－2,纯收益分别增加3 775和1 775元·hm－2。综上,鲁西南蒜套棉种植模式下棉花产量较高,能最大限度地发挥土地潜力,但用工较多,物化投入大;短季棉直播可明显减少管理用工,降低植棉物化投入,使纯收益明显提高。 相似文献
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以一熟春棉(鲁棉研37号)为对照,研究棉饲两熟模式下3种不同种植密度(7.5万株·hm-2、9.0万株·hm-2、10.5万株·hm-2)对早熟棉鲁棉532棉田周年产量和效益,及其生长发育、光合特性和土壤理化性状的影响,以期明确黄河三角洲盐碱地棉饲两熟模式下鲁棉532的适宜种植密度。结果表明,与一熟春棉相比,鲁棉532棉饲两熟模式虽然棉花产量降低9.1%,但周年总投入降低了8.0%,周年纯收益显著提高了67.5%;株高、单株果枝数、单株结铃数显著减少,但是单位面积总铃数与春棉相当;净光合速率、叶面积指数显著降低,透光率显著增加;土壤有机质和养分含量提高,土壤含盐量和pH降低,但与春棉差异不显著。棉饲两熟模式下,适当增大鲁棉532种植密度能显著提高群体光合生产能力,增加群体总铃数,从而提高籽棉产量和周年效益。当棉花密度为9.0万株·hm-2时,周年收益、籽棉产量、总铃数和光合速率显著提高,分别比7.5万株·hm-2、10.5万株·hm-2提高5.4%、4.5... 相似文献
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近年来，受生产成本升高、产业结构调整等诸多因素影响，山东植棉面积大幅下滑。为保障山东棉花产业可持续健康发展，山东棉花研究中心经多年科研攻关，创建了棉花轻简高效栽培技术体系，通过降低物化成本和人工投入提高植棉效益；因地制宜发展出蒜（麦）后直播短季棉以及花椒间作蒜后直播短季棉的“三元”种植等高效种植模式；改革优化棉作制度，发展出黄河三角洲无膜短季棉、棉花花生宽幅间作定向轮作、饲草棉花两熟等新的棉作模式。同时，还帮建和扶持了一批涉棉新型农业经营主体，使其不仅成为当地促进农民增收、农业发展的主力军，也成为加快科技成果转化、开展农业技术服务的桥头堡。以上技术进展和举措为山东棉业发展提供了强有力的科技支撑。 相似文献
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短季棉栽培种植简介 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
近年来 ,短季棉发展很快 ,促进了农业生产发展 ,但也存在一些问题。为此 ,本文就笔者在天津地区对短季棉的研究与推广经验 ,特对短季棉的含义和栽培技术进行分析。1 短季棉的基本概念和特点短季棉俗称夏播棉 (夏棉 )或早熟棉 (早棉 ) ,但笔者认为这三者有区别。夏播棉的基本特点是播种期 ,是夏季播种的棉花 ,是短季棉的一种播种方式 ;早熟棉的基本点是生育期 ,是棉花生育期早中晚的一种类型 ,没有体现短季棉各种生态类型的区别 ;只有短季棉的提法较确切 ,更有概括性。所谓短季棉 ,顾名思义 ,是其生长发育期相对较短的棉花种植类型 ,是集品… 相似文献
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以鲁棉532为供试棉花品种,研究4个种植密度(7.5万株/hm2、8.25万株/hm2、9万株/hm2、9.75万株/hm2)对直播短季棉农艺性状和产量的影响。结果表明:随着种植密度的增加,棉花生育期延长,第一果枝节位和株高逐渐增高,果枝数、单株结铃数减少,铃重越轻;种植密度9万株/hm2时棉花的铃重、衣分、籽棉和皮棉产量最高,其次是8.25万株/hm2。鲁西南棉区蒜后直播短季棉早中熟棉花品种的种植密度在8.25万株/hm2与9万株/hm2之间为宜。旨在为鲁西南植棉区提高棉花机械化生产水平,降低生产成本和劳动强度,提高植棉的经济效益和棉农的植棉积极性。 相似文献
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Early plastic mulching increases stand establishment and lint yield of cotton in saline fields 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Row covering with polyethylene film (plastic mulching) is a common practice for improving emergence, plant growth and yield of cotton in China. This is usually applied after sowing (conventional mulching, CM), but pre-sowing evaporation in spring would cause accumulation of salts and moisture loss in the surface layer of saline soils. Two experiments were conducted in Yellow River delta from 2004 to 2005 and during 2006, respectively to determine if row covering with plastic film 30 d before sowing (early mulching, EM) supports better productivity of cotton than CM in saline fields. In the first experiment, we studied the effects of EM versus CM and no-mulching (NM), on soil microclimate, seedling physiology, cotton yield and earliness. The second experiment was conducted in seven sites to compare cotton yield between the two mulching systems. Results from the first experiment showed that both EM and CM could effectively improve stand establishment, plant growth, earliness and lint yield of cotton relative to NM control. However, compared with CM, EM increased stand establishment rate by 11.4% and plant biomass by 9.9% and lint yield by 7.1%. EM, relative to CM and NM, increased the photosynthesis (Pn) rate 6.8% and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration 7.4% and Na+ level 8%. These improvements were due mainly to delayed accumulation of salts, elevation of soil temperature and reduction of moisture loss with EM. The revenue from EM was higher than that from CM and NM, suggesting the increased yield by EM was enough compensate for additional costs. The multi-site experiment in 2006 showed that the yield advantage of EM over CM was not significant in two sites with lower salinity (ECe = ∼6 dS/m), but substantial (from 9 to 14%) in five sites with higher salinity (ECe = 10–12 dS/m). The overall results suggest that EM is a promising cotton production technique in the saline Yellow River Delta and other cotton-growing areas with similar ecologies. 相似文献
