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1.
Nigeria and several other nations have recently been affected by outbreaks of the Asian H5N1 strain of highly pathogenic notifiable avian influenza (HPNAI) virus, which affects the poultry sector most heavily. This study analysed previous methods of assessing losses due to avian influenza, and used a revised economic model to calculate costs associated with the current avian influenza outbreaks. The evaluation used epidemiological data, production figures and other input parameters to determine the final costs. An infection involving 10% of the commercial bird population will cost Nigeria about $245 million and a worse scenario may lead to a loss of around $700 million. The results urge governments to invest more in measures aimed at the effective prevention of HPNAI and to consider the huge economic losses associated with the disease. Finally, an inter-disciplinary approach to managing and controlling HPNAI outbreaks is encouraged. 相似文献
2.
Igbokwe I. O. Maduka C. V. Igbokwe N. A. Ogbaji S. J. Onah C. C. Atsanda N. N. 《Tropical animal health and production》2020,52(6):3113-3121
Vaccinations against diseases to prevent disease outbreaks are strategic to disease prevention, but vaccination failures may constitute a challenge in practice. This study was aimed at assessing the adoption and failure rates of vaccinations in 80 chicken farms in Jos, Nigeria. Data were obtained through a structured questionnaire validated by interviews and checking of farm and veterinary records. Vaccination score (0–1) from the vaccination checklist (5 for broilers and 12 for layers) and vaccination procedure score (0–1), based on scored adopted procedures, were calculated for each farm. Vaccine effectiveness was calculated for each vaccine using the odds ratio from the association of frequencies of disease outbreaks in vaccinated and unvaccinated flocks. Farmers used more of imported than local vaccines. Vaccination procedure and vaccination scores did not influence frequencies of disease outbreaks, but vaccination scores tended to non-robustly correlate (r = − 0.89, p > 0.05) with rates of disease outbreak. Vaccination rates were highest against Newcastle disease and infectious bursal disease, and their vaccinations also had the highest effectiveness. There was an association (p = 0.009) between composite vaccination rates and disease outbreaks with 2.1 odds of outbreaks in vaccinated than unvaccinated flocks. Vaccination failures occurred in the use of 11 out of 12 vaccines and the highest failure rate (47.9%) was in vaccination against coccidiosis. Therefore, vaccination failure is a critical factor in poultry vaccination practice within the locality. The adoption of poultry vaccinations needs to be strategised in the context of a national poultry vaccination policy in order to promote effective poultry disease prevention and control.
相似文献3.
Yeruham I Braverman Y Yadin H Van Ham M Chai D Tiomkin D Frank D 《The Veterinary record》2002,151(4):117-121
In two epidemics of bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) in Israel, one in 1990 and one in 1999, the virus was probably carried by vectors transported by air currents across the Rift Valley and through the Red Sea trough. The disease broke out under optimal ecological conditions among vulnerable cattle populations and spread rapidly; it developed in the spring and summer and ended soon after the daily average ambient temperature fell below 16 degrees C in late autumn. The proportion of herds affected reached 78.4 and 97.7 per cent in 1990 and 1999, respectively. The highest rates of incidence, morbidity and mortality were recorded in dairy cattle herds in the Jordan Valley, the initial focus of the outbreaks, with a morbidity of 20 and 38.6 per cent in 1990 and 1999, respectively, and mortality among the affected animals of 2 and 8.6 per cent in 1990 and 1999, respectively. In 1991, the disease recurred sporadically in the central and southern regions of Israel in only three herds, but in 2000 the disease returned on an epidemic scale, and 85 per cent of herds were affected, with morbidity and mortality rates of 4-3 and 0-3 per cent, respectively. In the 1999 epidemic, the morbidity rate decreased from 38-6 per cent on average in the Jordan Valley to 12.8 per cent in the inner valleys and 5.3 per cent on the Mediterranean coastal plain, but the mortality rate increased from 8-6 per cent in the Jordan Valley to 14-3 per cent in the inner valleys, and to 28 per cent on the Mediterranean coastal plain, where the outbreak declined. An average of 2-7 per cent of the animals experienced a second attack of the disease two to six weeks later. The epidemic in 2000 was milder and shorter than that in 1999. All the cattle affected in both outbreaks were more than three months old. The vector(s) is not known for certain but the available evidence indicates that mosquitoes, and not Culicoides species, are the natural vectors of BEF virus in Israel. 相似文献
4.