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《Field Crops Research》2005,93(1):74-84
Seedling transplanting and plastic mulching are widely adopted intensive planting systems in cotton production in China. Manual removal of early- or late-season flowers may improve seed quality without sacrificing yield through the compensatory growth of cotton plants. Two experiments were conducted, in Yellow River Valley in China from 2002 to 2003, to test if the intensive systems and flower removal can be used for enhancing hybrid seed production. Results in the first experiment show that yields of seed cotton and seed, and seed quality parameters averaged across three plant densities (2.25, 3.00 and 3.75 plants/m2), were significantly improved by either transplanting or plastic mulching relative to conventional planting. The improvements in yield and quality in two intensive planting systems were mainly attributed to longer and earlier flowering period. Transplanted plants did not differ significantly from mulched plants in seed yield, seed maturity and percentage germination, but transplanting decreased lint percentage and increased seed index relative to mulching. In terms of seed yield and quality, the optimum plant density for each planting system was 3.00 plants/m2. At the optimum plant density, seed yields averaged across two years for transplanting and mulching systems were 31.3% and 32.6% higher than for conventional planting system, respectively. Flower removal did not significantly affect seed yield, but removal of late-season or both early- and late-season flowers significantly improved seed quality. It was concluded that transplanting or plastic mulching, low plant density (3.00 plants/m2), and removal of late-season or both early- and late-season flowers can be integrated to enhance yield and quality of hybrid seed of cotton. 相似文献
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为探索环渤海低平原区青贮玉米最佳种植模式,本试验以等行距露地平作为对照,研究了6种种植模式对青贮玉米光合特性、产量及耕层土壤水分、温度变化的影响。结果表明,宽窄行种植和起垄覆膜均能提高青贮玉米的光合速率、叶绿素含量和叶面积指数,同时各覆膜处理均能提高0~20 cm土层的土壤含水量和土壤温度。其中40/70垄作膜侧模式效果最优,较对照增产30.52%,差异达到显著水平。综合分析认为,40/70垄作膜侧模式具有土壤增温、集雨保墒、促进光合、稳产增产作用,在春季干旱少雨的滨海平原区具有广阔的应用前景。 相似文献
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王继新 《中国油料作物学报》1992,(3)
本文从花生地膜覆盖增产机制着手,结合全国各地气候条件和栽培制度,对各地2—3年花生地膜覆盖栽培对比试验结果进行全面的经济效益分析,以经济效益之高低衡量各地是否适宜采用地膜覆盖栽培技术,从而得出:东北花生区、黄土高原花生区、云贵高原花生区及秦巴山地的中海拔地带为花生覆膜适宜区;黄河流域花生区春花生为临界适宜到适宜、夏花生适宜覆膜区;长江流域花生区为春花生适宜,夏花生不适宜区,东南沿海花生区是春花生临界适宜、夏秋花生不适宜区;海南岛及其他热带区冬花生适宜,其他花生不适宜覆膜;其他地区花生不适宜地膜覆盖。 相似文献
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为筛选出适宜麦茬免耕覆秸精量播种栽培方式的夏大豆品种(系),运用灰色综合评判法,对来自黄淮海地区的12个夏大豆品种(系)的12个主要农艺性状进行综合分析,对各参试品系的灰色综合评判等级排序。结果表明:商豆1201、冀豆12、菏豆14的综合性状表现突出、产量高,可作为推广麦茬免耕覆秸精量播种技术的主要种植品种;郑7051、周豆22号、阜豆16及山宁19的农艺性状表现也较好,产量高于对照,可适当推广种植;皖豆21144、徐9302-A及皖宿01-15灰色综合评判值低于对照,中黄39的产量低于对照,但是相差很小。本研究表明所有参试品系均适宜免耕覆秸精量播种栽培方式,免耕覆秸精量播种技术在黄淮海地区具有广阔的应用前景。 相似文献
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半干旱地区玉米覆膜方式研究 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
干旱是制约玉米生产的主要因子。试验研究7种不同覆膜方式的土壤含水量、土壤温度、玉米生育期、农艺性状及产量,探求不同覆膜方式对半干旱地区玉米产量的影响。结果表明,顶凌覆膜优于春覆膜,全地面覆膜优于半覆膜平铺,其中全膜顶凌双垄沟栽培模式产量达到12 691.9 kg/hm2,较普通种植模式增产46.10%,较裸地种植增产77.98%,是一项适合半干旱地区的玉米高产栽培技术。 相似文献