5.
P. C. Cleland P. Chamnanpood F. C. Baldock L. J. Gleeson 《Preventive veterinary medicine》1995,22(4):293-302
The results of investigations of 11 outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease in villages in northern Thailand are described. The causative virus was Asia in one in seven outbreaks, Type O in two outbreaks and unknown in two outbreaks. The most probable sources of the outbreaks were co-mingling of cattle and/or buffalo with livestock from an infected neighbouring village (four) and recent introductions of infected cattle from a public livestock market (two) while the probable source could not be determined in five outbreaks. Attack rates in cattle and buffalo ranged from 0.28% to 50.9% but no pigs became sick during any of the outbreaks. Most outbreaks lasted 4 weeks or less. Adult cattle and buffalo were at higher risk of becoming a case when compared with work cattle. Beef cattle were at higher risk than buffalo and adult cattle and buffalo were at higher risk than calves less than 1 year of age. There was significant clustering of cases within households. Serological investigations indicated that many unaffected animals were probably not exposed to virus during the outbreaks. We concluded that close contact between animals was the main method of spread and that differences in attack rates between animal classes reflected differences in animal management. We further concluded that simple quarantine of early cases during outbreaks is likely to be effective in reducing spread within and between villages. 相似文献
6.
A total of 2126 herds, an attack rate of 0.82 per cent, were affected during an epidemic of foot-and-mouth disease in Argentina in 2001. The spatial and temporal distribution of the epidemic was investigated using nearest-neighbour and spatial scan tests and by estimating the frequency distributions of the times to intervention, and distances and times between outbreaks. The outbreaks were clustered and associated significantly (P<0.01) with herd density; 94 per cent were located in the Pampeana region, where the cattle population is concentrated, which had an attack rate of 1.4 per cent. The clustering results suggested that the virus had spread locally between outbreaks. Most of the outbreaks were separated by one day and the maximum distance between outbreaks was almost 2000 km, indicating that the infection spread rapidly over large distances. The index outbreak was detected more than 15 days after the primary outbreak, and restrictions on the movement of cattle were probably not enforced until about one month after infection occurred. As in other major epidemics, the period between the first outbreaks and the effective application of control strategies was probably crucial in determining the progress of the epidemic. 相似文献
7.
Neospora caninum is an apicomplexan protozoan parasite that is one of the most important infectious causes of abortion in both dairy and beef cattle in many countries. The objectives of this longitudinal study were to determine the prevalence, rates of vertical and horizontal transmission of N. caninum and hazard for culling of N. caninum-seropositive animals in three Brazilian dairy herds. Blood samples from all animals were collected nine times at each of the three farms over a two-year period. Serum was tested for antibodies against N. caninum using the indirect fluorescent antibody test with a cutoff value of 1:100. The percentage of N. caninum-positive samples at each sampling time ranged at Farm I from 3.32% to 11.71%, at Farm II from 3.90% to 22.06% and at Farm III from 3.90% to 22.06%. The number of positive serological reactions varied in relation to the number of repeated samples taken from individual animals at each farm. In all herds, there was a high degree (P<0.05) of association between the N. caninum serological status of dams and daughters. The seropositive conversion rate was estimated as 0.37%, 3.00% and 6.94% per 100 cow-years at Farms I, II and III, respectively. The seronegative conversion rate was estimated as 31.58% and 11.11% per 100 cow-years at Farms I and III, respectively. In all herds, there was no difference (P>0.05) in the culling rate between the cattle that were seropositive cattle and seronegative for N. caninum infection. The results from this study confirm the importance of vertical transmission in the epidemiology of N. caninum. Although a few positive seroconversions indicated horizontal transmission, it does not appear to be the major route of infection for N. caninum. 相似文献
8.
Blickenstorfer S Engels M Guerdat C Saucy C Reist M Schwermer H Perler L 《Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde》2010,152(12):555-560
Following an abortion in a beef herd in the summer of 2009, three outbreaks of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) were diagnosed in the cantons of Jura and Neuchatel. An epidemiological outbreak investigation was conducted with the aims to identify the source of introduction of the bovine herpes virus 1 (BoHV-1) into the affected herds and to prevent further spread of the disease. The attack rates in the three outbreak farms were 0.89, 0.28 and 0, respectively. BoHV-1 could be isolated from nasal swabs of two animals originating from one of the affected farms. Comparative restriction enzyme analysis revealed slight differences between the isolates of the two animals, but a high similarity to previous BoHV-1 isolates from the canton of Jura, as well as to a French BoHV-1 isolate. This IBR outbreak has shown the importance of reporting and analyzing abortions. The current disease outbreaks recall the main risk factors for the spread of IBR in Switzerland: purchase and movement of bovines and semen of often unknown IBR status. 相似文献
9.
试验旨在研究陕北白绒山羊泌乳期能量需要量,为建立和完善陕北白绒山羊饲养标准提供基础参数。选择1.5岁、第二胎次同期产羔的陕北白绒山羊母羊12只,随机分为3组,各组试验羊分别饲喂粗蛋白质水平为131 g/d,消化能水平分别为13.22、14.09和14.62 MJ/d的试验日粮,从产羔后第20 d开始进行为期40 d的饲养试验（其中预饲期10 d）;同时在饲养试验结束后,每组选择3只羊按照全收粪、尿法进行为期7 d的消化代谢试验。结果表明：泌乳期母羊对3种日粮的总能消化率、总能代谢率与消化能代谢率分别平均为56.14%、47.29%和84.24%,且各组试羊之间差异均不显著（P>0.05）;陕北白绒山羊母羊每生产1 kg常乳、1 kg 4%乳脂校正乳和1 MJ产乳净能的代谢能需要量分别为6.3800、5.0028和1.7124 MJ,泌乳过程中饲料代谢能转化为乳中净能的转化效率为58.40%。为了提高不同研究结果的可比性,建议在进行羊泌乳能量需要研究过程中,同时给出以每产1 kg常乳、1 kg乳脂校正乳、每转化1 MJ产乳净能所需要的代谢能值三个度量指标表示的泌乳能量需要,并同时估算出泌乳过程中饲料代谢能转化为乳中净能的转化效率. 相似文献
10.
Biswas PK Uddin GM Barua H Roy K Biswas D Ahad A Debnath NC 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2008,83(3-4):260-271
We determined the flock sizes and rates of loss caused by different factors in broody-hen chicks (BHC) up to 60 days of age on 600 randomly selected smallholdings in Bangladesh. The smallholders were beneficiaries of a village poultry production chain called ‘Smallholder Livestock Development Project-2’ (SLDP-2) which was undertaken with the financial assistance of the Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA). For estimating survival time of BHC, we observed chicks in 80 smallholdings. SLDP-2 aims at ameliorating poverty among women by poultry rearing at village level; in total, 104,000 key rearers, constituting 96% of all of the beneficiaries of the SLDP-2 area, were enrolled in 26 upazilas (a lower administrative unit of Bangladesh). A key rearer is a smallholder who rears at least five ‘Sonali’ (RIR × Fayoumi) and some indigenous (desi) chickens in a semi-scavenging system. Sonali chickens are supplied from the development project, and have higher egg production while the broodiness of the desi hens is exploited to get chicks hatched for future stocks; thus, the chicks hatched and reared to 60 days old at key rearers’ households are called BHC. In this study 32% of the smallholders had BHC each month. At the beginning of a month, the median number of chicks in a flock was 8, and the mean survival time was 50.5 days. Incidence rates of loss of BHC from disease, predation, selling and slaughtering were 0.102, 0.086, 0.009 and 0.002 per chick-month at risk, respectively. The major predators were crows, mongooses and eagles with incidence rates of loss being 0.018, 0.016 and 0.010 per chick-month at risk, respectively. Colibacillosis (both single and mixed infections) contributed to the death of 21% of dead BHC collected; Newcastle disease and salmonellosis contributed to the next highest (14 and 12%) proportional mortalities. 相似文献
11.
Pelletier ST Rorres C Macko PC Peters S Smith G 《Tropical animal health and production》2012,44(7):1681-1687
State-scale and premises-scale gravity models for the spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) in Nigeria and Ghana were used to provide a basis for risk maps for future epidemics and to compare and rank plausible culling and vaccination strategies for control. Maximum likelihood methods were used to fit the models to the 2006-2007 outbreaks. The sensitivity and specificity of the state-scale model-generated probabilities that any given state would be involved in an epidemic were each 57?%. The premises-based model indicated that reactive, countrywide vaccination strategies, in which the order in which flocks are vaccinated was strictly determined by known risk factors for infection, were more effective in reducing the final size of the epidemic and the epidemic impact than vaccinating flocks at random or ring vaccination. The model suggests that an introduction of highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) into Ghana had a high chance (84?%) of causing a major outbreak. That this did not happen was most probably a result of the very swift Ghanaian response to news of the first introductions. 相似文献
12.
陕北白绒山羊羯羊能量和蛋白质需要量 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本试验旨在研究陕北白绒山羊羯羊能量和蛋白质的需要量,为制定其饲养标准提供数据。选取36只体重相近、健康状况良好的陕北白绒山羊周岁羯羊,按3×3(能量×蛋白质)完全随机设计分为9组,每组4个重复,每个重复1只。各组饲粮消化能和粗蛋白质水平分别参照NRC(1981)推荐量的100%、110%、120%和90%、110%、130%设定。预试期7 d,正试期46 d。结果表明:1)饲粮能量水平对周岁羯羊的干物质采食量和平均日增重都有极显著影响(P0.01),蛋白质水平对干物质采食量影响显著(P0.05);饲粮能量和蛋白质水平对干物质采食量有显著的互作效应(P0.05)。2)低能量水平组的可消化氮显著低于中能量水平组与高能量水平组(P0.05);低蛋白质水平组的进食氮、可消化氮、沉积氮、氮表观消化率均极显著低于中蛋白质水平组和高蛋白质水平组(P0.01)。3)总能消化率和总能代谢率均随着能量水平的提高而极显著地升高(P0.01);高蛋白质水平组的总能代谢率和消化能代谢率显著低于低蛋白质水平组(P0.05);能量和蛋白质水平对总能消化率、总能代谢率和消化能代谢率均产生显著或极显著的互作效应(P0.05或P0.01)。本试验得到了陕北白绒山羊周岁羯羊能量和蛋白质需要量的回归方程,饲粮的消化能和代谢能分别以8.80~10.61 MJ/kg和7.34~8.76 M J/kg较为适宜,粗蛋白质和可消化粗蛋白质分别以10.00%和7.34%为宜。 相似文献
13.
Enterotoxin production by strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from animals and main in Nigeria
Dosu Adekeye 《Veterinary microbiology》1980,5(2):143-150
Enterotoxin production by 194 strains of Straphylococcus aureaus isolated from animals and man was investigated. The organisms were also classified into biotypes, irrespective of sources. Human biotypes isolated from people had the highest proportion of enterotoxigenic strains (39%). The animal biotypes isolated from human beings were not enterotoxinenic, but 8.8% of the human biotypes isolated from animals yielded enterotoxin. About 18% of the animal biotypes isolated from animals were enterotoxigenic, while 25% of the untypable biotypes from all the sources investigated were enterotoxin producers. The predominant enterotoxins were A and B, with A accounting for 55%5% of the entrotoxins produced by human biotypes. Enterotoxins A, B and C were produced by some animal biotypes, and three canine biotypes produced enterotoxin combinations, BE, CE and ABE, respectively. From goat isolates, only four of the caprine biotypes were enterotoxigenic, including the only isolate producing enterotoxins B, C and E. The isolates obtained from horses and chickens were non-enterotoxigenic regardless of the biotypes. It is concluded that strains producing enterotoxins A and B may be responsible for outbreaks of staphylococcal food poisoning in Nigeria. The close association between man and his animals in this environment may account for the high prevalence (47%) of human biotypes in animals. 相似文献
14.
Passive protection of sheep against capripoxvirus 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
R P Kitching 《Research in veterinary science》1986,41(2):247-250
The close antigenic relationship between strains of capripox was shown by passively immunising sheep with serum against capripoxviruses isolated from a sheep and from a goat. Sheep immunised with immune serum to Oman sheep pox or Yemen goat pox resisted challenge with Yemen goat pox or Nigeria sheep pox respectively. Lambs born to sheep previously infected with isolates of capripox from the Sudan, India and Nigeria were also protected against challenge with Yemen goat pox. 相似文献
15.
在调查陕西省铜川市耀州区三个乡(镇)260个农户种植业、养殖业及其它副业现状的基础上,本文将当地农户分为3种类型,并对其作物生产氮素利用及投入产出情况进行了分析;同时,结合农户作物生产和肉羊养殖实际,设计了三种典型农户肉羊农牧生态系统,分析表明:在农户耕地面积0.67~1.20 hm2、饲养8.83~17.67个羊单位条件下,粮、经、饲作物种植比例为40∶15∶45时,农户肉羊农牧生态系统内的氮素循环将达到动态平衡,且与调整前相比,作物氮素产出量平均高出91.64 kg/(hm2oa),氮素产投比平均提高了17.65%,农田有机氮再循环系数平均提高了123.53%,良性养分循环指数平均提高了156.52%,每只肉羊养殖效益平均增加130元。该设计模式值得在研究区及类似生态区域大力推广。 相似文献
16.
Epidemiological characteristics and financial costs of the 1997 foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in Taiwan 总被引：24，自引：0，他引：24
Between March and July 1997, a devastating outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), serotype O, occurred in pigs in Taiwan. A total of 6,147 pig farms with more than 4 million pigs were infected, and 37.7 per cent of the pigs in Taiwan either died (0.18 million pigs) or were killed (3.85 million pigs). The epidemic reached its peak during the fifth week after it was first recognised. During the eighth and ninth weeks, a two-dose blanket vaccination programme was instituted which led to a large reduction in new outbreaks. Except for two cities, the whole of Taiwan was declared an FMD-infected zone. During the four months in which new farm outbreaks occurred, 21.7 per cent of the pigs on infected farms showed clinical signs, and there was an overall mortality of 3.95 per cent. During the early stages of the epidemic, the incubation period was as short as 24 hours and the case fatality rates for suckling piglets reached 100 per cent. The financial cost of the epidemic was estimated at US$ 378.6 million, including indemnities, vaccines, carcase disposal plus environmental protection, miscellaneous expenses, and loss of market value. Owing to the ban on exports of pork to Japan, it is estimated that the total economic cost to Taiwan's pig industry will be about US$ 1.6 billion. 相似文献
17.
试验旨在研究中药复方对山羊瘤胃内环境参数的影响。选择6头健康的体重相近的安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的周岁大足黑山羊羯羊,按3×3重复拉丁方试验设计。对照组饲喂基础日粮,2个处理组分别在基础日粮上给每头羊日喂15 g复方Ⅰ和复方Ⅱ(由藿香、苍术、黄柏和生石膏等中药按不同比例组成)。结果表明:2种复方对山羊瘤胃pH及氨氮浓度均无显著影响(P>0.05);复方Ⅰ能极显著提高山羊瘤胃内丁酸浓度及丁酸占总挥发性脂肪酸的比例(P<0.01),显著提高山羊瘤胃内乙酸和总挥发性脂肪酸等浓度(P<0.05),而复方Ⅱ仅能显著提高山羊瘤胃内丁酸浓度(P<0.05)。结果提示,2种复方均能改善山羊瘤胃内环境状况,且复方Ⅰ作用效果优于复方Ⅱ。 相似文献
18.
Garba John Faleke Olufemi Oladayor Magaji Alhaji Abdulahi Alkali Rabiu Bello Nwankwo Innocent Okwundu Dzikwi Asabe Adamu 《Tropical animal health and production》2020,52(6):2905-2915
Rotaviruses have a worldwide distribution and the infection is associated with diarrhea in young of ruminants as well as children. However, limited data exist on its prevalence and types in Yobe state, Nigeria. Detection of rotavirus A and types in ruminant population in Yobe state was the aim of the study. A total of 470 diarrheic fecal samples were collected and tested for rotavirus and types using serology and molecular techniques respectively. A prevalence rate of 2.98% (14/470) was found in the three species with specific rates of 2.9% (6/202), 3.8% (6/158), and 1.8% (2/110) in goat, sheep, and cattle respectively. The prevalence rates of 3.6% (12/331), 1.2% (1/84), and 1.8% (1/55) were for those aged < 1–3, 4–6, and 7–9 months old, respectively, while 4.9% (9/185) and 1.7% (5/285) were in males and females respectively. Rotavirus genes VP7 and VP4 were detected in 2 (14.3%) out of the 14 ELISA-positive samples while deduced amino acid sequences of the major variable regions revealed the genes to belong to types G3P[11] strain. Significant association was found between the infection and sex (P < 0.05) unlike in the species and age groups of the ruminants. The circulation of rotavirus virus in ruminants and type G3P[11] in cattle has been confirmed in the study. Hence, there is a need for continuous surveillance, awareness campaign, and assessment of the economic losses and public health implications of rotavirus infection in Nigeria.
相似文献19.
Analysis and evaluation of mortality losses of the 2001 African swine fever outbreak,Ibadan, Nigeria
Babalobi OO Olugasa BO Oluwayelu DO Ijagbone IF Ayoade GO Agbede SA 《Tropical animal health and production》2007,39(7):533-542
The mortality losses of pigs of various age groups affected by the 2001 African swine fever outbreak in Ibadan Nigeria were
analyzed and evaluated. Thirty one thousand nine hundred and sixteen (31,916) pigs on three hundred and six (306) farms reported
by the Pig Farmers Association of Nigeria and the State Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources were involved. Gross
mortality was ninety one percent (91%), while age group mortality ranged from 75.9% (growers), 83.1% (weaners), 91.2% (finishers)
and 99.8% (piglets); to 100.0% in gilts, sow and boars. Losses were estimated to worth nine hundred and forty one thousand,
four hundred and ninety one dollars, sixty seven cents (US $941,491.67). Highest financial loss was from sows (29.5% of total
loss), followed by gilts (16.6%), finishers (15.2%), weaners (10.7%), boars (10.6%), growers (10.6%) and piglets (8.2%). Average
mortality loss per farm of $3076.77 was of great financial and socioeconomic consequences for a developing country like Nigeria
with a low Gross Domestic Product figures. In conclusion, the need to immediately revisit and take recommended actions on
the 1998 Report of the FAO Consultancy Mission to Nigeria on Control and Eradication of an Outbreak of African swine fever
in Western Nigeria is stressed. 相似文献
20.
A survey of the abattoirs in 10 selected towne in Nigeria showed that about 41.9 per cent of whole carcasses condemned between 1975 and 1977 were due to tuberculosis and 22.2 per cent to beef cysticercosis. Seventy per cent of organ condemnations, mainly of livers, were due to fascioliasis. Other major causes of organ condemnations were hydatid cysts, tuberculosis and pneumonia of various causes. An estimated 500 tonnes of meat valued at about 1.25 million Naira (US $1.8 million) are condemned each year throughout Nigeria. The use of abattoirs as monitoring stations in national animal disease eradication programmes is highlighted. 相似文献